Pub Date : 2019-01-30DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81059
O. Parkash, P. Kumari, Vasu Deva, S. Lal, Javed AhmedUjjan, Syed Mehmood Qadir, F. M. Soomro, RaniFaryal, N. A. Kanhar
Dengue caused by four antigenically distinct serotype remains a serious health concern around the world, particularly in the tropical areas. Clinical signs and symptoms of this disease are indistinguishable from other infectious disease; therefore, laboratory diagnosis is very crucial for confirming the disease that will be useful for the patient’s management. In laboratory, dengue can be confirmed using cell culture, RNA detection, and serological detection based on ELISA and immunochromatographic test. However, each of these methods has certain practical limitations. Therefore, researchers from all over the world have been working to address these limitations. In this chapter, we will highlight the current research toward the development of novel point-of-care test for the diagnosis of dengue in acute and convalescent phase.
{"title":"New Tools for Dengue Diagnostics","authors":"O. Parkash, P. Kumari, Vasu Deva, S. Lal, Javed AhmedUjjan, Syed Mehmood Qadir, F. M. Soomro, RaniFaryal, N. A. Kanhar","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81059","url":null,"abstract":"Dengue caused by four antigenically distinct serotype remains a serious health concern around the world, particularly in the tropical areas. Clinical signs and symptoms of this disease are indistinguishable from other infectious disease; therefore, laboratory diagnosis is very crucial for confirming the disease that will be useful for the patient’s management. In laboratory, dengue can be confirmed using cell culture, RNA detection, and serological detection based on ELISA and immunochromatographic test. However, each of these methods has certain practical limitations. Therefore, researchers from all over the world have been working to address these limitations. In this chapter, we will highlight the current research toward the development of novel point-of-care test for the diagnosis of dengue in acute and convalescent phase.","PeriodicalId":330741,"journal":{"name":"Dengue Fever - a Resilient Threat in the Face of Innovation","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128490188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-30DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81277
M. Zahoor, A. Rasul, M. Zahoor, Iqra Sarfraz, Muhammad Zulhussnain, Rizwan Rasool, Humara NazMajeed, F. Jabeen, Kanwal Ranian
Dengue Fever or commonly known as Dengue, a mosquito-borne arboviral infection has emerged as havoc around the globe. Annually, about 50 million infections are reported, resulting in 22,000 deaths and almost 2.5 billion people are reported living at risk. Dengue infection is caused by Dengue Virus (DENV), which is a member of genus Flavivirus and comprised of ten proteins; three proteins, capsid (C), membrane (M), and envelope (E), play structural role and seven are identified as non-structural that direct DENV replication. Four distinct serotypes: DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4 are transmitted via Aedes mosquitoes. Clinically, Dengue patients can be categorized into three groups according to WHO 2009 revised classification. Typical symptoms of dengue include: extreme fatigue; sudden fever (from 3-7 days), headache, joint, muscle, and back pain; vomiting and diarrhea, appetite loss; skin rash along minor bleeding. Aedes aegypti is geographically distributed in tropical areas and breeds in artificially filled water containers i.e. drums, tyres, flower vases plastic food containers, tin cans, etc. Due to four viral serotypes and non-availability of the model animal for dengue, producing vaccines is a challenging task. Thus, Dengue can be managed using various vector control strategies through physical, chemical and biological means.
