Pub Date : 2020-06-18DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.91189
M. Ayaz, A. Sheikh, Mubashar Aziz, M. M. Nazir
Goat hematology, especially, shares considerable attention since the last 1980s. Large number of discrepant normal hematologic values is reported. The discrepancies resulted came from the differences in age group, breed, and health standing of goats. This makes it further complex with variances in climate of the region, its environment, and size and methodology applied. With time, many inconsistencies, reasonably standardization in normal caprine kinetic hematologic values, are in place. Both goats and sheep are infested by the same key digestive tract helminthes (DTHs) diseases. Helminthes are exceedingly ubiquitous worm parasites that progressed to adopt with many erudite means to evade host immune system.
{"title":"Goat Immunity to Helminthes","authors":"M. Ayaz, A. Sheikh, Mubashar Aziz, M. M. Nazir","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.91189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91189","url":null,"abstract":"Goat hematology, especially, shares considerable attention since the last 1980s. Large number of discrepant normal hematologic values is reported. The discrepancies resulted came from the differences in age group, breed, and health standing of goats. This makes it further complex with variances in climate of the region, its environment, and size and methodology applied. With time, many inconsistencies, reasonably standardization in normal caprine kinetic hematologic values, are in place. Both goats and sheep are infested by the same key digestive tract helminthes (DTHs) diseases. Helminthes are exceedingly ubiquitous worm parasites that progressed to adopt with many erudite means to evade host immune system.","PeriodicalId":299858,"journal":{"name":"Goats (Capra) - From Ancient to Modern","volume":"102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133751154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-27DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.84523
A. Beigh, S. Bashir
In Changthang, there is a trend towards increasing the livestock population, especially a breed of goat ( Capra sibirica ) that produces one of the finest natural fibres: pashmina, which is the mainstay of economy of Changpa nomads. The envi-ronmental condition of this region suits for the development of pashmina, there-fore, these animals are reared in large numbers. Changthangi goats are reared under harsh climatic conditions ( − 40 to +40°C). Best quality pashmina is produced in this region and is economic mainstay of nomadic people of Changthang. Pashmina fibre is very expensive as it is being used for production of world’s finest shawls. The Changthang region alone produces around 35,000 kg of raw pashmina fibre every year from about 0.15 million of Changthangi goats, which form 80% of the total pashmina production of the country. 90% of the population in Changthang area survives on the income from goat and sheep, which is nearly $8.4 million, annually.
{"title":"Pashmina Goat Farming in Cold Arid Desert of Changthang and Its Impact on Economy of Changpa Nomads of This Region","authors":"A. Beigh, S. Bashir","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.84523","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.84523","url":null,"abstract":"In Changthang, there is a trend towards increasing the livestock population, especially a breed of goat ( Capra sibirica ) that produces one of the finest natural fibres: pashmina, which is the mainstay of economy of Changpa nomads. The envi-ronmental condition of this region suits for the development of pashmina, there-fore, these animals are reared in large numbers. Changthangi goats are reared under harsh climatic conditions ( − 40 to +40°C). Best quality pashmina is produced in this region and is economic mainstay of nomadic people of Changthang. Pashmina fibre is very expensive as it is being used for production of world’s finest shawls. The Changthang region alone produces around 35,000 kg of raw pashmina fibre every year from about 0.15 million of Changthangi goats, which form 80% of the total pashmina production of the country. 90% of the population in Changthang area survives on the income from goat and sheep, which is nearly $8.4 million, annually.","PeriodicalId":299858,"journal":{"name":"Goats (Capra) - From Ancient to Modern","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126059636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-09DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84545
E. Sulejmani
The most significant agricultural industry in North Macedonia is the dairy industry, and white-brined cheese is a popular dairy product with a great history and the most selling cheese in the country. Considering the climatic conditions and the experiences of other countries, the Republic of North Macedonia has capacity for adequate development of goat breeding by creating small-to-medium goat farms and application of intensive or semi-intensive goat farming systems. There are various breeds of goats in the Republic of Macedonia such as the domestic Balkan goat, Saanen, and Alpine and crossbreeds between these breeds. The official restriction of goat breeding in the territory of Macedonia in 1947 had disastrous consequences; however, in 1989, goat breeding was again allowed and has increased. There are three most significant kind of cheeses manufactured in Macedonia, like white-brined, beaten, and kashkaval. White cheese in Macedonia (belo sirenje) is a brine cheese type with salty taste and close texture similar to beyaz peynir (a Turkish white cheese).
