Pub Date : 2022-09-14DOI: 10.1163/25425374-12340010
C. Barber
This work provides historiographical surveys of four transformative historians: Barthold Niebuhr, Theodor Mommsen, Friedrich Münzer, and Matthias Gelzer. Close analysis of each author reveals their innovations – methodological, narrative, and philosophical – to be foundational to modern historical praxis, particularly within studies of the Roman Republic: these maestri rendered political history susceptible to ‘scientific’ inquiry, systematized available evidence, and crafted frameworks for reimagining premodernity. Likewise, their interventions on Republican political culture still define the discipline. Much, in other words, is owed to their efforts. Yet, the field has forgotten these scholars. Engagement, where it exists, consists of perfunctory review and repudiation. In response, this work advocates an alternative historiography balancing critical retrospection with pragmatic revitalization. Our four scholars are reevaluated. Standard critiques are refuted, and emphasis is placed on their texts’ utility: as exemplars, untapped fonts, but also cautionary models, whose establishment of conventional historicism demands scrutiny. In agreement with voices from related fields, the book calls for (re)considerations of ‘ideology’ and an ‘ontological turn’ in Roman studies.
{"title":"Politics in the Roman Republic: Perspectives from Niebuhr to Gelzer","authors":"C. Barber","doi":"10.1163/25425374-12340010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/25425374-12340010","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This work provides historiographical surveys of four transformative historians: Barthold Niebuhr, Theodor Mommsen, Friedrich Münzer, and Matthias Gelzer. Close analysis of each author reveals their innovations – methodological, narrative, and philosophical – to be foundational to modern historical praxis, particularly within studies of the Roman Republic: these maestri rendered political history susceptible to ‘scientific’ inquiry, systematized available evidence, and crafted frameworks for reimagining premodernity. Likewise, their interventions on Republican political culture still define the discipline. Much, in other words, is owed to their efforts. Yet, the field has forgotten these scholars. Engagement, where it exists, consists of perfunctory review and repudiation. In response, this work advocates an alternative historiography balancing critical retrospection with pragmatic revitalization. Our four scholars are reevaluated. Standard critiques are refuted, and emphasis is placed on their texts’ utility: as exemplars, untapped fonts, but also cautionary models, whose establishment of conventional historicism demands scrutiny. In agreement with voices from related fields, the book calls for (re)considerations of ‘ideology’ and an ‘ontological turn’ in Roman studies.","PeriodicalId":287841,"journal":{"name":"Brill Research Perspectives in Ancient History","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133625902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Studies of the peoples of Anatolia take for granted the existence and importance of regional ethnic communities on the peninsula when investigating issues of identity, ethnic origins, and cultural assimilation (especially Hellenization). In reviewing the scholarship, this work argues that such assumptions lead to problematic conclusions that ignore or poorly apply recent theoretical work on ethnicity and current critiques of the assimilation model. A critical consideration of this work leads to an appreciation for the somewhat limited, and at times non-existent, role of regional ethnicity in the experiences of the inhabitants and communities of Anatolia, who mainly promoted more local forms of belonging in the face of the attempted orderings of ethnographic and imperial discourses.
{"title":"The Peoples of Anatolia","authors":"Jeremy Labuff","doi":"10.1163/9789004519510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004519510","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Studies of the peoples of Anatolia take for granted the existence and importance of regional ethnic communities on the peninsula when investigating issues of identity, ethnic origins, and cultural assimilation (especially Hellenization). In reviewing the scholarship, this work argues that such assumptions lead to problematic conclusions that ignore or poorly apply recent theoretical work on ethnicity and current critiques of the assimilation model. A critical consideration of this work leads to an appreciation for the somewhat limited, and at times non-existent, role of regional ethnicity in the experiences of the inhabitants and communities of Anatolia, who mainly promoted more local forms of belonging in the face of the attempted orderings of ethnographic and imperial discourses.","PeriodicalId":287841,"journal":{"name":"Brill Research Perspectives in Ancient History","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124012297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The terms ‘orientalizing’ and ‘orientalization’ have been employed to describe an art historical style, historical period, and process of cultural interaction between East and West within the early first-millennium BCE Mediterranean. With particular focus on Etruria and Italy, this historiography explores the Orientalist framework at the heart of ‘orientalizing’ terms while outlining how modern political movements and ideologies of nationalism and colonialism have influenced interpretations of ‘orientalizing.’ By showing the political viewpoints underlying the origins of the term and the ways in which these positions have continued to shape modern interpretations of the effects of eastern imported objects, ideas, and practices in Etruria, this work argues that the term ‘orientalizing’ should no longer be used. Instead, the period should be fit into existing chronological periodizations, and the process of cultural change should be interrogated outside of an Orientalist discourse.
