Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.31168/2618-8570.2020.01
Tamara Stoilova
The treaty signed on 10/21 July 1774 in Kuchuk-Kainarji forced the Ottoman empire to accept Russia’s peace conditions that expanded its borders to the south and abolished the Turks’ centuries long domination in the Black sea and their absolute control over the Turkish Straits. The treaty enabled offensive policy as a result of which St.Petersburg gained exceptional territorial and strategic positions. The main issues in the relations between the two empires connected with the situation of the sultan’s Orthodox subjects in the interwar period included above all Russia’s right to patronize the Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire and the related amnesty for the participants in the Russo-Turkish war; fulfilment of the provisions enacting restoring of Orthodox churches, Russian support to higher Orthodox clerics as well as construction of a Russian church in Pera. The rights of the Turkish subjects to use Russian merchant flag and to migrate to Russia, still remaining within the sphere of trade relations between the two empires turned out to be a significant and hard to solve problem. The issues concerning St.Petersburg’s policy towards the Danubian Principalities, Montenegro and the Adriatic were still important issues in the Russia-Turkey relations. Most issues in the bilateral relations were a follow-up to the relations during the 1760s and the war of 1768–1774. In the following years the new situation in the Black sea basin, the Turkish Straits opening to merchant vessels under the Russian flag, the Danubian Principalities gradually slipping from Constantinople’s control and of course annexation of the Crimea by the Russian Empire would intensify the crisis in the Russia-Turkey relations and war would become inevitable. But also fatal for the Ottoman Empire.
{"title":"Russia, the Porte and the Sultan’s Orthodox subjects after the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (1774–1787)","authors":"Tamara Stoilova","doi":"10.31168/2618-8570.2020.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31168/2618-8570.2020.01","url":null,"abstract":"The treaty signed on 10/21 July 1774 in Kuchuk-Kainarji forced the Ottoman empire to accept Russia’s peace conditions that expanded its borders to the south and abolished the Turks’ centuries long domination in the Black sea and their absolute control over the Turkish Straits. The treaty enabled offensive policy as a result of which St.Petersburg gained exceptional territorial and strategic positions. The main issues in the relations between the two empires connected with the situation of the sultan’s Orthodox subjects in the interwar period included above all Russia’s right to patronize the Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire and the related amnesty for the participants in the Russo-Turkish war; fulfilment of the provisions enacting restoring of Orthodox churches, Russian support to higher Orthodox clerics as well as construction of a Russian church in Pera. The rights of the Turkish subjects to use Russian merchant flag and to migrate to Russia, still remaining within the sphere of trade relations between the two empires turned out to be a significant and hard to solve problem. The issues concerning St.Petersburg’s policy towards the Danubian Principalities, Montenegro and the Adriatic were still important issues in the Russia-Turkey relations. Most issues in the bilateral relations were a follow-up to the relations during the 1760s and the war of 1768–1774. In the following years the new situation in the Black sea basin, the Turkish Straits opening to merchant vessels under the Russian flag, the Danubian Principalities gradually slipping from Constantinople’s control and of course annexation of the Crimea by the Russian Empire would intensify the crisis in the Russia-Turkey relations and war would become inevitable. But also fatal for the Ottoman Empire.","PeriodicalId":307828,"journal":{"name":"Slavs and Russia: Problems of Statehood in the Balkans (late XVIII - XXI centuries)","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127395976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.31168/2618-8570.2020.18
I. Baeva
The research is dedicated to two Bulgarians of high social standing who became associates of the Soviet intelligence in the years of World War II. The author tries to answer the question why they made such a choice, despite the fact that on March 1, 1941, Bulgaria joined the Tripartite Pact and became an ally of Nazi Germany. In 1942 and 1943, both – gen. Vladimir Zaimov and Dr. Alexander Peev, were discovered, convicted, and executed, which makes the search for the reasons why they made this choice particularly important.
