Pub Date : 2018-10-24DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80387
V. Shields
{"title":"Introductory Chapter: The Complex World of Ants","authors":"V. Shields","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80387","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":326020,"journal":{"name":"The Complex World of Ants","volume":"101 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127154256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-24DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75388
E. Lopatina
This chapter is a review of data on structure, diversity and adaptive properties of sea- sonal cycles in ants. Most tropical ants demonstrate homodynamic development. They do not show any developmental delays and all-year round the ontogenetic stages from egg to pupa exist in their nests. Some of the quasi-heterodynamic species have permeated into the regions with warm temperate climate but a true diapause did not evolve. Most temperate and all boreal climate ants are true heterodynamic. They manifest a real winter diapause (prospective dormancy) in their annual cycle. Thus, a variety of forms of dormancy, which were found in ants, extend from elementary quiescence to deep diapause. Heterodynamic ants use two main seasonal strategies with respect to brood rearing: strategy of concentrated brood rearing ( Formica type) and strategy of prolonged brood rearing ( Aphaenogaster type, Myrmica type). The larval stages at which diapause can occur are extremely variable among ants. The evolution of seasonal life cycles and possible ways of origin of diapause in ants are discussed. The subtropical (quasi-heterodynamic) and tropical (preadaptational) evolutionary paths to true hetero- dynamic development are considered. It is concluded that similar seasonal adaptations could arise in the evolution of ants independently many times and usually are not tightly bound to the taxonomic position of species.
{"title":"Structure, Diversity and Adaptive Traits of Seasonal Cycles and Strategies in Ants","authors":"E. Lopatina","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75388","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter is a review of data on structure, diversity and adaptive properties of sea- sonal cycles in ants. Most tropical ants demonstrate homodynamic development. They do not show any developmental delays and all-year round the ontogenetic stages from egg to pupa exist in their nests. Some of the quasi-heterodynamic species have permeated into the regions with warm temperate climate but a true diapause did not evolve. Most temperate and all boreal climate ants are true heterodynamic. They manifest a real winter diapause (prospective dormancy) in their annual cycle. Thus, a variety of forms of dormancy, which were found in ants, extend from elementary quiescence to deep diapause. Heterodynamic ants use two main seasonal strategies with respect to brood rearing: strategy of concentrated brood rearing ( Formica type) and strategy of prolonged brood rearing ( Aphaenogaster type, Myrmica type). The larval stages at which diapause can occur are extremely variable among ants. The evolution of seasonal life cycles and possible ways of origin of diapause in ants are discussed. The subtropical (quasi-heterodynamic) and tropical (preadaptational) evolutionary paths to true hetero- dynamic development are considered. It is concluded that similar seasonal adaptations could arise in the evolution of ants independently many times and usually are not tightly bound to the taxonomic position of species.","PeriodicalId":326020,"journal":{"name":"The Complex World of Ants","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125772838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-24DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78011
Ganesh B Gathalkar, Avalokiteswar Sen
Ants are a ubiquitous component of insect biodiversity and well known for its eusocial behavior. They are active foragers, scavengers, and predators that are prevalent in the vicinity of several plantations and crops. They (workers) prey on many insect species and feed on nectar exudates from plants as well as sticky secretions produced by Homopteran and Lepidopteran insects. As ferocious foragers with an aggressive attacking habit (e.g., Oecophylla smaragdina ), they have often been used as biological control agents against various crop pests. However, some economically important insect species like the wild silkworm, Antheraea mylitta , are also affected by these foragers, namely, O. smaragdina , Myrmicaria brunnea , Monomorium destructor , Monomorium minutum , etc., which leads to the loss in crop outcome. In addition, some of them are known to destroy several plant species including domesticated fruit trees, particularly at the seedling stage. In this chapter, the foraging habit and the predation biology of these foragers are explored, in which the sequence of attack, their interactions, and invasion caused are discussed. It may also serve as a primary source of information on the foraging and its invasive impact, which may help to protect and/or take counteractive actions against the foragers which are harmful to commercial cultivations.
