Pub Date : 2018-07-18DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.71310
Zulamita Zapata Benabithe
Carbonaceous materials are of great interest for several applications in adsorption, cataly- sis, gases storage, and electrochemical energy storage devices because of the ability to modify their pore texture, specific surface area, and surface chemistry. Some of the most used precursors are carbon gels, biomass, carbon nanotubes, and coal. These materials can be doped or functionalized to modify their surface. Immersion calorimetry is one of the techniques used to determine the textural and chemical characterization of solids like carbonaceous materials. Immersion calorimetry provides information about the interac - tions that occur between solids and different immersion liquids. The measurement of heats of immersion into liquids with different molecular sizes allows for the assessment of their pore size distribution. When polar surfaces are analyzed, both the surface accessibil ity of the immersion liquid and the specific interactions between the solid surface and the liquid’s molecules account for the total value of the heat of immersion. Zapata-Benabithe et al., Castillejos et al., Chen et al., and Centeno et al. prepared different materials and used immersion calorimetry into benzene, toluene, and/or water to correlate the external surface area of microporous solids with energy parameters such as specific capacitance or chemical surface (oxygen content, acid groups, or basic groups). This chapter will be compiling a review of the results founded about the calorimetry characterization of car- bonaceous materials for energy area applications. weight loss can be assigned to the carbonization of PAN accompanying with further dehydrogenation and partial denitrogenation. The sample prepared with 0.3 wt.% of PVP showed the most reasonable hierarchical pore structure (2–5, 5–50, and >100 nm), high BET surface area (332.9 m 2 /g), big total pore volume (0.233 m 3 /g), and the best electrochemical performance in 2-M KOH aqueous solution. The specific capacitance was 278 and 206 F/g at 5 and 50 mA/cm 2 , respectively, indicating the suitability of the material as electrode materials for supercapacitors.
{"title":"Calorimetry Characterization of Carbonaceous Materials for Energy Applications: Review","authors":"Zulamita Zapata Benabithe","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.71310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.71310","url":null,"abstract":"Carbonaceous materials are of great interest for several applications in adsorption, cataly- sis, gases storage, and electrochemical energy storage devices because of the ability to modify their pore texture, specific surface area, and surface chemistry. Some of the most used precursors are carbon gels, biomass, carbon nanotubes, and coal. These materials can be doped or functionalized to modify their surface. Immersion calorimetry is one of the techniques used to determine the textural and chemical characterization of solids like carbonaceous materials. Immersion calorimetry provides information about the interac - tions that occur between solids and different immersion liquids. The measurement of heats of immersion into liquids with different molecular sizes allows for the assessment of their pore size distribution. When polar surfaces are analyzed, both the surface accessibil ity of the immersion liquid and the specific interactions between the solid surface and the liquid’s molecules account for the total value of the heat of immersion. Zapata-Benabithe et al., Castillejos et al., Chen et al., and Centeno et al. prepared different materials and used immersion calorimetry into benzene, toluene, and/or water to correlate the external surface area of microporous solids with energy parameters such as specific capacitance or chemical surface (oxygen content, acid groups, or basic groups). This chapter will be compiling a review of the results founded about the calorimetry characterization of car- bonaceous materials for energy area applications. weight loss can be assigned to the carbonization of PAN accompanying with further dehydrogenation and partial denitrogenation. The sample prepared with 0.3 wt.% of PVP showed the most reasonable hierarchical pore structure (2–5, 5–50, and >100 nm), high BET surface area (332.9 m 2 /g), big total pore volume (0.233 m 3 /g), and the best electrochemical performance in 2-M KOH aqueous solution. The specific capacitance was 278 and 206 F/g at 5 and 50 mA/cm 2 , respectively, indicating the suitability of the material as electrode materials for supercapacitors.","PeriodicalId":313660,"journal":{"name":"Calorimetry - Design, Theory and Applications in Porous Solids","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132328991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-18DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.71313
A. Karapetyan, P. O. Vardevanyan
Determination of free energy of double helix formation from two single-stranded polynucleotides and estimation of energetics of different low-molecular compounds binding to nucleic acids provide valuable tools for understanding of mechanisms that govern noncovalent binding of ligands to their receptor targets. In order to completely understand the molecular forces that drive and stabilize double helix formation and its complexes with ligands, thermodynamic studies are needed to complement the structural data. Structural characterization of a number of DNA-ligand complexes by X-ray and high-resolution NMR method provides key insight relating to the properties of complex formation, but structural data alone, even when coupled with the most sophisticated current computational methods, cannot fully define the driving forces for binding interactions (or interac-tions) or even accurately predict their binding affinities. Thermodynamics provides quantitative data of use in elucidating these driving forces and for evaluating and understanding at a deeper level the effects of substituent changes on binding affinity.