{"title":"At the service of the ideological enemy of one’s country. Bulgarians collaborating with the Soviet intelligence during World War II","authors":"I. Baeva","doi":"10.31168/2618-8570.2020.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31168/2618-8570.2020.18","url":null,"abstract":"The research is dedicated to two Bulgarians of high social standing who became associates of the Soviet intelligence in the years of World War II. The author tries to answer the question why they made such a choice, despite the fact that on March 1, 1941, Bulgaria joined the Tripartite Pact and became an ally of Nazi Germany. In 1942 and 1943, both – gen. Vladimir Zaimov and Dr. Alexander Peev, were discovered, convicted, and executed, which makes the search for the reasons why they made this choice particularly important.","PeriodicalId":307828,"journal":{"name":"Slavs and Russia: Problems of Statehood in the Balkans (late XVIII - XXI centuries)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124101057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.31168/2618-8570.2020.22
Petya Dimitrova
The research is devoted to the perception of the contemporary Bulgarian society of the «dual liberation» thesis, i.e. the assertion that Russia, after liberating Bulgaria from the Turkish rule in 1878, also liberated her from the German Nazis in 1944. The review of the historians’ disputes and of the heated debates in public space is concentrated around the second liberation and is connected with the analysis of several issues. First, the declaration of war by the Soviet Union on Bulgaria, which led to the inclusion of Moscow in the peace talks of the Western forces with Sofia and the conclusion of armistice, according to which the Central Control Commission under the leadership of the Soviet High Command was established and the country was put under an occupation regime. Second, the cost for the Bulgarians to maintain Soviet occupation troops is also estimated. And finally, it is considered what fate of the Soviet army monuments built in different locations in Bulgaria during the period 1944–1989 should expect.
{"title":"Between «dual liberation» and occupation: Bulgarian society on the outcome of World War II","authors":"Petya Dimitrova","doi":"10.31168/2618-8570.2020.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31168/2618-8570.2020.22","url":null,"abstract":"The research is devoted to the perception of the contemporary Bulgarian society of the «dual liberation» thesis, i.e. the assertion that Russia, after liberating Bulgaria from the Turkish rule in 1878, also liberated her from the German Nazis in 1944. The review of the historians’ disputes and of the heated debates in public space is concentrated around the second liberation and is connected with the analysis of several issues. First, the declaration of war by the Soviet Union on Bulgaria, which led to the inclusion of Moscow in the peace talks of the Western forces with Sofia and the conclusion of armistice, according to which the Central Control Commission under the leadership of the Soviet High Command was established and the country was put under an occupation regime. Second, the cost for the Bulgarians to maintain Soviet occupation troops is also estimated. And finally, it is considered what fate of the Soviet army monuments built in different locations in Bulgaria during the period 1944–1989 should expect.","PeriodicalId":307828,"journal":{"name":"Slavs and Russia: Problems of Statehood in the Balkans (late XVIII - XXI centuries)","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115988143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.31168/2618-8570.2020.25
Z. V. Klimenko
The research is devoted to the Albanian community in Montenegro and its political organisations. Though small in size (and gradually deteriorizing) the Albanian community in Montenegro exercises large and maybe even major influence on the contemporary history of Montenegro. Its role became especially remarkable in the period when Montenegro obtained its full state sovereignty in 2006, as well as in the years that followed. The author explores positions of prominent Albanians politicians, mutual relations of the largest national political parties. Special attention is paid to the problem of the influence of neighbouring Albania and Kosovo on the development of inter-ethnic relations in Montenegro. Moreover it is stressed that under the influence of Albanian politicians Montenegro, became a member of NATO in 2017.