{"title":"Foraging and Predatory Activities of Ants","authors":"Ganesh B Gathalkar, Avalokiteswar Sen","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78011","url":null,"abstract":"Ants are a ubiquitous component of insect biodiversity and well known for its eusocial behavior. They are active foragers, scavengers, and predators that are prevalent in the vicinity of several plantations and crops. They (workers) prey on many insect species and feed on nectar exudates from plants as well as sticky secretions produced by Homopteran and Lepidopteran insects. As ferocious foragers with an aggressive attacking habit (e.g., Oecophylla smaragdina ), they have often been used as biological control agents against various crop pests. However, some economically important insect species like the wild silkworm, Antheraea mylitta , are also affected by these foragers, namely, O. smaragdina , Myrmicaria brunnea , Monomorium destructor , Monomorium minutum , etc., which leads to the loss in crop outcome. In addition, some of them are known to destroy several plant species including domesticated fruit trees, particularly at the seedling stage. In this chapter, the foraging habit and the predation biology of these foragers are explored, in which the sequence of attack, their interactions, and invasion caused are discussed. It may also serve as a primary source of information on the foraging and its invasive impact, which may help to protect and/or take counteractive actions against the foragers which are harmful to commercial cultivations.","PeriodicalId":326020,"journal":{"name":"The Complex World of Ants","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128850528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-24DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75134
Raphael Vacchi Travaglini, A. S. Vieira, AndréArnosti, R. S. Camargo, Luis Eduardo Pontes Stefanelli, L. C. Forti, M. I. Camargo-Mathias
The attini tribe comprises fungusgrowing ants, such as the basal Apterostigma and other more specialized genera, including the higher attine and the ones that cut the fresh plant tissue (Atta and Acromyrmex), maintaining an obligatory mutualistic relation with the fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus, which serves as a food source for the ants. Leaf-cutter ants are considered agriculture pests and populate the soil, a rich environment, especially due to the presence of several microorganisms. Some of these microorganisms are natural enemies that may cause epizootics (quickly spreading opportunistic diseases). Such defence strategies include polyethism, that is, division of labor among the individuals. The older ants take on the responsibility of foraging, as their integument is harder and heavily sclerotized, serving as a protective barrier against pathogens (including bacteria and antagonistic fungi). The younger ants, whose metapleural glands synthetize important secretions to eliminate and control microorganisms that could attack the colony fungus garden and the immature (larvae and pupae), remain inside the colony cultivating symbiont fungi. The sum of the survival strategies of ants in general, including social immunity and nest-cleaning behavior, represents a barrier for the application of biological control programs, mainly microbial ones.
{"title":"Leaf-Cutter Ants and Microbial Control","authors":"Raphael Vacchi Travaglini, A. S. Vieira, AndréArnosti, R. S. Camargo, Luis Eduardo Pontes Stefanelli, L. C. Forti, M. I. Camargo-Mathias","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75134","url":null,"abstract":"The attini tribe comprises fungusgrowing ants, such as the basal Apterostigma and other more specialized genera, including the higher attine and the ones that cut the fresh plant tissue (Atta and Acromyrmex), maintaining an obligatory mutualistic relation with the fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus, which serves as a food source for the ants. Leaf-cutter ants are considered agriculture pests and populate the soil, a rich environment, especially due to the presence of several microorganisms. Some of these microorganisms are natural enemies that may cause epizootics (quickly spreading opportunistic diseases). Such defence strategies include polyethism, that is, division of labor among the individuals. The older ants take on the responsibility of foraging, as their integument is harder and heavily sclerotized, serving as a protective barrier against pathogens (including bacteria and antagonistic fungi). The younger ants, whose metapleural glands synthetize important secretions to eliminate and control microorganisms that could attack the colony fungus garden and the immature (larvae and pupae), remain inside the colony cultivating symbiont fungi. The sum of the survival strategies of ants in general, including social immunity and nest-cleaning behavior, represents a barrier for the application of biological control programs, mainly microbial ones.","PeriodicalId":326020,"journal":{"name":"The Complex World of Ants","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121648921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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