Many studies have emphasized the importance of homeowners association (HOA) in local governance in Chinese cities. But a contradictory phenomenon is that many private communities haven’t set up an HOA yet. This paper examines this problem both theoretically and empirically. Our main argument is that many homeowners are satisfied with what an efficient market of private communities provides. This helps to resolve the paradox between the absence of HOA and some homeowners’ activism. The empirical study on three communities in Chongqing supports our theoretical argument that the market is efficient from the transaction cost perspective. It also finds that high-income homeowners who own cars are less likely to set up HOA and more likely to have property management company (PMC).
{"title":"Why Don’t They Form an HOA? The Case of Chongqing, China","authors":"F. Deng","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2186740","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2186740","url":null,"abstract":"Many studies have emphasized the importance of homeowners association (HOA) in local governance in Chinese cities. But a contradictory phenomenon is that many private communities haven’t set up an HOA yet. This paper examines this problem both theoretically and empirically. Our main argument is that many homeowners are satisfied with what an efficient market of private communities provides. This helps to resolve the paradox between the absence of HOA and some homeowners’ activism. The empirical study on three communities in Chongqing supports our theoretical argument that the market is efficient from the transaction cost perspective. It also finds that high-income homeowners who own cars are less likely to set up HOA and more likely to have property management company (PMC).","PeriodicalId":333891,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Urbanization (Topic)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116956792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
China’s impressive growth has been accompanied by increasing inequality and a widening rural–urban divide. This paper identifies and examines nine major dimensions of this divide: income,consumption, education, healthcare, employment, child care, pensions, access to public services and environment. The paper attributes the main causes of the rural–urban divide to China’s development strategy and the associated regressive tax and subsidies policies. This paper is among the first to evaluate and decompose the rural–urban divide into multiple dimensions or gaps, and highlights the severe constraints on the Chinese peasantry. It discuses the policy and welfare implications of the rural–urban divide. It argues that the large size of the rural–urban divide was mainly due to inequality in opportunities and the lack of social provision of public goods in rural areas. The removal of discriminatory policies, including the provision of such public goods, will lead to greater equality of opportunity and a reduced gap. Increased equality and efficiency can be achieved simultaneously.
{"title":"Mind the Gaps: A Political Economy of the Multiple Dimensions of China’s Rural-Urban Divide","authors":"Xiaobing Wang, J. Piesse, Nick Weaver","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1876488","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1876488","url":null,"abstract":"China’s impressive growth has been accompanied by increasing inequality and a widening rural–urban divide. This paper identifies and examines nine major dimensions of this divide: income,consumption, education, healthcare, employment, child care, pensions, access to public services and environment. The paper attributes the main causes of the rural–urban divide to China’s development strategy and the associated regressive tax and subsidies policies. This paper is among the first to evaluate and decompose the rural–urban divide into multiple dimensions or gaps, and highlights the severe constraints on the Chinese peasantry. It discuses the policy and welfare implications of the rural–urban divide. It argues that the large size of the rural–urban divide was mainly due to inequality in opportunities and the lack of social provision of public goods in rural areas. The removal of discriminatory policies, including the provision of such public goods, will lead to greater equality of opportunity and a reduced gap. Increased equality and efficiency can be achieved simultaneously.","PeriodicalId":333891,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Urbanization (Topic)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120924879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The one of most common tendencies in world now days is urbanization, as a result of which the economic structure of territories changes - both human and financial resources are moved, and human lifestyles and the perception of life become more diversified. One of the main goals set by the European Union (EU) is to balance the development of urban and rural areas by promoting their mutual functional linkages and partnerships based on concept that urban and rural areas are mutually interconnected and depend on each other. To evaluate rural and urban areas the administrative division approach will be used - the territory in Latvia is subdivided into 118 municipalities - both urban and rural. The values of social indicators in 2009 are better in rural municipalities, but higher values of economic indicators are observed for the urban municipalities, indicating the impact of the large urban areas. Over past six years all socio-economic indicators have improved both in urban and rural areas, but there are still significant differences between them.The significance of interaction between urban and rural areas is emphasised in planning documents of all levels in Latvia. The directions of development that have to be perfected are: mobility possibilities for residents, promoting the flows of labour and knowledge both to urban and rural areas, increasing the flow of capital to rural areas to diversify their economy, and supplying quality and unique tourism services in rural areas.
{"title":"Socio-Economic Differences in Rural and Urban Areas in Latvia","authors":"Z. Bulderberga","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2232630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2232630","url":null,"abstract":"The one of most common tendencies in world now days is urbanization, as a result of which the economic structure of territories changes - both human and financial resources are moved, and human lifestyles and the perception of life become more diversified. One of the main goals set by the European Union (EU) is to balance the development of urban and rural areas by promoting their mutual functional linkages and partnerships based on concept that urban and rural areas are mutually interconnected and depend on each other. To evaluate rural and urban areas the administrative division approach will be used - the territory in Latvia is subdivided into 118 municipalities - both urban and rural. The values of social indicators in 2009 are better in rural municipalities, but higher values of economic indicators are observed for the urban municipalities, indicating the impact of the large urban areas. Over past six years all socio-economic indicators have improved both in urban and rural areas, but there are still significant differences between them.The significance of interaction between urban and rural areas is emphasised in planning documents of all levels in Latvia. The directions of development that have to be perfected are: mobility possibilities for residents, promoting the flows of labour and knowledge both to urban and rural areas, increasing the flow of capital to rural areas to diversify their economy, and supplying quality and unique tourism services in rural areas.","PeriodicalId":333891,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Urbanization (Topic)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130791602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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