{"title":"“Tie Calorimetry” as a Tool for Determination of Thermodynamic Parameters of Macromolecules","authors":"A. Karapetyan, P. O. Vardevanyan","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.71313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.71313","url":null,"abstract":"Determination of free energy of double helix formation from two single-stranded polynucleotides and estimation of energetics of different low-molecular compounds binding to nucleic acids provide valuable tools for understanding of mechanisms that govern noncovalent binding of ligands to their receptor targets. In order to completely understand the molecular forces that drive and stabilize double helix formation and its complexes with ligands, thermodynamic studies are needed to complement the structural data. Structural characterization of a number of DNA-ligand complexes by X-ray and high-resolution NMR method provides key insight relating to the properties of complex formation, but structural data alone, even when coupled with the most sophisticated current computational methods, cannot fully define the driving forces for binding interactions (or interac-tions) or even accurately predict their binding affinities. Thermodynamics provides quantitative data of use in elucidating these driving forces and for evaluating and understanding at a deeper level the effects of substituent changes on binding affinity.","PeriodicalId":313660,"journal":{"name":"Calorimetry - Design, Theory and Applications in Porous Solids","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125839567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-18DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75896
Mohammad Rezwan Khan
The chapter primarily explores the likelihood of heat measurement by means of the calorim- eter in the lithium-ion battery cells for different applications. The presented focus applications are electrical vehicle and smart grid application. The efficiency parameter for battery cell is established using state of the art isothermal calorimeter by taking the consideration of heat related measurement. The calorimeter is principally used for the determination of the heat flux of the battery cell. The main target is to achieve the precision and accuracy of measurement of battery cell thermal performance. In this chapter, the assessment of battery efficiency parameter is proposed. A newly devised efficiency calculation methodology is projected and illustrated. The procedure ensures the precision an accurate measurement of heat flux measurement and turns into more comparable efficiency parameter. In addition, the issue is to investigate thermal sensitivity to factors that influence the energy storage system performance, i.e., current rate and temperature requirements. The results provide insight into the establishment of new key performance indicator (KPI) efficiency specifica- tion of the battery system. The usage of the calorimetric experiments is presented to predict the temperature distribution over a battery cell and an array of cells. experimental technique is a very precise determination to profile the battery cell characteristics. The developed data can be used to predict the thermal behavior of the battery cell and pack by using corresponding cell and pack level.
{"title":"Battery Efficiency Measurement for Electrical Vehicle and Smart Grid Applications Using Isothermal Calorimeter: Method, Design, Theory and Results","authors":"Mohammad Rezwan Khan","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75896","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75896","url":null,"abstract":"The chapter primarily explores the likelihood of heat measurement by means of the calorim- eter in the lithium-ion battery cells for different applications. The presented focus applications are electrical vehicle and smart grid application. The efficiency parameter for battery cell is established using state of the art isothermal calorimeter by taking the consideration of heat related measurement. The calorimeter is principally used for the determination of the heat flux of the battery cell. The main target is to achieve the precision and accuracy of measurement of battery cell thermal performance. In this chapter, the assessment of battery efficiency parameter is proposed. A newly devised efficiency calculation methodology is projected and illustrated. The procedure ensures the precision an accurate measurement of heat flux measurement and turns into more comparable efficiency parameter. In addition, the issue is to investigate thermal sensitivity to factors that influence the energy storage system performance, i.e., current rate and temperature requirements. The results provide insight into the establishment of new key performance indicator (KPI) efficiency specifica- tion of the battery system. The usage of the calorimetric experiments is presented to predict the temperature distribution over a battery cell and an array of cells. experimental technique is a very precise determination to profile the battery cell characteristics. The developed data can be used to predict the thermal behavior of the battery cell and pack by using corresponding cell and pack level.","PeriodicalId":313660,"journal":{"name":"Calorimetry - Design, Theory and Applications in Porous Solids","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132196871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-18DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76151
Z. Tan, Q. Shi, Xin Liu
In this chapter, a high-precision fully automated adiabatic calorimeter for heat capacity measurement of condensed materials in the temperature range from 80 to 400 K was described in detail. By using this calorimeter the heat capacity and thermodynamic prop- erties of two kinds of function materials, ionic liquid and nanomaterials, were investigated. The heat capacities of IL [EMIM][TCB] were measured over the temperature range from 78 to 370 K by the high-precision-automated adiabatic calorimeter. Five kinds of nanostructured oxide materials, Al 2 O 3, SiO 2 , TiO 2 , ZnO 2 , ZrO 2 , and two kinds of nanocrys- talline metals: nickel and copper were investigated from heat capacity measurements. It is found that heat capacity enhancement in nanostructured materials is influenced by many factors, such as density, thermal expansion, sample purity, surface absorption, size effect, and so on. available from commercial apparatus in the world. In this chapter, hence, we introduce a high-precision fully automatic adiabatic calorimeter constructed in our themochemistry laboratory, and report the thermodynamic property studies of two types of functional materials: ionic liquid and nanomaterials performed by this adiabatic calorimeter.
