Pub Date : 2020-10-06DOI: 10.7765/9781526146847.00011
{"title":"Representations of the refugee crisis in Denmark","authors":"","doi":"10.7765/9781526146847.00011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526146847.00011","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":325625,"journal":{"name":"Refugees and the violence of welfare bureaucracies in Northern Europe","volume":"200 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116157118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-06DOI: 10.7765/9781526146847.00012
A. Lindberg
The temporary law changed the general view of Sweden in Europe. We used to be the generous country, and that affected us as a public agency, because this generous image has also characterized our approach. If you look around here in our office, the rooms are named after Malala, Raoul Wallenberg … all human rights advocates. We have the human rights convention framed on our walls … but now, we are supposed to adapt to an absolute minimum approach. We’re now at the edge of the European Convention. It’s a clear political signal, but we have to figure out what it means to us, this new focus on minimum levels and on return. (Richard, senior official at Swedish Migration Agency) own meals still entails. And, the asylum camps look more like detention camps now. This sends a signal that they are not welcome.
{"title":"Minimum rights policies targeting people seeking protection in Denmark and Sweden","authors":"A. Lindberg","doi":"10.7765/9781526146847.00012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526146847.00012","url":null,"abstract":"The temporary law changed the general view of Sweden in Europe. We used to be the generous country, and that affected us as a public agency, because this generous image has also characterized our approach. If you look around here in our office, the rooms are named after Malala, Raoul Wallenberg … all human rights advocates. We have the human rights convention framed on our walls … but now, we are supposed to adapt to an absolute minimum approach. We’re now at the edge of the European Convention. It’s a clear political signal, but we have to figure out what it means to us, this new focus on minimum levels and on return. (Richard, senior official at Swedish Migration Agency) own meals still entails. And, the asylum camps look more like detention camps now. This sends a signal that they are not welcome.","PeriodicalId":325625,"journal":{"name":"Refugees and the violence of welfare bureaucracies in Northern Europe","volume":"96 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115165624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-06DOI: 10.7765/9781526146847.00003
{"title":"List of figures","authors":"","doi":"10.7765/9781526146847.00003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526146847.00003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":325625,"journal":{"name":"Refugees and the violence of welfare bureaucracies in Northern Europe","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127812204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-06DOI: 10.7765/9781526146847.00010
Admir Skodo
Following the entry of 162,877 asylum seekers in 2015, Sweden introduced border controls in November of that year. These were followed by new laws in 2015–2016 that curtailed the possibility of being granted permanent residence, family reunification, and the social rights of asylum seekers. Such measures were necessary, according to the Swedish government, because the large number of entries triggered a refugee crisis. These were far-reaching changes in a country that has long prided itself on welcoming asylum seekers. But, far from threatening Swedish state sovereignty, as the Swedish national government and mainstream media claimed, I show that this perceived crisis has both justified, asserted, and extended it by recourse to national and international law on the one hand, and an associative chain link between asylum seekers, illegal immigration, terrorism, and crisis, on the other. At the same time, I reveal how the perceived crisis has exposed rifts between different levels of Swedish governance, where the municipalities, in particular, have opposed the national government’s portrayal of 2015 as a fundamental threat to Swedish sovereignty and domestic governance. Indeed, the municipalities sought to portray 2015 as a difficult but valuable lesson for scaling up services and capabilities to help people fleeing persecution. In this chapter, I problematize this dynamic primarily by analysing an official government report (Statens Offentliga Utredningar) on the refugee crisis. My analysis additionally rests on news articles and interviews I conducted in 2017 with a Swedish Migration Agency Executive Officer and a local civil servant in the southeast of Sweden. The report, published in 2017, is entitled ‘Att ta emot människor på flykt: Sverige hösten 2015’ (‘Receiving Refugees: Sweden during the Fall of 2015’ – hereafter ‘Receiving Refugees’), and is the final product of a Swedish government commission formed in 2016. The government directed the commission to describe the sequence of events that comprise the refugee crisis on the one hand, and to map how the national government, national state agencies, counties, municipalities, and civil society organizations managed it, on the other. Gudrun Antemar, Admir Skodo
在2015年有162877名寻求庇护者入境后，瑞典于当年11月实施了边境管制。2015年至2016年，新的法律限制了寻求庇护者获得永久居留权、家庭团聚和社会权利的可能性。瑞典政府表示，这些措施是必要的，因为大量入境引发了难民危机。对于一个长期以欢迎寻求庇护者为荣的国家来说，这些都是影响深远的变化。但是，与瑞典国家政府和主流媒体声称的威胁瑞典国家主权相反，我表明，这种感知到的危机一方面是通过诉诸国家和国际法来证明、断言和扩展它，另一方面是寻求庇护者、非法移民、恐怖主义和危机之间的联系链。与此同时，我还揭示了这场被认为是危机的危机是如何暴露出瑞典不同级别治理之间的分歧的，尤其是市政当局，他们反对中央政府将2015年描述为对瑞典主权和国内治理的根本威胁。事实上，市政当局试图将2015年描绘成一个艰难但有价值的教训，以扩大服务和能力，帮助人们逃离迫害。在本章中，我主要通过分析一份关于难民危机的官方政府报告(Statens Offentliga Utredningar)来质疑这种动态。我的分析还基于我在2017年对瑞典移民局执行官员和瑞典东南部当地公务员进行的新闻文章和采访。该报告于2017年发布，题为“Att ta emot människor ppvflykt: Sverige hösten 2015”(“接收难民:2015年秋季的瑞典”-以下简称“接收难民”)，是2016年成立的瑞典政府委员会的最终成果。政府指示委员会一方面描述构成难民危机的事件顺序，另一方面描绘国家政府、国家机构、县、市和民间社会组织如何管理难民危机。古德伦·安特玛尔，斯科多将军
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Pub Date : 2020-10-06DOI: 10.7765/9781526146847.00004
{"title":"List of tables","authors":"","doi":"10.7765/9781526146847.00004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526146847.00004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":325625,"journal":{"name":"Refugees and the violence of welfare bureaucracies in Northern Europe","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122783850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-06DOI: 10.7765/9781526146847.00001