{"title":"Dengue Fever: A General Perspective","authors":"M. Zahoor, A. Rasul, M. Zahoor, Iqra Sarfraz, Muhammad Zulhussnain, Rizwan Rasool, Humara NazMajeed, F. Jabeen, Kanwal Ranian","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81277","url":null,"abstract":"Dengue Fever or commonly known as Dengue, a mosquito-borne arboviral infection has emerged as havoc around the globe. Annually, about 50 million infections are reported, resulting in 22,000 deaths and almost 2.5 billion people are reported living at risk. Dengue infection is caused by Dengue Virus (DENV), which is a member of genus Flavivirus and comprised of ten proteins; three proteins, capsid (C), membrane (M), and envelope (E), play structural role and seven are identified as non-structural that direct DENV replication. Four distinct serotypes: DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4 are transmitted via Aedes mosquitoes. Clinically, Dengue patients can be categorized into three groups according to WHO 2009 revised classification. Typical symptoms of dengue include: extreme fatigue; sudden fever (from 3-7 days), headache, joint, muscle, and back pain; vomiting and diarrhea, appetite loss; skin rash along minor bleeding. Aedes aegypti is geographically distributed in tropical areas and breeds in artificially filled water containers i.e. drums, tyres, flower vases plastic food containers, tin cans, etc. Due to four viral serotypes and non-availability of the model animal for dengue, producing vaccines is a challenging task. Thus, Dengue can be managed using various vector control strategies through physical, chemical and biological means.","PeriodicalId":330741,"journal":{"name":"Dengue Fever - a Resilient Threat in the Face of Innovation","volume":"213 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133103302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79887
R. Rodríguez, Jorge A. Rueda-Gallardo, ManuelFelipe Avella-Niño
According to the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) reports, the annual average number of dengue cases in the Americas has been 1,579,658 in the last 8 years (2010 – 2017), affecting the population ’ s welfare. The high level in dengue cases does not only have an impact from an epidemiological perspective but also from an economical perspective as the treatment cost that must be borne. The aim of this chapter is to review the situation as reported in the American countries with the highest number of cases, focusing on the burden of the disease (measured in DALYs and number of cases) and its total treatment cost, which includes direct (medical and non-medical) costs and indirect costs. We calcu- late the total treatment cost per DALY for the epidemic year (2015). The results show that Mexico has the highest cost per DALY (US$ 17,703) followed by Brazil (US$ 11,218), Colombia (US$ 4,540), and the Dominican Republic (US$ 1,157). Additionally, after adjusting for total health expenditure, we found all the countries exhibit a similar share of total treatment cost over health expenditure (0.16% in average).
{"title":"The Burden of Dengue Illness and Its Economics Costs in the Americas: A Review on the Most Affected Countries","authors":"R. Rodríguez, Jorge A. Rueda-Gallardo, ManuelFelipe Avella-Niño","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79887","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79887","url":null,"abstract":"According to the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) reports, the annual average number of dengue cases in the Americas has been 1,579,658 in the last 8 years (2010 – 2017), affecting the population ’ s welfare. The high level in dengue cases does not only have an impact from an epidemiological perspective but also from an economical perspective as the treatment cost that must be borne. The aim of this chapter is to review the situation as reported in the American countries with the highest number of cases, focusing on the burden of the disease (measured in DALYs and number of cases) and its total treatment cost, which includes direct (medical and non-medical) costs and indirect costs. We calcu- late the total treatment cost per DALY for the epidemic year (2015). The results show that Mexico has the highest cost per DALY (US$ 17,703) followed by Brazil (US$ 11,218), Colombia (US$ 4,540), and the Dominican Republic (US$ 1,157). Additionally, after adjusting for total health expenditure, we found all the countries exhibit a similar share of total treatment cost over health expenditure (0.16% in average).","PeriodicalId":330741,"journal":{"name":"Dengue Fever - a Resilient Threat in the Face of Innovation","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129744765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80519
Juan Samuel Sulca Herencia
Dengue is a significant public health problem. There are four dengue virus serotypes identified; however, its diagnosis is difficult due to the existence of many viruses, bac -teria, and parasites producing the same clinical presentation, being present in the same geographical area and even producing coinfections. Therefore, determining whether a person has, had, or is infected with dengue virus is of great importance. In order to do so, direct and indirect laboratory tests have been developed to identify the virus or part of its structure that generally detects the antibody response. These techniques are used for diagnosis, epidemiological studies, monitoring, assessment and production of vaccines and antivirals, etc. They range from the use of cell cultures, animal models, inoculation by insects, and serology tests to the use of detection molecular tests and quantification of genetic material that are described in this chapter herein, a brief explanation of this methodology, its strengths and weaknesses, and its application in the dengue research. molecular techniques, and others. tubes, 6–96 well culture plates, and oth ers are used in order to sustain the binding to cell cultures. A modified shell vial technique allows the recovery of a higher number of YFV, SLV, WNV, ILHV, GCV, OROV, MAYV and DENV isolations. This technique follows the same steps as a standard method, but after inoculating cells, the cultures are centrifuged to velocities between 1800 and 2200 rpm. This technique can also be used to isolate DENV coinfections. However, it seems not to have good results for VEE isolation [19–22].