{"title":"Construction of High-Precision Adiabatic Calorimeter and Thermodynamic Study on Functional Materials","authors":"Z. Tan, Q. Shi, Xin Liu","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76151","url":null,"abstract":"In this chapter, a high-precision fully automated adiabatic calorimeter for heat capacity measurement of condensed materials in the temperature range from 80 to 400 K was described in detail. By using this calorimeter the heat capacity and thermodynamic prop- erties of two kinds of function materials, ionic liquid and nanomaterials, were investigated. The heat capacities of IL [EMIM][TCB] were measured over the temperature range from 78 to 370 K by the high-precision-automated adiabatic calorimeter. Five kinds of nanostructured oxide materials, Al 2 O 3, SiO 2 , TiO 2 , ZnO 2 , ZrO 2 , and two kinds of nanocrys- talline metals: nickel and copper were investigated from heat capacity measurements. It is found that heat capacity enhancement in nanostructured materials is influenced by many factors, such as density, thermal expansion, sample purity, surface absorption, size effect, and so on. available from commercial apparatus in the world. In this chapter, hence, we introduce a high-precision fully automatic adiabatic calorimeter constructed in our themochemistry laboratory, and report the thermodynamic property studies of two types of functional materials: ionic liquid and nanomaterials performed by this adiabatic calorimeter.","PeriodicalId":313660,"journal":{"name":"Calorimetry - Design, Theory and Applications in Porous Solids","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129922007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-20DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.71051
L. Giraldo, P. Rodríguez-Estupiñán, Juan CarlosMoreno-Piraján
In order to study and understand the adsorption process in a liquid-solid interface, it is necessary to know both textural and chemical properties of the adsorbent. It is also important to know the behavior of the solid in a liquid medium, considering that the interaction can produce some changes in the texture and the electrochemical properties when the adsorbent is immersed in a solvent or a solution. The study of the influence of these properties in the adsorption process with techniques like immersion microcalorimetry can provide direct information on particular liquid–solid interactions. The parameter that is evaluated by immersion microcalorimetry is the immersion enthalpy, ΔH im . Immersion enthalpy is defined as the energy change at temperature and pressure constants when the surface of the solid is completely immersed in a wetting liquid in which the solid is insoluble and does not react. The immersion calorimetry can be a ver- satile, sensitive and precise technique that has many advantages for the characterization of porous solids. The versatility of immersion microcalorimetry is because changes in surface area, surface chemistry, or microporosity will result in a change in immersion energy. The interactions solid-liquid can be physical or chemical type, the physical pres- ent a lower amount of energy than that generated when exist chemical interactions.
{"title":"Calorimetry of Immersion in the Energetic Characterization of Porous Solids","authors":"L. Giraldo, P. Rodríguez-Estupiñán, Juan CarlosMoreno-Piraján","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.71051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.71051","url":null,"abstract":"In order to study and understand the adsorption process in a liquid-solid interface, it is necessary to know both textural and chemical properties of the adsorbent. It is also important to know the behavior of the solid in a liquid medium, considering that the interaction can produce some changes in the texture and the electrochemical properties when the adsorbent is immersed in a solvent or a solution. The study of the influence of these properties in the adsorption process with techniques like immersion microcalorimetry can provide direct information on particular liquid–solid interactions. The parameter that is evaluated by immersion microcalorimetry is the immersion enthalpy, ΔH im . Immersion enthalpy is defined as the energy change at temperature and pressure constants when the surface of the solid is completely immersed in a wetting liquid in which the solid is insoluble and does not react. The immersion calorimetry can be a ver- satile, sensitive and precise technique that has many advantages for the characterization of porous solids. The versatility of immersion microcalorimetry is because changes in surface area, surface chemistry, or microporosity will result in a change in immersion energy. The interactions solid-liquid can be physical or chemical type, the physical pres- ent a lower amount of energy than that generated when exist chemical interactions.","PeriodicalId":313660,"journal":{"name":"Calorimetry - Design, Theory and Applications in Porous Solids","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125813253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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