Pub Date : 2020-11-10DOI: 10.33094/7.2017.2020.72.89.98
N. Olutegbe
Use of indigenous cosmetics (IC) is fast loosing popularity in most African cities, in spite of their health, economic and social values. The study investigated acceptability and use of selected IC and determinants among patrons in Ibadan metropolis, Oyo state, Nigeria. A total 120 patrons of IC were sampled and survey questions were administered. PPMC and Tobit regression were used to isolate determinants of use of IC at 5% significance level. Result reveals a high relative health, economic and social values attached awareness and acceptability of IC among patrons. Black soap (made from wood and banana husk ash), coconut oil and shea butter were the most commonly acceptable and used. Patrons comprised individuals across different gender, religious and educational categories. Constraints to use of IC were poor packaging, inconsistency in quality and inadequate refined process. Use of IC was however significantly determined by sex - female (β = -2.274), perceived social advantage (β = 0.481) and acceptability (β=0.335). Perceived relative social advantage and acceptability were important predictors of use of indigenous cosmetics among patrons in Ibadan metropolis, Oyo state, Nigeria. Enormous prospects therefore exist for revitalization of the indigenous cosmetics industry in both rural and urban areas.
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This Article is the first to empirically analyze whether trademark prosecution reflects the systematic under-representation of women and minorities that has been documented for both patent and copyright prosecution. To explore this significant measure of entrepreneurial activity, we compared demographic information with 1.2 million trademark applications filed with the United States Patent and Trademark Office over thirty years. We found that trademark data showed significant differences from the other two federal IP regimes. While women and minorities have been underrepresented in the trademark applicant pool historically, the disparity is decreasing at a rate not seen in other IP registration systems. Our analysis also reveals that women regularly secure trademark registrations at a higher rate than men, and not all racial minorities are underrepresented in the trademark applicant population. Trademark registration is an important measure of entrepreneurial activity and progress in business, education, and the arts. While recent work has significantly advanced our understanding of trademark prosecution, no published studies consider the race and gender of trademark applicants. By filling that void, this article substantially contributes to our understanding of minority intellectual property ownership and provides a new foundation for policy shifts and further research to assure that intellectual property ownership paths, theory, law, and reform are grounded in equity.
{"title":"An Empirical Study of Gender and Race in Trademark Prosecution","authors":"Miriam Marcowitz-Bitton, D. Gerhardt, W. Schuster","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3695008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3695008","url":null,"abstract":"This Article is the first to empirically analyze whether trademark prosecution reflects the systematic under-representation of women and minorities that has been documented for both patent and copyright prosecution. To explore this significant measure of entrepreneurial activity, we compared demographic information with 1.2 million trademark applications filed with the United States Patent and Trademark Office over thirty years. We found that trademark data showed significant differences from the other two federal IP regimes. While women and minorities have been underrepresented in the trademark applicant pool historically, the disparity is decreasing at a rate not seen in other IP registration systems. Our analysis also reveals that women regularly secure trademark registrations at a higher rate than men, and not all racial minorities are underrepresented in the trademark applicant population. \u0000 \u0000Trademark registration is an important measure of entrepreneurial activity and progress in business, education, and the arts. While recent