This paper uses aggregate data from the International Labor Organization and microeconomic data from the European Values Study to quantify gender gaps in entrepreneurship, distinguishing between gender gaps in employership and in self‐employment, and study their main empirical determinants. Our sample consists of 40 European countries and varies broadly in terms of institutional background since it includes several ex‐Communist countries. In the aggregate data we observe a gender gap in employers of 59% and a gender gap in self‐employment of 36%. These gaps have remained roughly constant in the 2000–2017 period, although there are wide differences in both their levels and evolution over time and across countries. Using microeconomic data, we find that the incidence of entrepreneurship, employership, and self‐employment among men is much larger than among women, consistent with the gaps estimated using aggregate data. Our regressions show that these gaps are still sizable even after controlling for a large set of control variables that include marital status, age, education, number of children, wealth, the participation of parents and spouse in entrepreneurship, values toward women, social capital, and prior unemployment. We identify important differences between the determinants of these gaps in ex‐Communist countries and in high‐income ones.
{"title":"The Determinants of Entrepreneurship Gender Gaps: A Cross‐Country Analysis","authors":"David Cuberes, Sadia Priyanka, Marc Teignier","doi":"10.1111/rode.12537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.12537","url":null,"abstract":"This paper uses aggregate data from the International Labor Organization and microeconomic data from the European Values Study to quantify gender gaps in entrepreneurship, distinguishing between gender gaps in employership and in self‐employment, and study their main empirical determinants. Our sample consists of 40 European countries and varies broadly in terms of institutional background since it includes several ex‐Communist countries. In the aggregate data we observe a gender gap in employers of 59% and a gender gap in self‐employment of 36%. These gaps have remained roughly constant in the 2000–2017 period, although there are wide differences in both their levels and evolution over time and across countries. Using microeconomic data, we find that the incidence of entrepreneurship, employership, and self‐employment among men is much larger than among women, consistent with the gaps estimated using aggregate data. Our regressions show that these gaps are still sizable even after controlling for a large set of control variables that include marital status, age, education, number of children, wealth, the participation of parents and spouse in entrepreneurship, values toward women, social capital, and prior unemployment. We identify important differences between the determinants of these gaps in ex‐Communist countries and in high‐income ones.","PeriodicalId":292363,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Fields of Activity (Sub-Topic)","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134272910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Intensification of forced population displacements as an onslaught of ethnic conflicts and human rights violation negatively affected the socio-economic status of many South Asian countries. Sri Lankan Internal Displacement (IDP) population escalated at a soaring rate subsequent to the historical military triumph over Tamil Eelam (Civil War) rebellions. Cataclysms of the prolonged insurgence disrupted livelihood activities thus imposing socio-economic impediments amidst thousands of displaced people. Among the affected, women were considered as most vulnerable. Owing to the loss of their counterpart family burdens shifted on their shoulders, in making them the de facto heads of households. These women engaged in numerous entrepreneurial activities in diverse sectors of the economy in order to supplement their families. Unfortunately, the outbreak of Eelam war 3 erupting from Eastern Sri Lanka destroyed many of their livelihoods. Despite such trauma women of North-eastern part of Sri Lanka, the sample under study were recently resettled from IDP camps to their previous villages. The IDP women were depend on government and International nongovernmental organization (INGO) assistance than adapting to the changes of their independent sustainable livelihood pattern. These women entrepreneurs found nothing than war ruins on their return hence, facing immense constraints to continue their livelihood activities as addressed, dependence rate also very high and current initiatives taken by the government/INGOs, were not sufficient and prevailing with some issues of their assistance programmes. There is requirement to make them independent entrepreneurs by providing training, changing mind sets for adaptation of the new livelihood. Further adaptation strategies by using local resources were discussed.