{"title":"Laboratory Tests Used in the Diagnostic and Research of Dengue Virus: Present and Future","authors":"Juan Samuel Sulca Herencia","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80519","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80519","url":null,"abstract":"Dengue is a significant public health problem. There are four dengue virus serotypes identified; however, its diagnosis is difficult due to the existence of many viruses, bac -teria, and parasites producing the same clinical presentation, being present in the same geographical area and even producing coinfections. Therefore, determining whether a person has, had, or is infected with dengue virus is of great importance. In order to do so, direct and indirect laboratory tests have been developed to identify the virus or part of its structure that generally detects the antibody response. These techniques are used for diagnosis, epidemiological studies, monitoring, assessment and production of vaccines and antivirals, etc. They range from the use of cell cultures, animal models, inoculation by insects, and serology tests to the use of detection molecular tests and quantification of genetic material that are described in this chapter herein, a brief explanation of this methodology, its strengths and weaknesses, and its application in the dengue research. molecular techniques, and others. tubes, 6–96 well culture plates, and oth ers are used in order to sustain the binding to cell cultures. A modified shell vial technique allows the recovery of a higher number of YFV, SLV, WNV, ILHV, GCV, OROV, MAYV and DENV isolations. This technique follows the same steps as a standard method, but after inoculating cells, the cultures are centrifuged to velocities between 1800 and 2200 rpm. This technique can also be used to isolate DENV coinfections. However, it seems not to have good results for VEE isolation [19–22].","PeriodicalId":330741,"journal":{"name":"Dengue Fever - a Resilient Threat in the Face of Innovation","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116041679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79862
H. Gómez-Dantés, N. Pavía-Ruz, F. Correa-Morales, Abdiel Martín-Park, G. Vazquez-Prokopec, P. Manrique-Saide
Innovative control tools for the dengue, chikungunya and Zika vector Aedes aegypti , such as genetically modified mosquitoes and biological control and manipulation with the bacteria Wolbachia , are now becoming available and their incorporation into institutional vector control programs is imminent. The objective of this chapter is to examine the technical and organizational mechanisms together with the necessary processes for their introduction and implementation, as well as the indispensable indicators to measure their entomological effect on vector populations and their epidemiological impact in the short, medium and long term as part of an integrated vector management approach.
{"title":"Challenges for the Introduction and Evaluation of the Impact of Innovative Aedes aegypti Control Strategies","authors":"H. Gómez-Dantés, N. Pavía-Ruz, F. Correa-Morales, Abdiel Martín-Park, G. Vazquez-Prokopec, P. Manrique-Saide","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79862","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79862","url":null,"abstract":"Innovative control tools for the dengue, chikungunya and Zika vector Aedes aegypti , such as genetically modified mosquitoes and biological control and manipulation with the bacteria Wolbachia , are now becoming available and their incorporation into institutional vector control programs is imminent. The objective of this chapter is to examine the technical and organizational mechanisms together with the necessary processes for their introduction and implementation, as well as the indispensable indicators to measure their entomological effect on vector populations and their epidemiological impact in the short, medium and long term as part of an integrated vector management approach.","PeriodicalId":330741,"journal":{"name":"Dengue Fever - a Resilient Threat in the Face of Innovation","volume":"86 9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123178293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79754
M. Z. Ndii, E. D. Wiraningsih, N. Anggriani, Asep K. Supriatna
Dengue is a vector-borne disease that risks two-thirds of the world ’ s population particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. Strategies have been implemented, but they are only effective in the short term. A new innovative and promising strategy against dengue is by the use of Wolbachia bacterium. This requires that Wolbachia -carrying mosquitoes should persist in the population. To assess the persistence of Wolbachia -carrying mosquitoes and its effects on dengue, a number of mathematical models have been formulated and analysed. In this chapter, we review the existing mathematical models of Wolbachia carrying mosquito population dynamics and dengue with Wolbachia intervention and provide examples of the mathematical models. Simulations of the models are presented to illustrate the model ’ s solutions.
