Mohammad Reza Ahmadi Varzaneh, Ali Rashidpour, Hamid Reza Peikari, Amir Reza Naghsh
Background. Considering the widespread influence of mobile phones in life and its various features, it is necessary to use value-added services of mobile phones in the field of treatment and health. This study aimed to identify and categorize the factors affecting the use of mobile value-added services in the field of health. Methods. This qualitative research was conducted using thematic analysis. A total of 74 articles were extracted from scientific databases. Next, 51 related articles were fully reviewed using thematic analysis method. After that, basic, organizing, and inclusive themes were extracted, and the model was implemented. Validity of the research was confirmed by experts according to the degree of connection between the components and the mobile value-added services model in the field of health. The reliability coefficient was 97%, which indicated a high reliability. Results. Based on the review and analysis of the articles, the final model consisted of 64 basic themes (add themes), 16 organizing themes (understanding benefits, understanding well-being, user values, customer outcomes, community outcomes, organizational outcomes, technology infrastructure, reducing fear of technology, learning and development, occupational factors, support and incentives, technical reliability, human reliability, risk reduction, attitude, and expectation), and six global themes (user understanding, effects and consequences, technology development, environmental influencing conditions, reliability, and mindset and expectations). Conclusion. According to the factors identified in this research, policy makers and health managers can have the right planning for the use of mobile value-added services in the field of health.
{"title":"Identifying the Components of Mobile Value-Added Services in Health: A Qualitative Approach","authors":"Mohammad Reza Ahmadi Varzaneh, Ali Rashidpour, Hamid Reza Peikari, Amir Reza Naghsh","doi":"10.34172/doh.2023.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/doh.2023.33","url":null,"abstract":"Background. Considering the widespread influence of mobile phones in life and its various features, it is necessary to use value-added services of mobile phones in the field of treatment and health. This study aimed to identify and categorize the factors affecting the use of mobile value-added services in the field of health. Methods. This qualitative research was conducted using thematic analysis. A total of 74 articles were extracted from scientific databases. Next, 51 related articles were fully reviewed using thematic analysis method. After that, basic, organizing, and inclusive themes were extracted, and the model was implemented. Validity of the research was confirmed by experts according to the degree of connection between the components and the mobile value-added services model in the field of health. The reliability coefficient was 97%, which indicated a high reliability. Results. Based on the review and analysis of the articles, the final model consisted of 64 basic themes (add themes), 16 organizing themes (understanding benefits, understanding well-being, user values, customer outcomes, community outcomes, organizational outcomes, technology infrastructure, reducing fear of technology, learning and development, occupational factors, support and incentives, technical reliability, human reliability, risk reduction, attitude, and expectation), and six global themes (user understanding, effects and consequences, technology development, environmental influencing conditions, reliability, and mindset and expectations). Conclusion. According to the factors identified in this research, policy makers and health managers can have the right planning for the use of mobile value-added services in the field of health.","PeriodicalId":31241,"journal":{"name":"Tasviri salamat","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135461303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Arezou Porkar, Sadraddin Sattari, Mohammad Taghi Moghadamnia
Background. The main influencing factor in the success of the crisis management process is the group's readiness to deal with the crisis. Training models are a tool to maintain the preparation of personnel, increase their ability to achieve certain goals, and help them acquire information, skills, and ways of thinking. This research aimed to design and validate a training model for the staff of the hospital incident command system. Methods. The research method was a qualitative-quantitative (mixed method) approach. The statistical population in the qualitative part included experts in the field of incident command system, and in the quantitative part included managers and staff of this system in the hospitals of Guilan province in Iran. The sampling method in the qualitative part was the judgmental forecasting method. Also, the sampling method was cluster random in the quantitative part. According to the data saturation principle, the sample size in the qualitative section was 15 people, and in the quantitative section, 226 people were selected based on Cochran's formula. The data collection tool in the qualitative part was a semi-structured interview and in the quantitative part was a questionnaire extracted from the interview. Results. After analyzing the categories resulting from interviews with 15 experts, 43 open codes and 12 central codes were determined. Also, five selection codes were obtained as follows: design, analysis, evaluation and feedback, policy making and determination of strategies, and implementation and support dimension. The findings showed that the design dimension had a more significant effect on designing the training model (path coefficient = 0.987 and T = 176.713). Also, all components had a significant relationship in pattern design. For data analysis, we used the MAXQDA 2020 and SmartPls 3 software in the qualitative part, and SPSS 26 software in the quantitative part. Conclusion. The results of this research showed that effective command in possible incidents depends on the effective training of employees with a new and up-to-date model.