work has significantly advanced our understanding of trademark prosecution, no published studies consider the race and gender of trademark applicants. By filling that void, this article substantially contributes to our understanding of minority intellectual property ownership and provides a new foundation for policy shifts and further research to assure that intellectual property ownership paths, theory, law, and reform are grounded in equity.","PeriodicalId":289063,"journal":{"name":"Other Topics Women's & Gender Studies eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130974386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Indonesian Abstract: Kebiasaan perempuan yang lazim disebut peran domestik, sering disebut sebagai tugas yang sudah dikodratkan (ditentukan Tuhan), seperti memasak, mencuci, membersihkan rumah, mengurus anak, dan sebagainya. Kesalahpahaman ini sudah mengakar kedalam budaya masyarakat, padahal pada dasarnya gender merupakan konstruksi sosial bukan kodrat yang berarti ketentuan Tuhan. Pemahaman tersebut menyebabkan timbulnya masalah yang pada akhirnya menjadi penyebab konflik dalam suatu rumah tangga. Bagi kalangan keluarga kelas bawah; misalnya petani. Pengasilan dari sektor pertanian saja belum mampu mencukupi kebutuhan hidup keluarga. Kondisi ini menyebabkan seorang istri harus berperan mencari penghasilan tambahan dengan cara baik ikut ke sawah, membuka kios, menjadi pembantu rumah tangga, dan sebagainya. Keadaan yang demikian itu menyebabkan kaum perempuan mempunyai 2 peran sekaligus. Yakni peran domestik dan peran publik. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah : Untuk mengetahui ketimpangan pendapatan antara laki-laki dan perempuan dalam kegiatan usahatani hortikultura dan Untuk mengetahui pengaruh faktor-faktor jumlah jam kerja, luas lahan, lama usahatani, dan pendapatan pembagian kerja antara laki-laki dan perempuan pada usahatani hortikultura dalam bentuk curahan waktu kerja. Adapun Tujuan jangka panjang yang ingin dicapai dalam penelitian ini adalah adanya sebuah model yang menggambarkan pembagian kerja antara laki-laki dan perempuan yang ideal didalam rumah tangga petani hortikultura dataran tinggi. Metode analisis yang digunakan untuk melihat Ketimpangan pendapatan digunakan analisis rasio Gini dan regresi linear berganda digunakan untuk melihat faktorfaktor yang mempengaruhi pembagian kerja. Luaran yang diharapkan dari kegiatan penelitian ini berupa artikel ilmiah nasional terakreditasi yang mampu memberikan sumbangan ilmu pengetahuan tentang hortikultura dataran tinggi. Luaran lain yang diharapkan dari hasil penelitian ini adalah Prosiding Seminar Nasional sebagai bentuk diseminasi hasil penelitian. Hasil Penelitian yang sudah dilakukan menunjukkan bahwa ada ketimpangan pendapatan dan ada pengaruh faktor-faktor jumlah jam kerja, luas lahan, lama usahatani, dan pendapatan pembagian kerja antara laki-laki dan perempuan pada usahatani hortikultura dalam bentuk curahan waktu kerja English Abstract: Women's habits, which are commonly referred to as domestic roles, are often referred to as tasks that have been ordained (ordained by God), such as cooking, washing, cleaning the house, taking care of the children, and so on. This misunderstanding is already rooted in the culture of society, even though basically gender is a social construction that is not natural which means God's provision. That understanding causes problems which in turn become the cause of internal conflict in a household. For the lower class families; for example farmers. Income from the agricultural sector has not been able to meet the needs of family life. This condition caus
印度尼西亚语:传统的女性习惯被称为家庭角色，通常被称为“上帝赋予的责任”，如做饭、打扫、打扫房子、照顾孩子等等。这种误解已经根植于社会文化中，但本质上性别是一种社会建构，而不是上帝的定义。这样的理解导致了一个问题，这最终导致了一个家庭的冲突。给较低阶层的家庭;例如农民。农业部门的迁移还不足以满足家庭的生活需求。这些情况使妻子不得不通过进入稻田、开小差、当女佣等来为额外的收入做出贡献。这种情况使女性同时扮演两个角色。家庭和公共角色。这项研究的目的是:了解农村企业活动中男性和女性之间的收入不平等，了解工作时间、土地面积、企业年资和园艺收入在劳动力流动中的男性和女性之间的影响。至于这项研究希望在这项研究中实现的长期目标，有一种模式描述了高地园艺农场中理想的男女之间的劳动分工。用于评估收入不平等的分析方法是用基尼比率和双重线性回归分析来观察影响劳动分工的因素。本研究活动的广泛预期是一篇被认证的国家科研文章，能够为高等园艺科学做出贡献。本研究的另一个预期结果是，作为研究结果的传播形式，举办全国研讨会。已经进行的研究表明，收入不平等和影响因素包括工作时间、土地面积、长期的企业家以及以英语抽象时间为形式的园艺企业的男女之间的劳动分工:妇女的仇恨，通常是指家庭纠纷，往往是指被奴役的任务，就像做饭、洗衣服、打扫房子、照顾孩子一样。这种误解已经根源于社会的文化，尽管性别本质上是一种社会结构，这并不是自然的，也就是说上帝是自由的。这一理解导致问题，这将导致家庭内部的冲突。对于下一类家庭;曝光法默斯。来自农业部门的收入无法满足家庭生活的需要。这种情况使妻子在寻找附加物时扮演角色，要么去地里玩，要么去当妓女，要么去当妓女。这种情况下，妇女有时会有两辆车，这是一种家庭援助，是一种公开的交通。个重大的这个研究的目的是:男人和女人之间收入不平等在horticultural养殖场factors》活动和个重大之影响的当家小时工作,陆地区域,养殖场的长度正好和收入之间组织实验室的男人与女人》《form of horticultural养殖场工作时间。这项研究的长期目标是在这个研究中实现的，这是一种模式，描述了人类和妇女之间的实验室分裂，这些妇女是理想的家庭农场。分析方法过去是看到不平等的结果。用的是模拟分析，用的是多种线性回归来观察影响实验室的因素。这项研究的预期产出是基于科学手段的国家吸收对upland horticulture的知识。这项研究的结果的另一个预期结果是美国国家研讨会的研讨会以“缺乏研究成果”的形式提出的结果。results》研究那已展示出那有是在收入不平等和有factors当家》influencing小时工作时间养殖场的陆地区域,长度正好,与收入的部门在男人和女人之间实验室》《form of an outpouring of horticultural养殖场工作时间。