{"title":"Mathematical Model as a Tool for the Control of Vector-Borne Diseases: Wolbachia Example","authors":"M. Z. Ndii, E. D. Wiraningsih, N. Anggriani, Asep K. Supriatna","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79754","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79754","url":null,"abstract":"Dengue is a vector-borne disease that risks two-thirds of the world ’ s population particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. Strategies have been implemented, but they are only effective in the short term. A new innovative and promising strategy against dengue is by the use of Wolbachia bacterium. This requires that Wolbachia -carrying mosquitoes should persist in the population. To assess the persistence of Wolbachia -carrying mosquitoes and its effects on dengue, a number of mathematical models have been formulated and analysed. In this chapter, we review the existing mathematical models of Wolbachia carrying mosquito population dynamics and dengue with Wolbachia intervention and provide examples of the mathematical models. Simulations of the models are presented to illustrate the model ’ s solutions.","PeriodicalId":330741,"journal":{"name":"Dengue Fever - a Resilient Threat in the Face of Innovation","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134370895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78688
Wladimir J Alonso, B. McCormick
Past initiatives to control Aedes mosquitoes were successful, in part because they implemented draconian top-down control programs. To achieve similar results now, explicit recognition of the complexity in urban ecologies in terms of land ownership, law enforcement and accessibility for control interventions are required. By combining these attributes, four classes of spaces, along with corresponding control strategies, are suggested to better target Aedes species population control efforts. On one end of the spectrum there are accessible and accountable spaces (e.g. backyards and closely managed public facilities), where interventions can rely predominantly on bottom-up strategies with the local population playing the principle role in the implementation of actions, but with government coordination. On the other end of the spectrum are inaccessible and unaccountable spaces, which require top-down and extensive approaches. By identifying these and the intermediate classes of space, government and private resources can be allocated in a more efficient customized manner. Based on this new framework, a set of actions is proposed that might be implemented in dengue and other Aedes -borne crises. The framework considers existing limitations and opportunities associated with modern societies – which are fundamentally different from those associated with the successful control of Aedes species in the past.
{"title":"Urban Ecology and the Effectiveness of Aedes Control","authors":"Wladimir J Alonso, B. McCormick","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78688","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78688","url":null,"abstract":"Past initiatives to control Aedes mosquitoes were successful, in part because they implemented draconian top-down control programs. To achieve similar results now, explicit recognition of the complexity in urban ecologies in terms of land ownership, law enforcement and accessibility for control interventions are required. By combining these attributes, four classes of spaces, along with corresponding control strategies, are suggested to better target Aedes species population control efforts. On one end of the spectrum there are accessible and accountable spaces (e.g. backyards and closely managed public facilities), where interventions can rely predominantly on bottom-up strategies with the local population playing the principle role in the implementation of actions, but with government coordination. On the other end of the spectrum are inaccessible and unaccountable spaces, which require top-down and extensive approaches. By identifying these and the intermediate classes of space, government and private resources can be allocated in a more efficient customized manner. Based on this new framework, a set of actions is proposed that might be implemented in dengue and other Aedes -borne crises. The framework considers existing limitations and opportunities associated with modern societies – which are fundamentally different from those associated with the successful control of Aedes species in the past.","PeriodicalId":330741,"journal":{"name":"Dengue Fever - a Resilient Threat in the Face of Innovation","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123733026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81439
E. Kweka, Vito Baraka, L. Mathias, B. Mwang’onde, Germana T. Baraka, Lucile J. Lyaruu, A. Mahande
Aedes aegypti (Stegomyia) has been human vectors for many human diseases globally. In recent years, dengue virus has been diagnosed in different regions such as Asia and Latin America vectored by Aedes spp. mosquitoes. Dengue cases have been reported again in the several parts of African and other continental hospital. The different types of breed - ing sites have been found to be abundant in both urban and rural areas. The abundance of adult Ae. aegypti and habitat productivity in different settings escalates the risk of dengue transmission if viruses are found in asymptomatic population. The insecticide resistance has been found to occur in the wild population of Aedes aegypti to insecticides commonly used for indoor residual spray and long-lasting insecticidal net treatments. The control of human vector population is still a challenge as the vector has a diurnal feeding and outdoor resting behavior. Environmental management is still the best practice to be adopted in many countries for Aedes aegypti control. The currently discovered dengue vaccine might be an immediate arsenal for the community immunization.