{"title":"Designing and Validating a Training Model for the Staff of the Incident Command System in the Hospitals","authors":"Arezou Porkar, Sadraddin Sattari, Mohammad Taghi Moghadamnia","doi":"10.34172/doh.2023.32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/doh.2023.32","url":null,"abstract":"Background. The main influencing factor in the success of the crisis management process is the group's readiness to deal with the crisis. Training models are a tool to maintain the preparation of personnel, increase their ability to achieve certain goals, and help them acquire information, skills, and ways of thinking. This research aimed to design and validate a training model for the staff of the hospital incident command system. Methods. The research method was a qualitative-quantitative (mixed method) approach. The statistical population in the qualitative part included experts in the field of incident command system, and in the quantitative part included managers and staff of this system in the hospitals of Guilan province in Iran. The sampling method in the qualitative part was the judgmental forecasting method. Also, the sampling method was cluster random in the quantitative part. According to the data saturation principle, the sample size in the qualitative section was 15 people, and in the quantitative section, 226 people were selected based on Cochran's formula. The data collection tool in the qualitative part was a semi-structured interview and in the quantitative part was a questionnaire extracted from the interview. Results. After analyzing the categories resulting from interviews with 15 experts, 43 open codes and 12 central codes were determined. Also, five selection codes were obtained as follows: design, analysis, evaluation and feedback, policy making and determination of strategies, and implementation and support dimension. The findings showed that the design dimension had a more significant effect on designing the training model (path coefficient = 0.987 and T = 176.713). Also, all components had a significant relationship in pattern design. For data analysis, we used the MAXQDA 2020 and SmartPls 3 software in the qualitative part, and SPSS 26 software in the quantitative part. Conclusion. The results of this research showed that effective command in possible incidents depends on the effective training of employees with a new and up-to-date model.","PeriodicalId":31241,"journal":{"name":"Tasviri salamat","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135302871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The financing process of the health system includes the collection, accumulation, and management of financial resources to purchase health services. Sustainable financing of the health system is a core function, which can enable progress towards universal health coverage (UHC). There are multiple funding sources to finance health care services in Iran, including out-of-pocket payment, government funds, general taxation, health insurance, and individual donations. Inefficiency in health insurance systems has led to an increase in out-of-pocket payments, and ultimately catastrophic expenditures. According to the results of the household income-expenditure survey in 2017, about 17% of the population faced catastrophic expenditures by spending more than 10% of their total consumption expenditure on health, and 75% of exposure to catastrophic expenditures (equivalent to 13% of population) was only due to paying out of pocket to receive medical services. (1) According to the health insurance coverage in 2010, about 84% of the total population in Iran was covered by various insurance plans and supplementary health insurance included 20% of the total population. (2) After the recent reforms entitled as the "Health Transformation Plan" launched in 2014, more than 90% of the population was covered by health insurance. However, the services were not fully covered by insurance benefits and only included inpatient health services. In addition, the insurance share was free for patients, which increased moral hazard from patients and induced demand from providers. Finally, this reform plan was stopped due to the instability of resources. Among the disadvantages of this type of insurance, the following can be mentioned: 1. All people could register in this insurance without any limitation. 2. The insurance premium was very small and negligible. So, it was not considered as an insurance because there was not the accumulation of risk, which is one of the main characteristics of any insurance industry. 3. Considering that many people were covered in this type of insurance, the depth and level of service coverage were reduced due to limited resources. In this insurance type, financing was from the government and there was no assessment for individuals; and it was a kind of support fund or support package. So, it was stopped at some point after the health transformation plan. Although Article 10 of the General Insurance Law in Iran refers to determining the scope and medical services and drugs,3 there are no criteria to evaluate the covered packages. Despite the UHC's goal of increasing the number and variety of services for patients, many services for specific diseases, palliative care, etc. are not covered by the basic insurance. Also, some services such as dental and optometric services are considered a luxury service and are not covered by basic insurance. The lack of resources to provide proper services to the insured people and the impossibility of receiving th