{"title":"Goat Cheese Quality in North Macedonia","authors":"E. Sulejmani","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.84545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.84545","url":null,"abstract":"The most significant agricultural industry in North Macedonia is the dairy industry, and white-brined cheese is a popular dairy product with a great history and the most selling cheese in the country. Considering the climatic conditions and the experiences of other countries, the Republic of North Macedonia has capacity for adequate development of goat breeding by creating small-to-medium goat farms and application of intensive or semi-intensive goat farming systems. There are various breeds of goats in the Republic of Macedonia such as the domestic Balkan goat, Saanen, and Alpine and crossbreeds between these breeds. The official restriction of goat breeding in the territory of Macedonia in 1947 had disastrous consequences; however, in 1989, goat breeding was again allowed and has increased. There are three most significant kind of cheeses manufactured in Macedonia, like white-brined, beaten, and kashkaval. White cheese in Macedonia (belo sirenje) is a brine cheese type with salty taste and close texture similar to beyaz peynir (a Turkish white cheese).","PeriodicalId":299858,"journal":{"name":"Goats (Capra) - From Ancient to Modern","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123467975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-04DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.89213
D. Sponenberg
Goat production in the United States has largely relied upon breed resources imported less than a century ago. In addition to these imported breeds that are commonly used for production are a few local breeds that have been developed over centuries in the USA and other developed more recently. These include Spanish and Myotonic goats for meat production, Lamancha goats for dairy production, and an archaic type of Navajo Angora goat that still finds a role in mohair production. Additional genetic resources reside in a few populations of feral goats, although these now persist in domestication after having been eliminated from their feral ranges. The local breeds are increasingly the target of investigations into their genetics and levels of production. Results of those investigations are finding these local breeds to be productive and valuable additions to agricultural systems.
{"title":"Local Goat Breeds in the United States","authors":"D. Sponenberg","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.89213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89213","url":null,"abstract":"Goat production in the United States has largely relied upon breed resources imported less than a century ago. In addition to these imported breeds that are commonly used for production are a few local breeds that have been developed over centuries in the USA and other developed more recently. These include Spanish and Myotonic goats for meat production, Lamancha goats for dairy production, and an archaic type of Navajo Angora goat that still finds a role in mohair production. Additional genetic resources reside in a few populations of feral goats, although these now persist in domestication after having been eliminated from their feral ranges. The local breeds are increasingly the target of investigations into their genetics and levels of production. Results of those investigations are finding these local breeds to be productive and valuable additions to agricultural systems.","PeriodicalId":299858,"journal":{"name":"Goats (Capra) - From Ancient to Modern","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133274315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-13DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.82821
N. Bhattarai, N. Gorkhali, M. Kolakshyapati, S. Sapkota
Goats are the indispensable component of rural economy in Nepal where 10.98 million goats accounting for 45.3% of total ruminants contribute to 20.3% of the total meat production and 49.2 million US dollar in the national economy. Being popular as “poor man’s cow” and “living cheque,” they significantly contribute to food, nutritional, and economic security of the marginalized farmers creating employment opportunities in the country. This chapter has tried to review the existing breeds, their breeding systems, challenges and way forward to enhance production and productivity of goats. Findings revealed that Nepal is endowed with four major indigenous genetic resources of goats and their crosses with Boer, Jamnapari, Barbari, Sirohi, etc. Occasionally, native goat breeds of Nepal were crossed with Kiko and Damascus as well. Breeding of goats in Nepal is mainly based on selection, pure breeding within indigenous flock, and crossbreeding to the available exotic breeds. There have been some biotechnological approaches applied in goat breeding and evaluation of native breeds. Estrus synchronization followed by artificial insemination is currently being practiced. Goats, being the most popular and easy source of household income and family nutrition in Nepal, could be the important source of national revenue provided with improved breeding and other husbandry practices. Chyangra in the haplogroup B2 in their genetic four mtDNA haplogroups of domestic goats. no between the geographic regions of and relationships among goat These sequences were compared with published data of other domestic goats from neighboring countries India, Pakistan, and China) to determine the relationship of Nepalese goats among goat resources of the region. The study revealed certain level of gene flow among the neighboring goat populations. The complex mtDNA diversity and structure identified among indigenous Nepalese goats can be explained by the gene flow through ancient trading and current “free” movement of goats from/to the geographic vicinities in India and China.
