Pub Date : 2020-08-18DOI: 10.7765/9781526150943.00008
C. McIlwaine, Miriam Krenzinger, Yara Evans, E. Silva
As women comprise a majority of urban citizens in the world today
因为妇女占当今世界城市居民的大多数
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Pub Date : 2020-08-18DOI: 10.7765/9781526150943.00001
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Pub Date : 2020-08-18DOI: 10.7765/9781526150943.00013
Luiz Eduardo Soares
The following chapter is written by Luiz Eduardo Soares, an academic notable for a professional biography that has moved back and forth between the ivory tower and city government. Soares has served as Professor of Anthropology at the State University of Rio de Janeiro and was the National Secretary of Public Security under the mandate of Lula’s presidency in Brazil. Soares’s chapter starts with the appalling statistic that between 1980 and 2010 over one million Brazilians were murdered. It is in the face of such data that violence is increasingly defined as a public health crisis in several parts of the world similarly scarred, as well as in Brazil itself. More pointedly, Soares suggests that if we are not careful such data is dehumanised. He appeals to the need to put a face to the figures. And the faces are clearly identified by the history of the city and the racialisation of the country. The faces of those who have died are massively disproportionately concentrated on one fraction of the demos of Brazil and configuration of its urban geography. As he puts it in the chapter, the victims of murder have ‘a colour, a class and an address’. And in making the victims visible, in humanising the data, he argues that Rio de Janeiro can be seen as a microcosm of the country at large. Soares has described his own paradoxical love–hate relationship with the city in the extraordinary book Rio de Janeiro: Extreme city (2016). The book is part autobiography of his own attempts to challenge the pandemic of violent death, and part an interdisciplinary mixture of a sociology of the city’s favelas, an anthropology of the regimes of metropolitan governance and a political science of the institutional architecture of Violence as a language
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Pub Date : 2020-08-18DOI: 10.7765/9781526150943.00015
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Pub Date : 2020-08-18DOI: 10.7765/9781526150943.00011
W. Smit
The ‘food environment’ of cities can be defined as the location and type of food sources, as well as the broader environmental factors that affect the production, retail and consumption of food in cities (such as levels of infrastructure). The food environment of cities has an impact on the health and wellbeing of residents, although the measurement of this impact has proved to be difficult. Although there is a growing body of research on the effect of food environments on health, this relationship has been under-recognised and under-studied in the global south (Herforth and Ahmed, 2015; Turner et al., 2017). Understanding the food environments of African cities is important because there are high levels of food insecurity in African cities, driven by high levels of poverty and income variability (Battersby and Watson, 2018), and interventions in urban food environments can potentially contribute to improving health outcomes. Food security can be defined as people’s ‘physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life’ (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 2009: 1). The reality in African cities is very different. A survey of food security in eleven southern African cities found 76 per cent of sampled households to be moderately or severely food-insecure, in other words they often do not have enough food to eat for their minimum dietary needs (Frayne et al., 2010). An estimated 47 per cent of Food environment and health in African cities
城市的“食物环境”可以定义为食物来源的位置和类型，以及影响城市食物生产、零售和消费的更广泛的环境因素(如基础设施水平)。城市的食物环境对居民的健康和福祉有影响，尽管这种影响的测量被证明是困难的。尽管关于食物环境对健康影响的研究越来越多，但在全球南方，这种关系尚未得到充分认识和研究(Herforth和Ahmed, 2015;Turner等人，2017)。了解非洲城市的粮食环境很重要，因为非洲城市的粮食不安全程度很高，这是由高度贫困和收入差异造成的(Battersby和Watson, 2018)，而对城市粮食环境的干预可能有助于改善健康结果。粮食安全可以定义为人们"在物质上、社会上和经济上获得充足、安全和有营养的食物，以满足其饮食需求和食物偏好，过上积极健康的生活"(联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)，2009:1)。非洲城市的现实情况非常不同。对11个南部非洲城市的粮食安全调查发现，76%的抽样家庭处于中度或严重的粮食不安全状态，换句话说，他们经常没有足够的食物来满足他们的最低饮食需求(Frayne et al.， 2010)。非洲城市估计有47%的粮食、环境和卫生问题
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Pub Date : 2020-08-18DOI: 10.7765/9781526150943.00007
N. Rose
Can contemporary developments in the life sciences help us understand the ways in which ‘adversity’ shapes mental health conditions in the heterogeneous conglomerations we call cities? Many have pointed to the evidence that those living in cities are more likely to be diagnosed with mild, moderate and severe mental disorders than those living in rural settings. But it has proved difficult to identify precisely what it is in the urban experience that leads to these elevated rates. The same is true of research that has addressed urban mental health in migrant and refugee populations, in the global north and in megacities such as Mumbai, Shanghai and São Paulo in the global south. Some rates are elevated in some migrants, sometimes only in the second generation, but the findings are equivocal, and migration itself does not seem to be a consistent causal factor for mental ill health – indeed sometimes quite the reverse. Can we link biomedical explanations with sociological and anthropological research to understand the ways in which the experiences of poverty, inequality, precarity, gender discrimination, racism, stigma, social exclusion, isolation, threat and violence lead many to mental distress? Can we extend such an analysis beyond these traditional ‘social factors’ to encompass such issues as the built environment, the capacities and limits to individual and collective life engendered by the urban infrastructure, and the urban ‘sensorium’ of noise, smell, touch and microbes? If we understood these mechanisms better would we be better able to advise on policies to mitigate mental distress in urban environments and on practices likely to promote recovery? Could such an approach inform strategies to create ‘healthy, safe and sustainable cities’1 through Mental health, stress and the metropolis
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