{"title":"The Health Insurance Situation in Iran: A Brief Overview","authors":"Roghayeh Khabiri","doi":"10.34172/doh.2023.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/doh.2023.30","url":null,"abstract":"The financing process of the health system includes the collection, accumulation, and management of financial resources to purchase health services. Sustainable financing of the health system is a core function, which can enable progress towards universal health coverage (UHC). There are multiple funding sources to finance health care services in Iran, including out-of-pocket payment, government funds, general taxation, health insurance, and individual donations. Inefficiency in health insurance systems has led to an increase in out-of-pocket payments, and ultimately catastrophic expenditures. According to the results of the household income-expenditure survey in 2017, about 17% of the population faced catastrophic expenditures by spending more than 10% of their total consumption expenditure on health, and 75% of exposure to catastrophic expenditures (equivalent to 13% of population) was only due to paying out of pocket to receive medical services. (1) According to the health insurance coverage in 2010, about 84% of the total population in Iran was covered by various insurance plans and supplementary health insurance included 20% of the total population. (2) After the recent reforms entitled as the \"Health Transformation Plan\" launched in 2014, more than 90% of the population was covered by health insurance. However, the services were not fully covered by insurance benefits and only included inpatient health services. In addition, the insurance share was free for patients, which increased moral hazard from patients and induced demand from providers. Finally, this reform plan was stopped due to the instability of resources. Among the disadvantages of this type of insurance, the following can be mentioned: 1. All people could register in this insurance without any limitation. 2. The insurance premium was very small and negligible. So, it was not considered as an insurance because there was not the accumulation of risk, which is one of the main characteristics of any insurance industry. 3. Considering that many people were covered in this type of insurance, the depth and level of service coverage were reduced due to limited resources. In this insurance type, financing was from the government and there was no assessment for individuals; and it was a kind of support fund or support package. So, it was stopped at some point after the health transformation plan. Although Article 10 of the General Insurance Law in Iran refers to determining the scope and medical services and drugs,3 there are no criteria to evaluate the covered packages. Despite the UHC's goal of increasing the number and variety of services for patients, many services for specific diseases, palliative care, etc. are not covered by the basic insurance. Also, some services such as dental and optometric services are considered a luxury service and are not covered by basic insurance. The lack of resources to provide proper services to the insured people and the impossibility of receiving th","PeriodicalId":31241,"journal":{"name":"Tasviri salamat","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135548578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abolfazl Aliyari, Shaghayegh Vahdat, Soad Mahfoozpour, Hossein Moshiri Tabrizi
Background. Economic evaluation evidence can improve policies and decision-making processes in medicine and health system, prevent wastage of resources caused by trial and error, and facilitate the patients' access to medications. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore the feasibility of using economic evaluation evidence in the Iranian pharmaceutical sector. Methods. In this qualitative study, 29 stakeholders selected by purposeful sampling were interviewed using semi-structured interviews. The statistical population consisted of 29 experts in the fields of pharmacology, management, policymaking, and health economics. The inclusion criteria for participants included being employed in decision-making fields, having a minimum of a master's degree, as well as possessing sufficient and comprehensive knowledge of the subject matter. The interviews were analyzed adopting content analysis method, and the data were coded using the MAXQDA 11 software. Results. In order to identify the obstacles and facilitators of the application of economic evaluation evidence in medicine and health system, the study findings were extracted from three main sections (i.e., characteristics of production and extraction of evidence and information, mechanisms and requirements of using evidence, opportunities and benefits of using evidence) and 11 sub-sections of the identification. Conclusion. In sum, implementing all identified facilitators and mechanisms needed to establish a robust foundation was found extremely important for correcting an economic evaluation and evidence-based management. Removing the obstacles to an evidence-based management was also found crucial for creating an enabling environment required to implement the evidence-based practices effectively and for facilitating the production and utilization of evidence sources.
