Pub Date : 2019-02-19DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.82192
B. Clasen, Roberta de Moura Lisbôa
Terrestrial ecotoxicology is used to evaluate the effects of substances that, whenever added to the soil, have impact on organisms and help measuring the responses from changes in the lethality, reproduction, development, and behavior of standardized soil organisms. Terrestrial ecotoxicology is a new tool that has been introduced in many countries, including Brazil, and yet little used. However, it is already widely used in Europe, besides being mandatory in research to indicate the toxicity of waste discharged in the soil. The aim of this chapter is to emphasize the importance and need of developing studies focused on the use of terrestrial ecotoxicology as a tool to assess fast and reliable responses from the toxicity of substances incorporated to the soil.
{"title":"Ecotoxicological Tests as a Tool to Assess the Quality of the Soil","authors":"B. Clasen, Roberta de Moura Lisbôa","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.82192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.82192","url":null,"abstract":"Terrestrial ecotoxicology is used to evaluate the effects of substances that, whenever added to the soil, have impact on organisms and help measuring the responses from changes in the lethality, reproduction, development, and behavior of standardized soil organisms. Terrestrial ecotoxicology is a new tool that has been introduced in many countries, including Brazil, and yet little used. However, it is already widely used in Europe, besides being mandatory in research to indicate the toxicity of waste discharged in the soil. The aim of this chapter is to emphasize the importance and need of developing studies focused on the use of terrestrial ecotoxicology as a tool to assess fast and reliable responses from the toxicity of substances incorporated to the soil.","PeriodicalId":306242,"journal":{"name":"Soil Contamination and Alternatives for Sustainable Development","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125545071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-25DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.83548
M. Ali, K. Inubushi, P. Kim, SitaraAmin
Climate change is a vital environmental issue for the twenty-first century, which may sig - nificantly affect rice productivity and accelerate greenhouse gas emissions from paddy ecosystem, which is of great environmental concern which is of great environmental concern. Methane (CH 4 ) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) are the most important greenhouse gases due to their radiative effects as well as global warming potentials (GWPs). CH 4 and N 2 O gases are simultaneously emitted from rice fields to the atmosphere due to their favorable production, consumption, and transport systems. The intensive rice farming system has been creating excessive pressure on rice fields to produce more rice for the expanding world population, thereby deteriorating soil fertility status and rice paddy ecosystem balance by stimulating more CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 O fluxes to the atmosphere. The extreme climatic variables such as high light intensity, high water vapor or relative humidity, high temperature, and drought stress may badly suppress beneficial microbial activity, soil nutrients, and water availabil - ity to rice plant; eventually, rice yield may be decreased drastically, and simultaneously, greenhouse gas emissions could be increased significantly. In this situation, conservation tillage, water saving irrigation technique such as alternate wetting and drying, soil amend ments with biochar, vermicompost, azolla-cyanobacterial mixture, recommended silicate slag, and phospho-gypsum with minimum NPKSZn fertilizer (IPNS) should be introduced to the field level farmers for sustainable rice production and mitigating greenhouse gas emissions.
{"title":"Management of Paddy Soil towards Low Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sustainable Rice Production in the Changing Climatic Conditions","authors":"M. Ali, K. Inubushi, P. Kim, SitaraAmin","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.83548","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.83548","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change is a vital environmental issue for the twenty-first century, which may sig - nificantly affect rice productivity and accelerate greenhouse gas emissions from paddy ecosystem, which is of great environmental concern which is of great environmental concern. Methane (CH 4 ) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) are the most important greenhouse gases due to their radiative effects as well as global warming potentials (GWPs). CH 4 and N 2 O gases are simultaneously emitted from rice fields to the atmosphere due to their favorable production, consumption, and transport systems. The intensive rice farming system has been creating excessive pressure on rice fields to produce more rice for the expanding world population, thereby deteriorating soil fertility status and rice paddy ecosystem balance by stimulating more CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 O fluxes to the atmosphere. The extreme climatic variables such as high light intensity, high water vapor or relative humidity, high temperature, and drought stress may badly suppress beneficial microbial activity, soil nutrients, and water availabil - ity to rice plant; eventually, rice yield may be decreased drastically, and simultaneously, greenhouse gas emissions could be increased significantly. In this situation, conservation tillage, water saving irrigation technique such as alternate wetting and drying, soil amend ments with biochar, vermicompost, azolla-cyanobacterial mixture, recommended silicate slag, and phospho-gypsum with minimum NPKSZn fertilizer (IPNS) should be introduced to the field level farmers for sustainable rice production and mitigating greenhouse gas emissions.","PeriodicalId":306242,"journal":{"name":"Soil Contamination and Alternatives for Sustainable Development","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122596485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-21DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.83720
D. Vázquez-Luna, M. C. Cuevas-Díaz
Soil degradation and environmental pollution have a great impact on human life, because every year, 2 million people die worldwide due to air pollution [1]; countless numbers of people are exposed unnecessarily to chemicals in the workplace, such as in the external environment [2], because soil, air, and vegetation contain organochlorine pesticides with high carcinogenic risk [3, 4] and heavy metals [5].