{"title":"Front matter","authors":"","doi":"10.7765/9781526146847.00001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526146847.00001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":325625,"journal":{"name":"Refugees and the violence of welfare bureaucracies in Northern Europe","volume":"190 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117350509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-06DOI: 10.7765/9781526146847.00022
{"title":"Index","authors":"","doi":"10.7765/9781526146847.00022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526146847.00022","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":325625,"journal":{"name":"Refugees and the violence of welfare bureaucracies in Northern Europe","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121097249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-06DOI: 10.7765/9781526146847.00014
Jelena Jovičić
The period 2015–2016 in Sweden (and beyond) became largely known as the refugee crisis – a construct readily associated with a negative event or a destabilizing period of time, which can affect both individuals and larger groups and societies. The term crisis came alongside the word ‘refugee’ – a pairing which is particularly loaded and comes with highly problematic political impositions. For example, how did people fleeing come to embody the term crisis? Media coverage of the events has been vast. Images and video material of boats crowded with de-faced and de-named black and brown bodies, images of indignity such as precarious living conditions and police abuse, as well as death and mourning. A common photographic style found in newspapers is that of a bird’s-eye view – shots taken ‘from above’, which create a link to National Geographic’s style of capturing ‘wild life’ that is present before our eyes yet too dangerous to approach closely. Importantly, these relationships are manifestations of power structures: the gaze of the photographer/film-maker directed at their subject, the counter gaze of the subject towards the photographer and the spectator of the image. There are also the gaze of the editors in charge of selecting the right image for publishing and, importantly, the gaze of the researcher while collecting and analysing these very images. Therefore, naming an event a refugee crisis is not only a matter of language, but also that of knowledge production and construction of specific realities. In relation to that, Rose (2016) argues that images offer worldviews – they are not innocent carriers of a message to the world, rather, they give us interpretations of the world that are carried out in very particular ways. In order to explore these worldviews, and as this chapter will further illustrate, I turn to study what I call the crisis of images in Swedish newspaper dailies Dagens Nyheter (DN) and Svenska Dagbladet (SvD). What I refer to as the crisis of images is embedded in the simplified, shock and threat inducing portrayal of the very complex issues of flight, whereby people on the move are often forced to embody stereotypical and violent imageries. Jelena Jovičić
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Pub Date : 2020-10-06DOI: 10.7765/9781526146847.00015
D. Abdelhady
In an article entitled ‘The Death of the Most Generous Nation on Earth’, American journalist James Traub (2016) claims that ‘The vast migration of desperate souls from Syria, Iraq, and elsewhere has posed a moral test the likes of which Europe has not faced since the Nazis forced millions from their homes in search of refuge. Europe has failed that test.’ Sweden stands out as an exception in Traub’s analysis due to the country’s generous refugee reception policies. These policies, however, are bound to fail, and Traub argues that Sweden has to pay ‘for its unshared idealism’. That Sweden had a generous refugee policy (see also chapter 5) is a component of Swedish identity, both as viewed by most Swedes themselves and as viewed by others, despite the variety of academic arguments challenging that image. To name a few examples: researchers have documented the negative experiences of asylum seekers awaiting a decision (Brekke, 2004); the inhumane conditions at detention centres (Khosravi, 2009); the process of credibility assessment that assumes fraudulence on part of asylum seekers (Noll, 2005); the institutionalised power imbalance between asylum claimants and the authorities that challenge these claims in the legal process (Joormann, 2019; see also chapter 2); and the inhumane views of the Other that shape different levels of the migration bureaucracy (Barker, 2012; Schoultz, 2013; see also chapter 9). It is, therefore, logical to wonder how Sweden’s image as generous, humane and righteous has persisted despite such evidence. Additionally, given the drastic shifts in refugee policies following the summer of 2015 (see chapter 3), and if we accept Traub’s characterisation of ‘unshared idealism’ as the basis for such shifts, tracing the transformation of such an idealism helps our understanding of Swedish cultural and political climate and the position of refugees within it. Importantly, and to use the arguments put forth in this book, if we understand the policy changes as a form of bureaucratic violence, how has this form of violence been formulated, communicated and consolidated in society? Dalia Abdelhady
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Pub Date : 2020-03-25DOI: 10.7765/9781526146847.00009
Martin Joormann
As groups of forcibly displaced people have moved to the spotlight of public debate in Europe, they are also being targeted by multiple welfare state interventions in many countries. This book analyses the tensions that emerge within strong welfare states when faced with large migration flows. It also interrogates the phenomenon of the 2015 'refugee crisis' and its foreplay and aftermath in the context of Northern Europe and challenges the notion of crisis as a feature of contemporary realities. With an eye to the daily strategies and experiences of newly settled populations, the different chapters tackle the roles of actors such as state agencies, civil society organizations, media discourses or welfare policies in shaping those experiences. Contributions are included from several academic disciplines such as sociology, anthropology, history, political science and cultural studies. (Less)
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