{"title":"Feasibility of Using Economic Evaluation Evidence in Pharmaceutical Sector of the Iranian Health System: A Stakeholder Perspective","authors":"Abolfazl Aliyari, Shaghayegh Vahdat, Soad Mahfoozpour, Hossein Moshiri Tabrizi","doi":"10.34172/doh.2023.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/doh.2023.28","url":null,"abstract":"Background. Economic evaluation evidence can improve policies and decision-making processes in medicine and health system, prevent wastage of resources caused by trial and error, and facilitate the patients' access to medications. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore the feasibility of using economic evaluation evidence in the Iranian pharmaceutical sector. Methods. In this qualitative study, 29 stakeholders selected by purposeful sampling were interviewed using semi-structured interviews. The statistical population consisted of 29 experts in the fields of pharmacology, management, policymaking, and health economics. The inclusion criteria for participants included being employed in decision-making fields, having a minimum of a master's degree, as well as possessing sufficient and comprehensive knowledge of the subject matter. The interviews were analyzed adopting content analysis method, and the data were coded using the MAXQDA 11 software. Results. In order to identify the obstacles and facilitators of the application of economic evaluation evidence in medicine and health system, the study findings were extracted from three main sections (i.e., characteristics of production and extraction of evidence and information, mechanisms and requirements of using evidence, opportunities and benefits of using evidence) and 11 sub-sections of the identification. Conclusion. In sum, implementing all identified facilitators and mechanisms needed to establish a robust foundation was found extremely important for correcting an economic evaluation and evidence-based management. Removing the obstacles to an evidence-based management was also found crucial for creating an enabling environment required to implement the evidence-based practices effectively and for facilitating the production and utilization of evidence sources.","PeriodicalId":31241,"journal":{"name":"Tasviri salamat","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135935219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background. The reduced level of physical activity is a current global concern. To address this concern, encouraging physical activity should be highlighted by public health policymakers of the countries. This study aimed to identify the factors affecting the policies on physical activity in Iran. Methods. In this qualitative study, the analytical framework was adopted to interview 23 key informants selected by the targeted sampling with maximum variation from October 2020 to February 2021. The semi-structured interviews were performed and analyzed until the data saturation was achieved. MAXQDA-10 software was used for data management. Results. Different factors including managerial-structural, socio-cultural, political (i.e., policymaking, legal, and international), and situational factors (i.e., perceived environmental factors, changes in people's lifestyle, and restrictions caused by COVID-19) were the main contextual factors affecting the policymaking process. Conclusion. It was concluded that several relevant factors affected the policymaking in Iran regarding the physical activity. Therefore, it was recommended that these contributory factors should be considered by policymakers when making policies on physical activities.
{"title":"Identifying the Contextual Factors Affecting the Policymaking of Physical Activity in Iran: A Qualitative Study","authors":"Behrouz Fathi, Rahim Khodayari-Zarnagh","doi":"10.34172/doh.2023.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/doh.2023.27","url":null,"abstract":"Background. The reduced level of physical activity is a current global concern. To address this concern, encouraging physical activity should be highlighted by public health policymakers of the countries. This study aimed to identify the factors affecting the policies on physical activity in Iran. Methods. In this qualitative study, the analytical framework was adopted to interview 23 key informants selected by the targeted sampling with maximum variation from October 2020 to February 2021. The semi-structured interviews were performed and analyzed until the data saturation was achieved. MAXQDA-10 software was used for data management. Results. Different factors including managerial-structural, socio-cultural, political (i.e., policymaking, legal, and international), and situational factors (i.e., perceived environmental factors, changes in people's lifestyle, and restrictions caused by COVID-19) were the main contextual factors affecting the policymaking process. Conclusion. It was concluded that several relevant factors affected the policymaking in Iran regarding the physical activity. Therefore, it was recommended that these contributory factors should be considered by policymakers when making policies on physical activities.","PeriodicalId":31241,"journal":{"name":"Tasviri salamat","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136026982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background. Health systems are responsible for providing healthcare services for all people in a community with reasonable costs. The primary objective was to evaluate and minimize the various expenses the patients incur consistently. The current study aimed to examine the direct non-medical and indirect expenses incurred to hospitalized patients infected with the Omicron variant of COVID-19. Methods. This cross-sectional study was conducted in February 2022 at Kosar Hospital in Semnan, Iran to investigate 400 hospitalized patients infected with the COVID-19 Omicron variant. The data were collected using a standardized instrument and conducting interviews with the patient. The descriptive findings were presented as frequencies (percentages) for qualitative variables and as means (standard deviations) for quantitative variables. The statistical relationship between demographic and background variables and the types of costs imposed on patients was examined performing T-test, ANOVA, and Tukey's post hoc test. Results. The study findings revealed that the patients and their families spent 20,260,000 IRR on direct non-medical treatment and 28,300,000 IRR on indirect treatment. A comprehensive statistical analysis was conducted to examine the correlation between demographic and background variables and the types of the costs incurred by patients and their families. The results indicated that a previous lung disease, asthma, diabetes, an admission to the intensive care unit (ICU), a coma in the patient, and COVID-19-induced heart complications were statistically and significantly associated with the direct non-medical costs. Furthermore, it was found that variables such as age, gender, educational status, employment status, engagement in occupational and physical activities, as well as the occurrence of a coma imposed additional indirect costs on the patients and their families (P<0.05). Conclusion. In sum, an infection with the Omicron variant of COVID-19 placed a substantial financial burden on the individuals and their households. Various factors may have influenced the magnitude of these expenses; therefore, it was recommended that these factors should be considered when implementing the promotional initiatives.