{"title":"Adaptation Strategies of the Sustainable Livelihood Considerations for the Internal Displacement Women in Sri Lanka","authors":"K. Gunawardana","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2931309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2931309","url":null,"abstract":"Intensification of forced population displacements as an onslaught of ethnic conflicts and human rights violation negatively affected the socio-economic status of many South Asian countries. Sri Lankan Internal Displacement (IDP) population escalated at a soaring rate subsequent to the historical military triumph over Tamil Eelam (Civil War) rebellions. Cataclysms of the prolonged insurgence disrupted livelihood activities thus imposing socio-economic impediments amidst thousands of displaced people. \u0000Among the affected, women were considered as most vulnerable. Owing to the loss of their counterpart family burdens shifted on their shoulders, in making them the de facto heads of households. These women engaged in numerous entrepreneurial activities in diverse sectors of the economy in order to supplement their families. Unfortunately, the outbreak of Eelam war 3 erupting from Eastern Sri Lanka destroyed many of their livelihoods. \u0000Despite such trauma women of North-eastern part of Sri Lanka, the sample under study were recently resettled from IDP camps to their previous villages. The IDP women were depend on government and International nongovernmental organization (INGO) assistance than adapting to the changes of their independent sustainable livelihood pattern. These women entrepreneurs found nothing than war ruins on their return hence, facing immense constraints to continue their livelihood activities as addressed, dependence rate also very high and current initiatives taken by the government/INGOs, were not sufficient and prevailing with some issues of their assistance programmes. There is requirement to make them independent entrepreneurs by providing training, changing mind sets for adaptation of the new livelihood. Further adaptation strategies by using local resources were discussed.","PeriodicalId":292363,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Fields of Activity (Sub-Topic)","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123927493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper assesses the effectiveness of Law 215/1992, an incentive scheme intended to boost female entrepreneurship in Italy. Under the law, which was only implemented in 1997 and remained in force for a decade, the allocation of subsidies among the regions was inversely proportional to their female labour market participation rates. Focussing on the subsidies for start-ups, we analyze survival patterns of subsidized versus non-subsidized firms. We find that subsidized firms show higher survival rates than non-subsidized firms for a period of up to five years after incorporation. After five years the survival patterns are very similar, leading us to conclude that the incentive scheme had no permanent effect on the subsidized firms but only produced a i?½honeymoon effecti?½.
{"title":"Female Entrepreneurship and Government Policy: Evaluating the Impact of Subsidies on Firms' Survival","authors":"Elena Gennari, F. Lotti","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2303710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2303710","url":null,"abstract":"This paper assesses the effectiveness of Law 215/1992, an incentive scheme intended to boost female entrepreneurship in Italy. Under the law, which was only implemented in 1997 and remained in force for a decade, the allocation of subsidies among the regions was inversely proportional to their female labour market participation rates. Focussing on the subsidies for start-ups, we analyze survival patterns of subsidized versus non-subsidized firms. We find that subsidized firms show higher survival rates than non-subsidized firms for a period of up to five years after incorporation. After five years the survival patterns are very similar, leading us to conclude that the incentive scheme had no permanent effect on the subsidized firms but only produced a i?½honeymoon effecti?½.","PeriodicalId":292363,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Fields of Activity (Sub-Topic)","volume":"83 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133072110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Studies on women entrepreneurs in the informal economy no longer view them merely as a residue from some pre-modern mode of production that is disappearing. Instead, they are either read through a structuralist lens as marginalized populations engaged in low quality work conducted under poor conditions for low pay out of necessity in the absence of alternative means of livelihood, or through a neo-liberal lens as engaged in relatively higher quality endeavours more as a rational choice. The aim of this paper is to evaluate critically these contrasting explanations. To do this, the results of face-to-face interviews with 323 women entrepreneurs operating in the Indian informal economy are analyzed. The finding is that although the structuralist representation is largely appropriate for women engaged in informal waged work, it is not as valid for women informal entrepreneurs working on a self-employed basis where incomes are higher, they receive more credit from informal institutions, union membership is higher, and such work is more likely to be a rational choice. The outcome is a call to recognize the diversity of women's experiences in the informal sector and that not all informal entrepreneurship by women in developing nations is a low-paid, necessity-oriented endeavour carried out as a last resort.