{"title":"Introductory Chapter: Soil Contamination and Alternatives for Sustainable Development","authors":"D. Vázquez-Luna, M. C. Cuevas-Díaz","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.83720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.83720","url":null,"abstract":"Soil degradation and environmental pollution have a great impact on human life, because every year, 2 million people die worldwide due to air pollution [1]; countless numbers of people are exposed unnecessarily to chemicals in the workplace, such as in the external environment [2], because soil, air, and vegetation contain organochlorine pesticides with high carcinogenic risk [3, 4] and heavy metals [5].","PeriodicalId":306242,"journal":{"name":"Soil Contamination and Alternatives for Sustainable Development","volume":"141 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115139256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81548
Y. Uchida, Isabell von Rein
Through the increasing use of nitrogen (N) fertilizers due to an increasing food demand, the agricultural sector is the main contributor of anthropogenic nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions, mainly through microbial processes called nitrification and denitrification. One option to mitigate N 2 O, a major greenhouse gas, is to use enhanced efficiency fertil izers (EEFs). There are different types of EEFs like nitrification inhibitors or controlled- release fertilizers that aim to match the N release from fertilizers with N demands from plants. Parts of the chapter are also dedicated to organic amendments and their effects on N 2 O emissions. Overall, EEFs can improve the N-use efficiency of plants, which has two positive effects. First, farmers can increase their yields, and second, environmental pollution through excessive fertilizer N can be minimized. However, the effectiveness of EEFs strongly depends on numerous factors like land use type, application method, and climate. More studies are needed to establish individual fertilizer plans that are optimized for the prevalent conditions. In conclusion, N 2 O mitigation using EEFs is only advisable when “initial” N 2 O emissions from conventional fertilizers are criti - cally contributing to annual N 2 O emissions. Thus, careful assessment is needed before EEFs are introduced to the system especially when economic and ecologic results are considered.
{"title":"Mitigation of Nitrous Oxide Emissions during Nitrification and Denitrification Processes in Agricultural Soils Using Enhanced Efficiency Fertilizers","authors":"Y. Uchida, Isabell von Rein","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81548","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81548","url":null,"abstract":"Through the increasing use of nitrogen (N) fertilizers due to an increasing food demand, the agricultural sector is the main contributor of anthropogenic nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions, mainly through microbial processes called nitrification and denitrification. One option to mitigate N 2 O, a major greenhouse gas, is to use enhanced efficiency fertil izers (EEFs). There are different types of EEFs like nitrification inhibitors or controlled- release fertilizers that aim to match the N release from fertilizers with N demands from plants. Parts of the chapter are also dedicated to organic amendments and their effects on N 2 O emissions. Overall, EEFs can improve the N-use efficiency of plants, which has two positive effects. First, farmers can increase their yields, and second, environmental pollution through excessive fertilizer N can be minimized. However, the effectiveness of EEFs strongly depends on numerous factors like land use type, application method, and climate. More studies are needed to establish individual fertilizer plans that are optimized for the prevalent conditions. In conclusion, N 2 O mitigation using EEFs is only advisable when “initial” N 2 O emissions from conventional fertilizers are criti - cally contributing to annual N 2 O emissions. Thus, careful assessment is needed before EEFs are introduced to the system especially when economic and ecologic results are considered.","PeriodicalId":306242,"journal":{"name":"Soil Contamination and Alternatives for Sustainable Development","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121749959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80031
D. González-Mille, G. Espinosa-Reyes, M. C. Cuevas-Díaz, Á. Martínez-Toledo, Leticia Carrizalez Yáñez, M. E. García-Arreola, C. Ilizaliturri-Hernández
The mining industry has generated different sources of pollution and effects in human and ecosystem health. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect in gradient of the biological activity of the soil derived from the contamination by lead and arsenic. A linear transect was conducted from the tailings in Villa de la Paz to a reference site 10 km away against wind direction and runoff. The parameters that were analyzed in the soil samples included As, Pb, pH, organic matter, electrical conductivity, soil respiration, and soil enzymes. As concentrations ranged from 4.7 to 463.2 mg/kg, while those of lead ranged from 171.7 to 2319.0 mg/kg. The changes in the physicochemical parameters and in the biological activity of the soil were stronger within the first 100 m of distance from the tailings. The pattern of inhibition of biological activity was: urease>βglucosidase>arylsulfatase> dehydrogenase>phosphatase>respiration. Strong negative relationships were observed among biological activities and arsenic (from 86.5 to 96%). Metals and covariables jointly explain the 89.2% of variability of the effect in the biological activities. This study provides a field baseline that could be part of a long-term monitoring and remediation program.