{"title":"Investigating the Direct Non-Medical and Indirect Costs Incurred by Hospitalized Patients Infected with COVID-19 Omicron Variant: A Cross-Sectional Study","authors":"Masood Bagheri, Masoumeh Ebrahimi Tavani, Farid Gharibi","doi":"10.34172/doh.2023.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/doh.2023.29","url":null,"abstract":"Background. Health systems are responsible for providing healthcare services for all people in a community with reasonable costs. The primary objective was to evaluate and minimize the various expenses the patients incur consistently. The current study aimed to examine the direct non-medical and indirect expenses incurred to hospitalized patients infected with the Omicron variant of COVID-19. Methods. This cross-sectional study was conducted in February 2022 at Kosar Hospital in Semnan, Iran to investigate 400 hospitalized patients infected with the COVID-19 Omicron variant. The data were collected using a standardized instrument and conducting interviews with the patient. The descriptive findings were presented as frequencies (percentages) for qualitative variables and as means (standard deviations) for quantitative variables. The statistical relationship between demographic and background variables and the types of costs imposed on patients was examined performing T-test, ANOVA, and Tukey's post hoc test. Results. The study findings revealed that the patients and their families spent 20,260,000 IRR on direct non-medical treatment and 28,300,000 IRR on indirect treatment. A comprehensive statistical analysis was conducted to examine the correlation between demographic and background variables and the types of the costs incurred by patients and their families. The results indicated that a previous lung disease, asthma, diabetes, an admission to the intensive care unit (ICU), a coma in the patient, and COVID-19-induced heart complications were statistically and significantly associated with the direct non-medical costs. Furthermore, it was found that variables such as age, gender, educational status, employment status, engagement in occupational and physical activities, as well as the occurrence of a coma imposed additional indirect costs on the patients and their families (P<0.05). Conclusion. In sum, an infection with the Omicron variant of COVID-19 placed a substantial financial burden on the individuals and their households. Various factors may have influenced the magnitude of these expenses; therefore, it was recommended that these factors should be considered when implementing the promotional initiatives.","PeriodicalId":31241,"journal":{"name":"Tasviri salamat","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136108361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
While light is a visible and narrow range of the electromagnetic spectrum that is responsible for vision, Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (laser) is a monochromatic and polarized beam with a specific frequency and minimum divergence from this spectrum (1). Since the invention of the laser in 1960, its use has become widespread in everyday life. Moreover, during the notable advances in technology in the past decades, laser devices have been used in a wide variety of applications, from educational fields to medical, military, and cosmetic purposes, and sometimes even mistakenly used by children as toys (2). Laser pointers are known as low-energy devices that emit focal non-ionizing beams that are widely used in lecture halls for educational-commercial presentations and even sometimes in passages and ceremonies for advertising and elegance purposes (1). These markers exist in different types based on the wavelength of the light beam, and consequently the color of the emitted light, which is usually red (650-670 nm) or green (532 nm) (2).Laser pointers are coded by output light power and wavelength. In the latest updates, the International Electrotechnical Commission has classified laser devices into four categories based on maximum output power, where handheld laser pointers are usually classified as 2M or sometimes 3R (Table 1) (3). According to this classification, 2M types are considered safe due to their low output power and highly divergent light beam, along with the protective effect of the blink reflex, which reduces the exposure time of the laser light with the internal structures of the eye. However, possible eye damage in class 3R is controversial, especially during accidental exposure or accompanied with the use of optical tools such as magnifying glasses, binoculars or telescopes (4), and long-term viewing and deliberate direct observation (5). So, there is the possibility of severe eye damage in both classes, which has been reported in previous studies (2, 6).The most common ocular structure involved in laser injuries is retina due to the following two reasons: 1) it is optically transparent and 2) the refractive power of the eye focuses the radiation on the retina. It should be noted that the energy of radiation rays on the retina is more than 105 times in the cornea (7), which can reach a million times in the presence of the previously mentioned optical tools (8). Eye damage by laser devices depends on the wavelength, exposure time, characteristic of eye refraction, and laser-ocular tissue interaction. In general, laser-ocular tissue interaction has three mechanisms as follows (7):1) Thermal (photothermal): the laser energy absorbed by the pigments causes an increase in the local temperature and coagulation of tissue proteins, and finally cell death and scar formation;2) Mechanical: laser energy is quickly absorbed in a very short period, and this sudden increase in temperature causes the liquid to evaporate, f