{"title":"Evaluating Women Entrepreneurs in the Informal Sector: Some Evidence from India","authors":"Colin Williams, A. Gurtoo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2290543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2290543","url":null,"abstract":"Studies on women entrepreneurs in the informal economy no longer view them merely as a residue from some pre-modern mode of production that is disappearing. Instead, they are either read through a structuralist lens as marginalized populations engaged in low quality work conducted under poor conditions for low pay out of necessity in the absence of alternative means of livelihood, or through a neo-liberal lens as engaged in relatively higher quality endeavours more as a rational choice. The aim of this paper is to evaluate critically these contrasting explanations. To do this, the results of face-to-face interviews with 323 women entrepreneurs operating in the Indian informal economy are analyzed. The finding is that although the structuralist representation is largely appropriate for women engaged in informal waged work, it is not as valid for women informal entrepreneurs working on a self-employed basis where incomes are higher, they receive more credit from informal institutions, union membership is higher, and such work is more likely to be a rational choice. The outcome is a call to recognize the diversity of women's experiences in the informal sector and that not all informal entrepreneurship by women in developing nations is a low-paid, necessity-oriented endeavour carried out as a last resort.","PeriodicalId":292363,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Fields of Activity (Sub-Topic)","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114301554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sri Kshetra Dhrmasthala Rural Development Project (SKDRDP) launched in the year 1982 by Dr. D. Veerendra Heggade, Dharmadhikari of Dharmasthala, a small temple town in South India aims towards the upliftment of rural poor. SKDRDP is active at present in the State of Karnataka in South India where it is engaged in intensive fight against poverty, ignorance, illiteracy, alcoholic abuse, gender discrimination, division of villages on the lines of caste, creed and money power. SKDRDP has promoted various income generation activities in production and service sector. Self help groups are motivated, trained and assisted in setting up group ventures to help rural poor women with their own income escape poverty permanently through self employment or entrepreneurship.SIRI Gramodyoga Yojane of SKDRDP is the focus of this research paper due to its central role in group entrepreneurship promotion among rural poor women. It is under this programme many women earn their livelihood from group ventures. Many women support themselves and their families through the income they earn from their entrepreneurial activities. In this research paper the authors have made an attempt to understand the key support structure and identify the success factors for creating, developing and sustaining group enterprises.
Sri Kshetra Dhrmasthala农村发展项目(SKDRDP)于1982年由Dr. Veerendra Heggade博士发起，他是Dharmasthala的Dharmadhikari, Dharmasthala是印度南部的一个小寺庙镇，旨在提高农村贫困人口的生活水平。该协会目前在印度南部卡纳塔克邦开展活动，与贫困、无知、文盲、酗酒、性别歧视、按种姓、信仰和金钱权力划分村庄等问题进行激烈的斗争。SKDRDP促进了生产和服务部门的各种创收活动。自助团体受到激励、训练和协助，建立集体企业，帮助有自己收入的农村贫困妇女通过自营职业或创业永久摆脱贫困。SKDRDP的SIRI Gramodyoga Yojane是本研究论文的重点，因为它在促进农村贫困妇女群体创业方面发挥了核心作用。正是在这个方案下，许多妇女通过集体投资谋生。许多妇女通过其创业活动所赚取的收入来养活自己和家庭。本文试图了解集团企业的关键支撑结构，并找出集团企业创建、发展和维持的成功因素。
{"title":"SKDRDP's Successful Experiment with Group Entrepreneurship","authors":"V. Jayakumar","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1603766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1603766","url":null,"abstract":"Sri Kshetra Dhrmasthala Rural Development Project (SKDRDP) launched in the year 1982 by Dr. D. Veerendra Heggade, Dharmadhikari of Dharmasthala, a small temple town in South India aims towards the upliftment of rural poor. SKDRDP is active at present in the State of Karnataka in South India where it is engaged in intensive fight against poverty, ignorance, illiteracy, alcoholic abuse, gender discrimination, division of villages on the lines of caste, creed and money power. SKDRDP has promoted various income generation activities in production and service sector. Self help groups are motivated, trained and assisted in setting up group ventures to help rural poor women with their own income escape poverty permanently through self employment or entrepreneurship.SIRI Gramodyoga Yojane of SKDRDP is the focus of this research paper due to its central role in group entrepreneurship promotion among rural poor women. It is under this programme many women earn their livelihood from group ventures. Many women support themselves and their families through the income they earn from their entrepreneurial activities. In this research paper the authors have made an attempt to understand the key support structure and identify the success factors for creating, developing and sustaining group enterprises.","PeriodicalId":292363,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Fields of Activity (Sub-Topic)","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124483917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Women in rural areas rely heavily on commercial service sectors, small-scale firms and home based micro enterprises for the livelihood of their families. Unfortunately, so far detailed and analytical study has not been undertaken on economic empowerment of rural women and their entrepreneurial development skills. An effort has been made in this paper is to identify various means of merchantable areas and required entrepreneurial skills to transform the rural women status and to bring better economic empowerment and to assess the socio economic conditions and problems of rural women, developing their entrepreneurial skills, analyzing the role of Government policies and programs in empowering women through retailing. Women’s Entrepreneurship Development (WED) underlines the role of Women agency and organizations in development - the view that women are agents of social changes rather than passive participants or victims. From this perspective, Women’s Entrepreneurship Development derives from women’s greater overall power and influence at different levels - Micro-Meso and Macro. Economic development and Economic growth in villages provide Economic empowerment to Rural Women through Entrepreneurial development skills. NGOS and Academic intelligentsias must work for the economic empowerment of rural women with the Government agencies in bringing up the effective social and economic reforms in remote tribal rural areas and provide them the much needed training skills in the areas (Food processing, Pulp making, Weaving and Lace-knitting, Herbals, spices and honey Handicrafts - wood, bamboo, clay, cloth, toymaking, retailing seasonal fruits, Horticulture, nursery, flower plants, Retail marketing of forest products) for creativity and Micro financial assistance through cooperative societies and Non Government agencies.