{"title":"Breeds and Breeding System of Indigenous and Crossbred Goats in Nepal","authors":"N. Bhattarai, N. Gorkhali, M. Kolakshyapati, S. Sapkota","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.82821","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.82821","url":null,"abstract":"Goats are the indispensable component of rural economy in Nepal where 10.98 million goats accounting for 45.3% of total ruminants contribute to 20.3% of the total meat production and 49.2 million US dollar in the national economy. Being popular as “poor man’s cow” and “living cheque,” they significantly contribute to food, nutritional, and economic security of the marginalized farmers creating employment opportunities in the country. This chapter has tried to review the existing breeds, their breeding systems, challenges and way forward to enhance production and productivity of goats. Findings revealed that Nepal is endowed with four major indigenous genetic resources of goats and their crosses with Boer, Jamnapari, Barbari, Sirohi, etc. Occasionally, native goat breeds of Nepal were crossed with Kiko and Damascus as well. Breeding of goats in Nepal is mainly based on selection, pure breeding within indigenous flock, and crossbreeding to the available exotic breeds. There have been some biotechnological approaches applied in goat breeding and evaluation of native breeds. Estrus synchronization followed by artificial insemination is currently being practiced. Goats, being the most popular and easy source of household income and family nutrition in Nepal, could be the important source of national revenue provided with improved breeding and other husbandry practices. Chyangra in the haplogroup B2 in their genetic four mtDNA haplogroups of domestic goats. no between the geographic regions of and relationships among goat These sequences were compared with published data of other domestic goats from neighboring countries India, Pakistan, and China) to determine the relationship of Nepalese goats among goat resources of the region. The study revealed certain level of gene flow among the neighboring goat populations. The complex mtDNA diversity and structure identified among indigenous Nepalese goats can be explained by the gene flow through ancient trading and current “free” movement of goats from/to the geographic vicinities in India and China.","PeriodicalId":299858,"journal":{"name":"Goats (Capra) - From Ancient to Modern","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114689598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-03DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.84551
S. Saganuwan
Pharmacokinetics, the process that involves drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) of antimicrobials, determines pharmacodynamic response, that is, what drugs do to the body. Therefore, of all the pharmacokinetic parameters, elimination half-life (T 1 / 2 β ), volume of distribution (Vd), maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and maximum time reached (Tmax) are the most important parameters. Hence, the parameters are unique in determining pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic response of antimicrobials. However, it is elimination half-life and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) that determine the dosing interval of antimicrobials. The dose range of 2.5 mg/kg for gentamicin passing through 4 mg/kg (ciprofloxacin), 4.2 mg/kg (ampicillin L/A), 5 mg/kg (kanamycin, enrofloxacin, gatifloxacin and norfloxacin), 7 mg/kg (mequindox), 10 mg/kg (amikacin, enrofloxacin, lincomycin, pefloxacin, cefpirome, erythromycin and isoniazid), 20 mg/kg (oxytetracycline) and 30 mg/kg (metronidazole) have elimination half-life of 1.2 – 67.2 h, Cmax of 0.12 – 54.4 μ g/ml, Tmax of 0.2 – 24 h, bioavailability of 16 – 99.8% and plasma protein binding of 0 – >80% when administered intramuscularly, intravenously and orally. Human equivalent dose formula could be used to extrapolate human-goat therapeutic doses of antimicrobials. How-ever, some antimicrobials such as sulfadimidine, tulathromycin, oxytetracycline and azithromycin may have high residues in the milk, kidneys, liver, intestines, brain and skeletal muscles and may portend high risk of antimicrobial resistance, hypersensitivity reaction, epidermal necrolysis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome and other adverse drug reactions.