{"title":"Increasing Eye Injuries Following Exposure to Laser Beams, the Silent Epidemic","authors":"Masood Bagheri","doi":"10.34172/doh.2023.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/doh.2023.22","url":null,"abstract":"While light is a visible and narrow range of the electromagnetic spectrum that is responsible for vision, Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (laser) is a monochromatic and polarized beam with a specific frequency and minimum divergence from this spectrum (1). Since the invention of the laser in 1960, its use has become widespread in everyday life. Moreover, during the notable advances in technology in the past decades, laser devices have been used in a wide variety of applications, from educational fields to medical, military, and cosmetic purposes, and sometimes even mistakenly used by children as toys (2). Laser pointers are known as low-energy devices that emit focal non-ionizing beams that are widely used in lecture halls for educational-commercial presentations and even sometimes in passages and ceremonies for advertising and elegance purposes (1). These markers exist in different types based on the wavelength of the light beam, and consequently the color of the emitted light, which is usually red (650-670 nm) or green (532 nm) (2).Laser pointers are coded by output light power and wavelength. In the latest updates, the International Electrotechnical Commission has classified laser devices into four categories based on maximum output power, where handheld laser pointers are usually classified as 2M or sometimes 3R (Table 1) (3). According to this classification, 2M types are considered safe due to their low output power and highly divergent light beam, along with the protective effect of the blink reflex, which reduces the exposure time of the laser light with the internal structures of the eye. However, possible eye damage in class 3R is controversial, especially during accidental exposure or accompanied with the use of optical tools such as magnifying glasses, binoculars or telescopes (4), and long-term viewing and deliberate direct observation (5). So, there is the possibility of severe eye damage in both classes, which has been reported in previous studies (2, 6).The most common ocular structure involved in laser injuries is retina due to the following two reasons: 1) it is optically transparent and 2) the refractive power of the eye focuses the radiation on the retina. It should be noted that the energy of radiation rays on the retina is more than 105 times in the cornea (7), which can reach a million times in the presence of the previously mentioned optical tools (8). Eye damage by laser devices depends on the wavelength, exposure time, characteristic of eye refraction, and laser-ocular tissue interaction. In general, laser-ocular tissue interaction has three mechanisms as follows (7):1) Thermal (photothermal): the laser energy absorbed by the pigments causes an increase in the local temperature and coagulation of tissue proteins, and finally cell death and scar formation;2) Mechanical: laser energy is quickly absorbed in a very short period, and this sudden increase in temperature causes the liquid to evaporate, f","PeriodicalId":31241,"journal":{"name":"Tasviri salamat","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134969890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhila Yousefi, Kavous Shahsavarinia, Mohammad Reza Narimani, Hossein Feizollahzadeh
Background. Effective triage is a viable solution to improve performance indicators in the emergency department. This study aimed to compare the effect of conventional triage and team triage methods on the performance indicators of emergency department. Methods. In this descriptive cross-sectional research, all 749 patients referred to the emergency department of Tabriz Sina Hospital were triaged using conventional and team methods for two consecutive weeks in July 2020. A researcher-made checklist was used to collect emergency performance indicators. The data were extracted from patient records and recorded in the checklist. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square and Mann-Whitney tests in the SPSS.19 software. Results. Among the patients, 86.9% in the triage group using the conventional method (52.7% female) and 86.7% in the group using the team method (52% female) were older than 40 years. The results showed that in the team triage group, the number of temporarily hospitalized patients was significantly higher and the frequency of self-responsible exit was lower compared to the conventional method (P < 0.05). In addition, the waiting time for patients triaged with the team method was shorter, and the difference in values was significant for all three triage levels (P < 0.05). Conclusion. According to our results, team triage had a more positive effect on improving emergency performance indicators compared to the conventional method. Therefore, it is recommended to consider this method in hospital emergency departments to provide better services and increase patient satisfaction.