{"title":"Economic Empowerment of Rural Women Through Entrepreneurship Development Skills: Strategies, Issues and Challenges","authors":"Dr. Murthy Pamarty","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1452909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1452909","url":null,"abstract":"Women in rural areas rely heavily on commercial service sectors, small-scale firms and home based micro enterprises for the livelihood of their families. Unfortunately, so far detailed and analytical study has not been undertaken on economic empowerment of rural women and their entrepreneurial development skills. An effort has been made in this paper is to identify various means of merchantable areas and required entrepreneurial skills to transform the rural women status and to bring better economic empowerment and to assess the socio economic conditions and problems of rural women, developing their entrepreneurial skills, analyzing the role of Government policies and programs in empowering women through retailing. Women’s Entrepreneurship Development (WED) underlines the role of Women agency and organizations in development - the view that women are agents of social changes rather than passive participants or victims. From this perspective, Women’s Entrepreneurship Development derives from women’s greater overall power and influence at different levels - Micro-Meso and Macro. Economic development and Economic growth in villages provide Economic empowerment to Rural Women through Entrepreneurial development skills. NGOS and Academic intelligentsias must work for the economic empowerment of rural women with the Government agencies in bringing up the effective social and economic reforms in remote tribal rural areas and provide them the much needed training skills in the areas (Food processing, Pulp making, Weaving and Lace-knitting, Herbals, spices and honey Handicrafts - wood, bamboo, clay, cloth, toymaking, retailing seasonal fruits, Horticulture, nursery, flower plants, Retail marketing of forest products) for creativity and Micro financial assistance through cooperative societies and Non Government agencies.","PeriodicalId":292363,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Fields of Activity (Sub-Topic)","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125515956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rodica Gherghina, Duca Ioana, Stefanescu Aurelia, Monica Dudian, Mariana Vuță, Ion Verboncu, I. Nișulescu, C. Trică, Paul Tanasescu
Romania's regional policy is oriented today towards the eight regions of development. That is why, in order to understand the nature and dynamics of the regional disparities, poverty and social exclusion we shall analyze the main changes occurred in the human development process in Romania, in the last sixteen years. In order to achieve an accurate evaluation, we shall use indicators of regional economic development such as: unemployment indicator, occupation indicator, average number of employees, GDP, business figure of some companies from areas such as industry, construction, commerce and services. In order to develop a best suitable framework for analysis and measurements of the changes occurred at local and regional level, amongst the inclusion of classical indicators such as: the GDP and gross medium income we shall include four other fundamental dimensions: the occupational matrix of the active population; the professional and occupational mobility of the population in the last sixteen years; the social exclusion phenomenon (marginalization) and the integrating phenomenon (inclusion) and participation of the labour force in the new market economy. In order for the analysis of the disparities in Romania to be more relevant we shall comprise data, in comparison at historical regional level, not taking into account the new regions of development. Also our analysis on human development must be placed in the context of our days, by highlighting the actual tendencies and social structure at national level. In order to consolidate the ties between human development at local and regional level with other conditions (e. q. economic growth, macro-economic policies, distribution of financial resources) we mustn't promote only the accumulation of human capital (investment in education, health system) but also we must bear in mind the increase of opportunities at regional and local level which people might take on by participating at the economic, social or political life. Thus national policies are the corner stone for realizing the needs for regional and local human development, and if this are well targeted they can consolidate the benefits generated by the level of development. In conclusion, the new socio-economic structure of Romania that has appeared in the last sixteen years of transition may be explained through the process of social mobility due to the economic, social and political reforms made after 1989.
