One important dimension of Conditional Cash Transfer Programs apart from conditionality is the provision of continuous frequency of payouts. On the contrary, the Apni Beti Apna Dhan program, implemented in the state of Haryana in India from 1994 to 1998 offers a “promised” amount to female beneficiaries redeemable only after attaining 18 years of age if she remains unmarried. This paper examines the long-term indirect effects of this programme on their human capital outcomes. Using multiple large scale datasets in a triple difference framework and exploiting the exogenous variation in the timing of implementation, we found significant improvements in educational attainment but no discernible effect on measures related to labour participation, time allocation, empowerment or intergenerational health indicators. While underage marriage has reduced, the likelihood of marriage after receiving the transfers has increased. We provide suggestive evidence of the CCT money and the associated educational gains being used by brides’ parents to ensure grooms of higher social status. The paper recommends a set of complementary potential policy instruments that include altering gender norms through behavioural interventions skill development and incentives to encourage female work participation.
除了条件性之外，有条件现金转移方案的一个重要方面是提供连续的支付频率。相反，1994年至1998年在印度哈里亚纳邦实施的Apni Beti Apna Dhan计划向女性受益人提供了一笔“承诺”金额，只有在年满18岁之后，如果她仍然未婚，才能赎回。本文考察了该计划对其人力资本成果的长期间接影响。在三重差异框架中使用多个大规模数据集，并利用实施时间的外生变化，我们发现教育程度有显著改善，但对劳动参与、时间分配、赋权或代际健康指标相关的措施没有明显影响。虽然未成年人结婚的情况有所减少，但在接受资金转移后结婚的可能性有所增加。我们提供了有条件现金援助资金和相关教育收益被新娘父母用来确保新郎拥有更高的社会地位的暗示性证据。该报告建议了一套互补的潜在政策工具，包括通过行为干预改变性别规范，技能发展和鼓励女性参与工作的激励措施。
{"title":"'What's the worth of a promise? Evaluating the longer-term indirect effects of a programme to reduce early marriage in India'","authors":"Upasak Das, S. Biswas","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3923582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3923582","url":null,"abstract":"One important dimension of Conditional Cash Transfer Programs apart from conditionality is the provision of continuous frequency of payouts. On the contrary, the Apni Beti Apna Dhan program, implemented in the state of Haryana in India from 1994 to 1998 offers a “promised” amount to female beneficiaries redeemable only after attaining 18 years of age if she remains unmarried. This paper examines the long-term indirect effects of this programme on their human capital outcomes. Using multiple large scale datasets in a triple difference framework and exploiting the exogenous variation in the timing of implementation, we found significant improvements in educational attainment but no discernible effect on measures related to labour participation, time allocation, empowerment or intergenerational health indicators. While underage marriage has reduced, the likelihood of marriage after receiving the transfers has increased. We provide suggestive evidence of the CCT money and the associated educational gains being used by brides’ parents to ensure grooms of higher social status. The paper recommends a set of complementary potential policy instruments that include altering gender norms through behavioural interventions skill development and incentives to encourage female work participation.","PeriodicalId":325714,"journal":{"name":"WGSRN: Empowering Women & Girls (Sub-Topic)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128316479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ensconced within the urbanized environs of the Delhi metropolis and its umbrella towns, there exists several semi-urban semi-rural pockets which are inhabited by communities with agrarian backgrounds who had sold off their lands to merge with the fast developing city spaces. Still holding on to their traditional socio-cultural ethos, these communities have taken to sundry businesses and fringe jobs to fulfill the requirements of surrounding urban settlements. The womenfolk living in these areas are at an interface between the traditional and the progressing worlds. Despite voluminous research on different sections of city-based women, very little attention has been paid to this particular category. This paper analyzes the scope and potential of women empowerment in such areas. We conducted a survey based on a questionnaire targeting representative womenfolk of four such pockets in and around Delhi. Our findings indicate that there is a latent potential among these women which, with due support is waiting to be tapped for the progress of the human populace.
{"title":"Empowerment of Women in Semi-Urban/Semi-Rural Regions of Delhi and Haryana","authors":"Prateek Chakraverty","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2364901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2364901","url":null,"abstract":"Ensconced within the urbanized environs of the Delhi metropolis and its umbrella towns, there exists several semi-urban semi-rural pockets which are inhabited by communities with agrarian backgrounds who had sold off their lands to merge with the fast developing city spaces. Still holding on to their traditional socio-cultural ethos, these communities have taken to sundry businesses and fringe jobs to fulfill the requirements of surrounding urban settlements. The womenfolk living in these areas are at an interface between the traditional and the progressing worlds. Despite voluminous research on different sections of city-based women, very little attention has been paid to this particular category. This paper analyzes the scope and potential of women empowerment in such areas. We conducted a survey based on a questionnaire targeting representative womenfolk of four such pockets in and around Delhi. Our findings indicate that there is a latent potential among these women which, with due support is waiting to be tapped for the progress of the human populace.","PeriodicalId":325714,"journal":{"name":"WGSRN: Empowering Women & Girls (Sub-Topic)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127202197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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