{"title":"<b> </b>Comparing the Effect of Conventional and Team Triage Methods on Emergency Department Performance Indicators","authors":"Zhila Yousefi, Kavous Shahsavarinia, Mohammad Reza Narimani, Hossein Feizollahzadeh","doi":"10.34172/doh.2023.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/doh.2023.23","url":null,"abstract":"Background. Effective triage is a viable solution to improve performance indicators in the emergency department. This study aimed to compare the effect of conventional triage and team triage methods on the performance indicators of emergency department. Methods. In this descriptive cross-sectional research, all 749 patients referred to the emergency department of Tabriz Sina Hospital were triaged using conventional and team methods for two consecutive weeks in July 2020. A researcher-made checklist was used to collect emergency performance indicators. The data were extracted from patient records and recorded in the checklist. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square and Mann-Whitney tests in the SPSS.19 software. Results. Among the patients, 86.9% in the triage group using the conventional method (52.7% female) and 86.7% in the group using the team method (52% female) were older than 40 years. The results showed that in the team triage group, the number of temporarily hospitalized patients was significantly higher and the frequency of self-responsible exit was lower compared to the conventional method (P < 0.05). In addition, the waiting time for patients triaged with the team method was shorter, and the difference in values was significant for all three triage levels (P < 0.05). Conclusion. According to our results, team triage had a more positive effect on improving emergency performance indicators compared to the conventional method. Therefore, it is recommended to consider this method in hospital emergency departments to provide better services and increase patient satisfaction.","PeriodicalId":31241,"journal":{"name":"Tasviri salamat","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136241939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hamed Dehghanan, Maghsoud Amiri, Mehdi Yazdanshenas, Mahdi Ghafoorifard
Background. The health of employees and the work environment is important for any organization, but some organizational phenomena challenge this issue. One of the emerging organizational phenomena is presenteeism, which causes an employee to decide to be at work despite being sick (physical or mental) and feeling unwell. The aim of the current research is to provide a model of employee presenteeism based on factors affecting this behavioral phenomenon. Methods. In this study, by Meta-synthesis method, all the researches of reliable databases that were related to the research topic from 1991 to 2022 were systematically examined and finally, following the entry and exit criteria, 78 articles were identified and analyzed. Results. The results showed that the most important factors affecting employee attendance can be designed in the form of a three-dimensional model with 13 core categories and 60 components. In this model, three main dimensions include behavioral, structural and contextual dimensions. 13 core categories also include organizational characteristics and procedures, job characteristics, human resources management of the organization, organizational culture, health status of the individual, employee's attitude and perception towards the consequences of absenteeism or presenteeism, Organizational communications and interactions, Individual characteristics, Individual personality, Job and organizational attitude, Cultural and social factors, Economic factors of society and Legislation and infrastructure. Conclusion. The results of the synthesis and analysis of 78 articles in this research showed that presenteeism is a complex and multidimensional phenomenon that is caused by various factors, and the correct management of this behavior in the organization depends on careful attention to the pattern identified in this research.