{"title":"Etruscan Orientalization","authors":"Jessica Nowlin","doi":"10.1163/9789004473287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004473287","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The terms ‘orientalizing’ and ‘orientalization’ have been employed to describe an art historical style, historical period, and process of cultural interaction between East and West within the early first-millennium BCE Mediterranean. With particular focus on Etruria and Italy, this historiography explores the Orientalist framework at the heart of ‘orientalizing’ terms while outlining how modern political movements and ideologies of nationalism and colonialism have influenced interpretations of ‘orientalizing.’ By showing the political viewpoints underlying the origins of the term and the ways in which these positions have continued to shape modern interpretations of the effects of eastern imported objects, ideas, and practices in Etruria, this work argues that the term ‘orientalizing’ should no longer be used. Instead, the period should be fit into existing chronological periodizations, and the process of cultural change should be interrogated outside of an Orientalist discourse.","PeriodicalId":287841,"journal":{"name":"Brill Research Perspectives in Ancient History","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116949544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-18DOI: 10.1163/25425374-12340007
A. Coles
The Romans founded colonies throughout Italy and the provinces from the early Republic through the high Empire. Far from being mere ‘bulwarks of empire,’ these colonies were established by diverse groups or magistrates for a range of reasons that responded to the cultural and political problems faced by the contemporary Roman state and populace. This project traces the diachronic changes in colonial foundation practices by contextualizing the literary, epigraphic, archaeological, and numismatic evidence with the overall perspective that evidence from one period of colonization should not be used analogistically to explain gaps in the evidence for a different period. The Roman colonies were not necessarily ‘little Romes,’ either structurally, juridically, or religiously, and therefore their role in the spread of Roman culture was more complex than is sometimes acknowledged.
{"title":"Roman Colonies in Republic and Empire","authors":"A. Coles","doi":"10.1163/25425374-12340007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/25425374-12340007","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The Romans founded colonies throughout Italy and the provinces from the early Republic through the high Empire. Far from being mere ‘bulwarks of empire,’ these colonies were established by diverse groups or magistrates for a range of reasons that responded to the cultural and political problems faced by the contemporary Roman state and populace. This project traces the diachronic changes in colonial foundation practices by contextualizing the literary, epigraphic, archaeological, and numismatic evidence with the overall perspective that evidence from one period of colonization should not be used analogistically to explain gaps in the evidence for a different period. The Roman colonies were not necessarily ‘little Romes,’ either structurally, juridically, or religiously, and therefore their role in the spread of Roman culture was more complex than is sometimes acknowledged.","PeriodicalId":287841,"journal":{"name":"Brill Research Perspectives in Ancient History","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131096132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The last half century has seen an explosion in the study of late antiquity, largely prompted by the influence of the works of Peter Brown. This new scholarship has characterised the period between the third and seventh centuries not as one of catastrophic collapse, but rather as one of dynamic and positive transformation. Where observers formerly had seen only a bleak picture of decline and fall, a new generation of scholars preferred to emphasise how the Roman Empire evolved into the new polities, societies, and cultures of the medieval West, Byzantium, and Islam. Yet research on the fortunes of cities in this period has provoked challenges to this increasingly accepted positive picture of late antiquity and has prompted historians to speak once more in terms that evoke Edward Gibbon’s History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. This study surveys the nature of the current debate, examining problems associated with the sources historians use to examine late-antique urbanism, as well as the discourses and methodological approaches they have constructed from them. It aims to set out the difficulties and opportunities presented by the study of cities in late antiquity, how understanding the processes affecting them has issued challenges to the scholarly orthodoxy on late antiquity, and how the evidence suggests that this transitional period witnessed real upheaval and dislocation alongside continuity and innovation in cities around the Mediterranean.
在过去的半个世纪里，对古代晚期的研究出现了爆炸式的增长，这在很大程度上是受彼得·布朗(Peter Brown)著作的影响。这种新的学术研究将3世纪到7世纪这段时期描述为一个充满活力和积极变化的时期，而不是灾难性的崩溃时期。以前的观察家们只看到了一幅黯淡的衰亡图景，而新一代学者更倾向于强调罗马帝国是如何演变成中世纪西方、拜占庭和伊斯兰教的新政治、社会和文化的。然而，对这一时期城市命运的研究引发了对这种日益被接受的晚期古代积极图景的挑战，并促使历史学家再次用爱德华·吉本(Edward Gibbon)的《罗马帝国衰亡史》(History of Decline and衰亡)来说话。本研究调查了当前争论的本质，研究了与历史学家用来研究晚期城市主义的资料来源相关的问题，以及他们从中构建的话语和方法论方法。它的目的是阐述古代晚期城市研究所带来的困难和机遇，如何理解影响它们的过程对古代晚期的学术正统提出了挑战，以及证据如何表明这一过渡时期见证了真正的动荡和混乱，以及地中海周围城市的连续性和创新。
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Pub Date : 2019-06-27DOI: 10.1163/25425374-12340005
F. Kemmers
In this publication Fleur Kemmers gives an overview of 21st century scholarship on Roman coinage for students and scholars in the fields of ancient history and Roman archaeology. First, it addresses the study of numismatics as a discipline and the theoretical and methodological advances of the last decades. Secondly, it provides guidelines for how to consult numismatic reference works, including those available online. Recent scholarly approaches and insights in the functions of Roman coins as both vehicles of political communication and instruments for state payments are critically assessed. Furthermore, the publication reviews the evidence for a conscious monetary policy on the part of the Roman authorities. Finally, the impact of Roman expansion and imperialism on monetisation and coin use in Rome´s Empire is discussed.