{"title":"The role of the Albanian community in the restoration and development of the statehood of Montenegro at the beginning of the 21st century","authors":"Z. V. Klimenko","doi":"10.31168/2618-8570.2020.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31168/2618-8570.2020.25","url":null,"abstract":"The research is devoted to the Albanian community in Montenegro and its political organisations. Though small in size (and gradually deteriorizing) the Albanian community in Montenegro exercises large and maybe even major influence on the contemporary history of Montenegro. Its role became especially remarkable in the period when Montenegro obtained its full state sovereignty in 2006, as well as in the years that followed. The author explores positions of prominent Albanians politicians, mutual relations of the largest national political parties. Special attention is paid to the problem of the influence of neighbouring Albania and Kosovo on the development of inter-ethnic relations in Montenegro. Moreover it is stressed that under the influence of Albanian politicians Montenegro, became a member of NATO in 2017.","PeriodicalId":307828,"journal":{"name":"Slavs and Russia: Problems of Statehood in the Balkans (late XVIII - XXI centuries)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124290442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.31168/2618-8570.2020.19
O. Aganson
The research analyzes Britain’s approaches to the post-war arrangement of the political space of Southeastern Europe at the final stage of World War II. In an effort to maintain its status as a global power, Great Britain took an active part in developing the foundations of a new world order. British strategic planning paid special attention to the Balkan region, where British interests traditionally clashed with the Russian/Soviet ones. The author tries to trace the elements of continuity and variability in British policy in the Balkans. This will enable us to get a more nuanced understanding of the new balance of forces in the region, one of the main manifestations of which was the extinction of the «Balkan polyphony».
{"title":"Towards Spheres of Influence and the End of the «Balkan Polyphony»: Southeast Europe in the Strategic Calculations of Great Britain at the Final Stage of World War II","authors":"O. Aganson","doi":"10.31168/2618-8570.2020.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31168/2618-8570.2020.19","url":null,"abstract":"The research analyzes Britain’s approaches to the post-war arrangement of the political space of Southeastern Europe at the final stage of World War II. In an effort to maintain its status as a global power, Great Britain took an active part in developing the foundations of a new world order. British strategic planning paid special attention to the Balkan region, where British interests traditionally clashed with the Russian/Soviet ones. The author tries to trace the elements of continuity and variability in British policy in the Balkans. This will enable us to get a more nuanced understanding of the new balance of forces in the region, one of the main manifestations of which was the extinction of the «Balkan polyphony».","PeriodicalId":307828,"journal":{"name":"Slavs and Russia: Problems of Statehood in the Balkans (late XVIII - XXI centuries)","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126576204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.31168/2618-8570.2020.26
Petr A. Iskenderov
{"title":"Conclusion","authors":"Petr A. Iskenderov","doi":"10.31168/2618-8570.2020.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31168/2618-8570.2020.26","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":307828,"journal":{"name":"Slavs and Russia: Problems of Statehood in the Balkans (late XVIII - XXI centuries)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129413301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.31168/2618-8570.2020.15
V. Khlebnikova
The author of the article considers the development of Montenegrin law in the 19th - early 20th centuries and tries to assess the results of the legislative activities of the Montenegrin authorities, that issued new regulations and carried out large-scale codification work on regular basis. From the point of view of the normative approach, widely used in legal science, these activities seemed quite successful; the laws that met urgent needs of the state's development were created within short periods of time. However according to the sociological approach, one has to admit that the significant part of Montenegrin legislation was just a formality and was hardly implemented in practice.
{"title":"The problem of studying the Montenegrin legislation of the early 20th century: normative and sociological approaches","authors":"V. Khlebnikova","doi":"10.31168/2618-8570.2020.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31168/2618-8570.2020.15","url":null,"abstract":"The author of the article considers the development of Montenegrin law in the 19th - early 20th centuries and tries to assess the results of the legislative activities of the Montenegrin authorities, that issued new regulations and carried out large-scale codification work on regular basis. From the point of view of the normative approach, widely used in legal science, these activities seemed quite successful; the laws that met urgent needs of the state's development were created within short periods of time. However according to the sociological approach, one has to admit that the significant part of Montenegrin legislation was just a formality and was hardly implemented in practice.","PeriodicalId":307828,"journal":{"name":"Slavs and Russia: Problems of Statehood in the Balkans (late XVIII - XXI centuries)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132966455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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