{"title":"The Model of Employee Presenteeism: A Systematic Review of Studies with a Meta-Synthesis Approach","authors":"Hamed Dehghanan, Maghsoud Amiri, Mehdi Yazdanshenas, Mahdi Ghafoorifard","doi":"10.34172/doh.2023.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/doh.2023.01","url":null,"abstract":"Background. The health of employees and the work environment is important for any organization, but some organizational phenomena challenge this issue. One of the emerging organizational phenomena is presenteeism, which causes an employee to decide to be at work despite being sick (physical or mental) and feeling unwell. The aim of the current research is to provide a model of employee presenteeism based on factors affecting this behavioral phenomenon. Methods. In this study, by Meta-synthesis method, all the researches of reliable databases that were related to the research topic from 1991 to 2022 were systematically examined and finally, following the entry and exit criteria, 78 articles were identified and analyzed. Results. The results showed that the most important factors affecting employee attendance can be designed in the form of a three-dimensional model with 13 core categories and 60 components. In this model, three main dimensions include behavioral, structural and contextual dimensions. 13 core categories also include organizational characteristics and procedures, job characteristics, human resources management of the organization, organizational culture, health status of the individual, employee's attitude and perception towards the consequences of absenteeism or presenteeism, Organizational communications and interactions, Individual characteristics, Individual personality, Job and organizational attitude, Cultural and social factors, Economic factors of society and Legislation and infrastructure. Conclusion. The results of the synthesis and analysis of 78 articles in this research showed that presenteeism is a complex and multidimensional phenomenon that is caused by various factors, and the correct management of this behavior in the organization depends on careful attention to the pattern identified in this research.","PeriodicalId":31241,"journal":{"name":"Tasviri salamat","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134904176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Khodayari-zarnaq, Zeunolabedin Tarinajad, K. Gholipour, B. Fathi
Background and Objectives: Evaluation and monitoring of implementation for control and prevention of The Hypertension and Diabetes Screening National Program are important. This study was conducted to identify the challenges of health workers performance evaluation in The Hypertension and Diabetes Screening National Program and provide corrective strategies via exploring the viewpoint of the people involved in this program. Material and Methods: The study was a conventional qualitative content analysis as part of a larger multi-method study. It was conducted in Ahar Healthcare Network in Iran, in year 2017. The sampling was done using purposive model with maximum variation, and the data were collected through three focused group discussions. Results: Twenty-seven healrh workers, observer coaches and senior staff who were involved in the blood pressure Program were selected for the study. Four main categories including contextually, structural, process problems, and results of performance evaluation were identified from the concepts derived from viewpoints of the participants. Conclusion: Regardless of the success in preventing and controlling diabetes, Iran's primary health care system faces challenges in reducing and controlling hypertension and diabetes due to the lack of a national plan with comprehensive guidelines. The major problem address the the process of staff performance assessing. Findings of this study will help managers to address the performance evaluation system.
{"title":"Barriers and Challenges of Health Workers Performance Evaluation in the Hypertension and Diabetes Screening Program: Qualitative Content Analysis","authors":"R. Khodayari-zarnaq, Zeunolabedin Tarinajad, K. Gholipour, B. Fathi","doi":"10.34172/doh.2020.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/doh.2020.15","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Objectives: Evaluation and monitoring of implementation for control and prevention of The Hypertension and Diabetes Screening National Program are important. This study was conducted to identify the challenges of health workers performance evaluation in The Hypertension and Diabetes Screening National Program and provide corrective strategies via exploring the viewpoint of the people involved in this program. Material and Methods: The study was a conventional qualitative content analysis as part of a larger multi-method study. It was conducted in Ahar Healthcare Network in Iran, in year 2017. The sampling was done using purposive model with maximum variation, and the data were collected through three focused group discussions. Results: Twenty-seven healrh workers, observer coaches and senior staff who were involved in the blood pressure Program were selected for the study. Four main categories including contextually, structural, process problems, and results of performance evaluation were identified from the concepts derived from viewpoints of the participants. Conclusion: Regardless of the success in preventing and controlling diabetes, Iran's primary health care system faces challenges in reducing and controlling hypertension and diabetes due to the lack of a national plan with comprehensive guidelines. The major problem address the the process of staff performance assessing. Findings of this study will help managers to address the performance evaluation system.","PeriodicalId":31241,"journal":{"name":"Tasviri salamat","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69814400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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