{"title":"The Functions and Use of Roman Coinage","authors":"F. Kemmers","doi":"10.1163/25425374-12340005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/25425374-12340005","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000In this publication Fleur Kemmers gives an overview of 21st century scholarship on Roman coinage for students and scholars in the fields of ancient history and Roman archaeology. First, it addresses the study of numismatics as a discipline and the theoretical and methodological advances of the last decades. Secondly, it provides guidelines for how to consult numismatic reference works, including those available online. Recent scholarly approaches and insights in the functions of Roman coins as both vehicles of political communication and instruments for state payments are critically assessed. Furthermore, the publication reviews the evidence for a conscious monetary policy on the part of the Roman authorities. Finally, the impact of Roman expansion and imperialism on monetisation and coin use in Rome´s Empire is discussed.","PeriodicalId":287841,"journal":{"name":"Brill Research Perspectives in Ancient History","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125514212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-11DOI: 10.1163/25425374-12340004
Paul J. Burton
Rome engaged in military and diplomatic expansionistic state behavior, which we now describe as ‘imperialism,’ since well before the appearance of ancient sources describing this activity. Over the course of at least 800 years, the Romans established and maintained a Mediterranean-wide empire from Spain to Syria (and sometimes farther east) and from the North Sea to North Africa. How and why they did this is a source of perennial scholarly controversy. Earlier debates over whether Rome was an aggressive or defensive imperial state have progressed to theoretically informed discussions of the extent to which system-level or discursive pressures shaped the Roman Empire. Roman imperialism studies now encompass such ancillary subfields as Roman frontier studies and Romanization.
{"title":"Roman Imperialism","authors":"Paul J. Burton","doi":"10.1163/25425374-12340004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/25425374-12340004","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Rome engaged in military and diplomatic expansionistic state behavior, which we now describe as ‘imperialism,’ since well before the appearance of ancient sources describing this activity. Over the course of at least 800 years, the Romans established and maintained a Mediterranean-wide empire from Spain to Syria (and sometimes farther east) and from the North Sea to North Africa. How and why they did this is a source of perennial scholarly controversy. Earlier debates over whether Rome was an aggressive or defensive imperial state have progressed to theoretically informed discussions of the extent to which system-level or discursive pressures shaped the Roman Empire. Roman imperialism studies now encompass such ancillary subfields as Roman frontier studies and Romanization.","PeriodicalId":287841,"journal":{"name":"Brill Research Perspectives in Ancient History","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127726883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-21DOI: 10.1163/25425374-12340003
Gwynaeth McIntyre
As political power in Rome became centered on the emperor and his family, a system of honors and titles developed as one way to negotiate this new power dynamic. Classified under the collective heading ‘imperial cult’, this system of worship comprises religious rituals as well as political, economic, and social aspects. This article surveys the range of ancient literary sources and modern scholarly debates on how individuals became gods in the Roman world. The case studies illustrate how cult practices, temples, and priesthoods were established, highlighting the careful negotiation required between the emperor, imperial family, Senate, and populace in order to make mortals into gods.
{"title":"Imperial Cult","authors":"Gwynaeth McIntyre","doi":"10.1163/25425374-12340003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/25425374-12340003","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000As political power in Rome became centered on the emperor and his family, a system of honors and titles developed as one way to negotiate this new power dynamic. Classified under the collective heading ‘imperial cult’, this system of worship comprises religious rituals as well as political, economic, and social aspects. This article surveys the range of ancient literary sources and modern scholarly debates on how individuals became gods in the Roman world. The case studies illustrate how cult practices, temples, and priesthoods were established, highlighting the careful negotiation required between the emperor, imperial family, Senate, and populace in order to make mortals into gods.","PeriodicalId":287841,"journal":{"name":"Brill Research Perspectives in Ancient History","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129454950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.1163/25425374-12340002
T. Doran
The population of the Spartiates declined from some 8,000 to fewer than 1,000 in the Classical and Hellenistic eras. The causes and consequences of this decline are important for an understanding not only of ancient Greek history, but also of the study of pre-industrial populations and population dynamics more generally. This work surveys a range of representative modern scholarship on this phenomenon and discusses topics such as family planning, elite under-reproduction, wealth polarization, and notions of eugenic exclusivity, and suggests avenues for further research.
{"title":"Spartan Oliganthropia","authors":"T. Doran","doi":"10.1163/25425374-12340002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/25425374-12340002","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The population of the Spartiates declined from some 8,000 to fewer than 1,000 in the Classical and Hellenistic eras. The causes and consequences of this decline are important for an understanding not only of ancient Greek history, but also of the study of pre-industrial populations and population dynamics more generally. This work surveys a range of representative modern scholarship on this phenomenon and discusses topics such as family planning, elite under-reproduction, wealth polarization, and notions of eugenic exclusivity, and suggests avenues for further research.","PeriodicalId":287841,"journal":{"name":"Brill Research Perspectives in Ancient History","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115574338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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