{"title":"Analisis Ketimpangan Kerja Antara Laki-Laki Dan Perempuan Pada Usahatani Hortikultura Di Dataran Tinggi Jawa Timur (Analysis of Employment Inequality between Men and Women in Horticultural Farming in East Java Highlands)","authors":"Ana Arifatus Sa'diyah, Dyana Sari","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3916963","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3916963","url":null,"abstract":"Indonesian Abstract: Kebiasaan perempuan yang lazim disebut peran domestik, sering disebut sebagai tugas yang sudah dikodratkan (ditentukan Tuhan), seperti memasak, mencuci, membersihkan rumah, mengurus anak, dan sebagainya. Kesalahpahaman ini sudah mengakar kedalam budaya masyarakat, padahal pada dasarnya gender merupakan konstruksi sosial bukan kodrat yang berarti ketentuan Tuhan. Pemahaman tersebut menyebabkan timbulnya masalah yang pada akhirnya menjadi penyebab konflik dalam suatu rumah tangga. Bagi kalangan keluarga kelas bawah; misalnya petani. Pengasilan dari sektor pertanian saja belum mampu mencukupi kebutuhan hidup keluarga. Kondisi ini menyebabkan seorang istri harus berperan mencari penghasilan tambahan dengan cara baik ikut ke sawah, membuka kios, menjadi pembantu rumah tangga, dan sebagainya. Keadaan yang demikian itu menyebabkan kaum perempuan mempunyai 2 peran sekaligus. Yakni peran domestik dan peran publik. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah : Untuk mengetahui ketimpangan pendapatan antara laki-laki dan perempuan dalam kegiatan usahatani hortikultura dan Untuk mengetahui pengaruh faktor-faktor jumlah jam kerja, luas lahan, lama usahatani, dan pendapatan pembagian kerja antara laki-laki dan perempuan pada usahatani hortikultura dalam bentuk curahan waktu kerja. Adapun Tujuan jangka panjang yang ingin dicapai dalam penelitian ini adalah adanya sebuah model yang menggambarkan pembagian kerja antara laki-laki dan perempuan yang ideal didalam rumah tangga petani hortikultura dataran tinggi. Metode analisis yang digunakan untuk melihat Ketimpangan pendapatan digunakan analisis rasio Gini dan regresi linear berganda digunakan untuk melihat faktorfaktor yang mempengaruhi pembagian kerja. Luaran yang diharapkan dari kegiatan penelitian ini berupa artikel ilmiah nasional terakreditasi yang mampu memberikan sumbangan ilmu pengetahuan tentang hortikultura dataran tinggi. Luaran lain yang diharapkan dari hasil penelitian ini adalah Prosiding Seminar Nasional sebagai bentuk diseminasi hasil penelitian. Hasil Penelitian yang sudah dilakukan menunjukkan bahwa ada ketimpangan pendapatan dan ada pengaruh faktor-faktor jumlah jam kerja, luas lahan, lama usahatani, dan pendapatan pembagian kerja antara laki-laki dan perempuan pada usahatani hortikultura dalam bentuk curahan waktu kerja English Abstract: Women's habits, which are commonly referred to as domestic roles, are often referred to as tasks that have been ordained (ordained by God), such as cooking, washing, cleaning the house, taking care of the children, and so on. This misunderstanding is already rooted in the culture of society, even though basically gender is a social construction that is not natural which means God's provision. That understanding causes problems which in turn become the cause of internal conflict in a household. For the lower class families; for example farmers. Income from the agricultural sector has not been able to meet the needs of family life. This condition caus","PeriodicalId":289063,"journal":{"name":"Other Topics Women's & Gender Studies eJournal","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116041400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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