{"title":"Development and Disparities at Local and Regional Level in Romania","authors":"Rodica Gherghina, Duca Ioana, Stefanescu Aurelia, Monica Dudian, Mariana Vuță, Ion Verboncu, I. Nișulescu, C. Trică, Paul Tanasescu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1347314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1347314","url":null,"abstract":"Romania's regional policy is oriented today towards the eight regions of development. That is why, in order to understand the nature and dynamics of the regional disparities, poverty and social exclusion we shall analyze the main changes occurred in the human development process in Romania, in the last sixteen years. In order to achieve an accurate evaluation, we shall use indicators of regional economic development such as: unemployment indicator, occupation indicator, average number of employees, GDP, business figure of some companies from areas such as industry, construction, commerce and services. In order to develop a best suitable framework for analysis and measurements of the changes occurred at local and regional level, amongst the inclusion of classical indicators such as: the GDP and gross medium income we shall include four other fundamental dimensions: the occupational matrix of the active population; the professional and occupational mobility of the population in the last sixteen years; the social exclusion phenomenon (marginalization) and the integrating phenomenon (inclusion) and participation of the labour force in the new market economy. In order for the analysis of the disparities in Romania to be more relevant we shall comprise data, in comparison at historical regional level, not taking into account the new regions of development. Also our analysis on human development must be placed in the context of our days, by highlighting the actual tendencies and social structure at national level. In order to consolidate the ties between human development at local and regional level with other conditions (e. q. economic growth, macro-economic policies, distribution of financial resources) we mustn't promote only the accumulation of human capital (investment in education, health system) but also we must bear in mind the increase of opportunities at regional and local level which people might take on by participating at the economic, social or political life. Thus national policies are the corner stone for realizing the needs for regional and local human development, and if this are well targeted they can consolidate the benefits generated by the level of development. In conclusion, the new socio-economic structure of Romania that has appeared in the last sixteen years of transition may be explained through the process of social mobility due to the economic, social and political reforms made after 1989.","PeriodicalId":292363,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Fields of Activity (Sub-Topic)","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128556138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This report provides a value-neutral assessment of inclusionary zoning and its potential effectiveness in different types of housing markets. The study describes the structure of inclusionary zoning ordinances and describes best practices implemented in urban areas throughout the United States to ensure inclusionary zoning has the greatest impact on housing affordability.Homes for Working Families, Inc. ("HWF") relinquishes any claim in and to the copyright in this publication or any other publications, and dedicates any rights it may have in this publication or any other publications to the public domain.
本报告对包容性分区及其在不同类型房屋市场的潜在有效性进行了价值中立的评估。该研究描述了包容性分区条例的结构，并描述了在美国城市地区实施的最佳实践，以确保包容性分区对住房负担能力产生最大的影响。Homes for Working Families, Inc.(“HWF”)放弃对本出版物或任何其他出版物中的版权的任何主张，并将其在本出版物或任何其他出版物中可能拥有的任何权利专用于公共领域。
{"title":"Inclusionary Zoning: A Framework for Assessing the Advantages and Disadvantages","authors":"Dustin C. Read","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1373540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1373540","url":null,"abstract":"This report provides a value-neutral assessment of inclusionary zoning and its potential effectiveness in different types of housing markets. The study describes the structure of inclusionary zoning ordinances and describes best practices implemented in urban areas throughout the United States to ensure inclusionary zoning has the greatest impact on housing affordability.Homes for Working Families, Inc. (\"HWF\") relinquishes any claim in and to the copyright in this publication or any other publications, and dedicates any rights it may have in this publication or any other publications to the public domain.","PeriodicalId":292363,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Fields of Activity (Sub-Topic)","volume":"93 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121662711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This working paper provides an initial overview and analysis of efforts in poverty reduction to date. It has been written in response to requests for more information about existing ILO poverty-focussed work, raised at the Decent Work and Poverty Reduction Workshop in Turin, July 2002,and in recognition of the need for our poverty work to gain further coherence and visibility.
{"title":"Poverty Initiatives in the Ilo: A Review of Past and Present Approaches","authors":"D. Walter","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.907442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.907442","url":null,"abstract":"This working paper provides an initial overview and analysis of efforts in poverty reduction to date. It has been written in response to requests for more information about existing ILO poverty-focussed work, raised at the Decent Work and Poverty Reduction Workshop in Turin, July 2002,and in recognition of the need for our poverty work to gain further coherence and visibility.","PeriodicalId":292363,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Fields of Activity (Sub-Topic)","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114324596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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