{"title":"Unique Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Parameters of Antimicrobials in Goats","authors":"S. Saganuwan","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.84551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.84551","url":null,"abstract":"Pharmacokinetics, the process that involves drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) of antimicrobials, determines pharmacodynamic response, that is, what drugs do to the body. Therefore, of all the pharmacokinetic parameters, elimination half-life (T 1 / 2 β ), volume of distribution (Vd), maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and maximum time reached (Tmax) are the most important parameters. Hence, the parameters are unique in determining pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic response of antimicrobials. However, it is elimination half-life and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) that determine the dosing interval of antimicrobials. The dose range of 2.5 mg/kg for gentamicin passing through 4 mg/kg (ciprofloxacin), 4.2 mg/kg (ampicillin L/A), 5 mg/kg (kanamycin, enrofloxacin, gatifloxacin and norfloxacin), 7 mg/kg (mequindox), 10 mg/kg (amikacin, enrofloxacin, lincomycin, pefloxacin, cefpirome, erythromycin and isoniazid), 20 mg/kg (oxytetracycline) and 30 mg/kg (metronidazole) have elimination half-life of 1.2 – 67.2 h, Cmax of 0.12 – 54.4 μ g/ml, Tmax of 0.2 – 24 h, bioavailability of 16 – 99.8% and plasma protein binding of 0 – >80% when administered intramuscularly, intravenously and orally. Human equivalent dose formula could be used to extrapolate human-goat therapeutic doses of antimicrobials. How-ever, some antimicrobials such as sulfadimidine, tulathromycin, oxytetracycline and azithromycin may have high residues in the milk, kidneys, liver, intestines, brain and skeletal muscles and may portend high risk of antimicrobial resistance, hypersensitivity reaction, epidermal necrolysis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome and other adverse drug reactions.","PeriodicalId":299858,"journal":{"name":"Goats (Capra) - From Ancient to Modern","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130460001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-14DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.82539
A. Guerrero, J. Abecia, C. Sañudo
Goats throughout history have been adapted to the different orographic and climatological conditions of diverse continents and regions, in which they have been widely spread. Consequently, this species has developed different aptitudes and specialties (meat, milk, hair, etc.) depending on the specific necessities that are covered. This specialization and its geographical conditions have created a great variety of breeds that have been adapted to different production systems. This chapter compiles the evolution and present situation of the goat sector in Spain and the perspectives for its future, describing the most important production systems currently used for different aptitudes in the country (dairy and meat) and compil-ing the characteristics of the main national autochthonous breeds.
{"title":"The Goat Sector in Spain: Situation, Local Breeds, and Production Systems","authors":"A. Guerrero, J. Abecia, C. Sañudo","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.82539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.82539","url":null,"abstract":"Goats throughout history have been adapted to the different orographic and climatological conditions of diverse continents and regions, in which they have been widely spread. Consequently, this species has developed different aptitudes and specialties (meat, milk, hair, etc.) depending on the specific necessities that are covered. This specialization and its geographical conditions have created a great variety of breeds that have been adapted to different production systems. This chapter compiles the evolution and present situation of the goat sector in Spain and the perspectives for its future, describing the most important production systems currently used for different aptitudes in the country (dairy and meat) and compil-ing the characteristics of the main national autochthonous breeds.","PeriodicalId":299858,"journal":{"name":"Goats (Capra) - From Ancient to Modern","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127830865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-18DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.82531
M. Roets
This study investigates the role of goats in the myths and folklore of various Ancient Near Eastern (ANE) cultures. Images in artefacts, and metaphors or direct reference to goats in texts (the primary sources in this study) from the geographic area of Mesopotamia, Sumer, Akkad, Anatolia and Ancient Iran (Elam) were stud-ied. Secondary sources provided the context within which the sources occurred. Where images and references to goats occurred, their meaning and relationship to belief systems or their underlying ‘motifs’ within the ANE cultures are identified, categorised and discussed. This study shows that aside from the important utilitarian function of goats in the ANE, their use in rituals and symbolism has provided us with several motifs related to goats that are still in use today. These include the motifs of fertility, intelligence and craftiness.
{"title":"Goats in the Ancient Near East and Their Relationship with the Mythology, Fairytale and Folklore of These Cultures","authors":"M. Roets","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.82531","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.82531","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the role of goats in the myths and folklore of various Ancient Near Eastern (ANE) cultures. Images in artefacts, and metaphors or direct reference to goats in texts (the primary sources in this study) from the geographic area of Mesopotamia, Sumer, Akkad, Anatolia and Ancient Iran (Elam) were stud-ied. Secondary sources provided the context within which the sources occurred. Where images and references to goats occurred, their meaning and relationship to belief systems or their underlying ‘motifs’ within the ANE cultures are identified, categorised and discussed. This study shows that aside from the important utilitarian function of goats in the ANE, their use in rituals and symbolism has provided us with several motifs related to goats that are still in use today. These include the motifs of fertility, intelligence and craftiness.","PeriodicalId":299858,"journal":{"name":"Goats (Capra) - From Ancient to Modern","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132650215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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