采矿业产生了不同的污染源，并对人类和生态系统健康产生了影响。本研究的目的是评价铅和砷污染对土壤生物活性的梯度影响。从Villa de la Paz的尾矿到10公里外的参考场地进行了线性样带，以对抗风向和径流。土壤样品的分析参数包括As、Pb、pH、有机质、电导率、土壤呼吸和土壤酶。砷的浓度为4.7至463.2毫克/公斤，铅的浓度为171.7至2319.0毫克/公斤。在距尾矿前100 m范围内，土壤理化参数和生物活性的变化更为明显。抑制生物活性的模式为:脲酶>β葡萄糖苷酶>芳基硫酸盐酶>脱氢酶>磷酸酶>呼吸作用。生物活性与砷呈显著负相关(从86.5 ~ 96%)。金属和协变量共同解释了89.2%的生物活性变异效应。这项研究提供了一个现场基线，可以作为长期监测和补救计划的一部分。
{"title":"Evaluation of the Biological Activity of Soil in a Gradient Concentration of Arsenic and Lead in Villa de la Paz, San Luis Potosi, Mexico","authors":"D. González-Mille, G. Espinosa-Reyes, M. C. Cuevas-Díaz, Á. Martínez-Toledo, Leticia Carrizalez Yáñez, M. E. García-Arreola, C. Ilizaliturri-Hernández","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80031","url":null,"abstract":"The mining industry has generated different sources of pollution and effects in human and ecosystem health. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect in gradient of the biological activity of the soil derived from the contamination by lead and arsenic. A linear transect was conducted from the tailings in Villa de la Paz to a reference site 10 km away against wind direction and runoff. The parameters that were analyzed in the soil samples included As, Pb, pH, organic matter, electrical conductivity, soil respiration, and soil enzymes. As concentrations ranged from 4.7 to 463.2 mg/kg, while those of lead ranged from 171.7 to 2319.0 mg/kg. The changes in the physicochemical parameters and in the biological activity of the soil were stronger within the first 100 m of distance from the tailings. The pattern of inhibition of biological activity was: urease>βglucosidase>arylsulfatase> dehydrogenase>phosphatase>respiration. Strong negative relationships were observed among biological activities and arsenic (from 86.5 to 96%). Metals and covariables jointly explain the 89.2% of variability of the effect in the biological activities. This study provides a field baseline that could be part of a long-term monitoring and remediation program.","PeriodicalId":306242,"journal":{"name":"Soil Contamination and Alternatives for Sustainable Development","volume":"134 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116208079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80028
Argel Flores Primo, V. Pardío, K. López, Dora L. Pinzón, María D. Marriezcurrena, A. Aguilar, E. Chávez, Sóstenes R. Rodríguez
The indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides to control pests and diseases without technical assistance instead of solving the pest problems has caused environmental damage, agriculture productivity, and human health. Pesticides can remain for several years in the soil, being able to contaminate rivers and lagoons, animals of shepherding and foods. Besides, in recent years, pests have shown an alarmingly resistance over several pesticides. This makes necessary the use of other natural sources of pesticides that could be degraded avoiding the resistance problem. One of the main sources analyzed is the neem (Azadirachta indica) due to its complex content of bioactive triterpenoids. However, cellulosic structures of cell wall conditioned the extraction of these components, acting as physical barrier and avoiding its complete extraction. This chapter included a review of the consequences of the use of chemical pesticides to control pests spread in plant and animals and its repercussions on the environment. Moreover, the advantages of the use of food-grade enzyme preparations as an alternative to elaborate an extract of neem without organic solvents are exposed. The results are promissory and could improve the acaricide and repellent effects of the neem extracts over pests, reducing the negative effect caused by chemical pesticides.
{"title":"Biopesticide of Neem Obtained by Enzyme-Assisted Extraction: An Alternative to Improve the Pest Control","authors":"Argel Flores Primo, V. Pardío, K. López, Dora L. Pinzón, María D. Marriezcurrena, A. Aguilar, E. Chávez, Sóstenes R. Rodríguez","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80028","url":null,"abstract":"The indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides to control pests and diseases without technical assistance instead of solving the pest problems has caused environmental damage, agriculture productivity, and human health. Pesticides can remain for several years in the soil, being able to contaminate rivers and lagoons, animals of shepherding and foods. Besides, in recent years, pests have shown an alarmingly resistance over several pesticides. This makes necessary the use of other natural sources of pesticides that could be degraded avoiding the resistance problem. One of the main sources analyzed is the neem (Azadirachta indica) due to its complex content of bioactive triterpenoids. However, cellulosic structures of cell wall conditioned the extraction of these components, acting as physical barrier and avoiding its complete extraction. This chapter included a review of the consequences of the use of chemical pesticides to control pests spread in plant and animals and its repercussions on the environment. Moreover, the advantages of the use of food-grade enzyme preparations as an alternative to elaborate an extract of neem without organic solvents are exposed. The results are promissory and could improve the acaricide and repellent effects of the neem extracts over pests, reducing the negative effect caused by chemical pesticides.","PeriodicalId":306242,"journal":{"name":"Soil Contamination and Alternatives for Sustainable Development","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114512324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：