{"title":"Ecology of Aedes Mosquitoes, the Major Vectors of Arboviruses in Human Population","authors":"E. Kweka, Vito Baraka, L. Mathias, B. Mwang’onde, Germana T. Baraka, Lucile J. Lyaruu, A. Mahande","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81439","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81439","url":null,"abstract":"Aedes aegypti (Stegomyia) has been human vectors for many human diseases globally. In recent years, dengue virus has been diagnosed in different regions such as Asia and Latin America vectored by Aedes spp. mosquitoes. Dengue cases have been reported again in the several parts of African and other continental hospital. The different types of breed - ing sites have been found to be abundant in both urban and rural areas. The abundance of adult Ae. aegypti and habitat productivity in different settings escalates the risk of dengue transmission if viruses are found in asymptomatic population. The insecticide resistance has been found to occur in the wild population of Aedes aegypti to insecticides commonly used for indoor residual spray and long-lasting insecticidal net treatments. The control of human vector population is still a challenge as the vector has a diurnal feeding and outdoor resting behavior. Environmental management is still the best practice to be adopted in many countries for Aedes aegypti control. The currently discovered dengue vaccine might be an immediate arsenal for the community immunization.","PeriodicalId":330741,"journal":{"name":"Dengue Fever - a Resilient Threat in the Face of Innovation","volume":"228 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132493681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80820
J. C. Castaño-Osorio, Alejandra María Giraldo-García, M. Giraldo
Dengue is a disease caused by the dengue virus (DENV), being the most important arbovirus in the world. About 3.97 billion people live in countries at risk and 400 million infections occur each year, of which 500,000 suffer from the most severe form of the disease and 25,000 of these die. The clinical spectrum of Dengue ranges from asymptomatic infection to severe Dengue characterized by increased vascular permeability, bleeding disorders, shock, and death. The increase in global cases of this disease is due in part to the absence of effective public intervention measures and lack of a specific treatment and vaccines licensed for human use. Therefore, in this review, we will present the different strategies known to date for the development of vaccines for this disease, as well as the results and limitations obtained in the different clinical studies.
{"title":"Current Status of Vaccines against Dengue Virus","authors":"J. C. Castaño-Osorio, Alejandra María Giraldo-García, M. Giraldo","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80820","url":null,"abstract":"Dengue is a disease caused by the dengue virus (DENV), being the most important arbovirus in the world. About 3.97 billion people live in countries at risk and 400 million infections occur each year, of which 500,000 suffer from the most severe form of the disease and 25,000 of these die. The clinical spectrum of Dengue ranges from asymptomatic infection to severe Dengue characterized by increased vascular permeability, bleeding disorders, shock, and death. The increase in global cases of this disease is due in part to the absence of effective public intervention measures and lack of a specific treatment and vaccines licensed for human use. Therefore, in this review, we will present the different strategies known to date for the development of vaccines for this disease, as well as the results and limitations obtained in the different clinical studies.","PeriodicalId":330741,"journal":{"name":"Dengue Fever - a Resilient Threat in the Face of Innovation","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126455517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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