Pub Date : 2019-01-16DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78701
J. Ling-Chin, Huashan Bao, Zhiwei Ma, W. Taylor, A. Roskilly
To improve energy efficiency in industry, low-grade heat recovery technologies have been advanced continuously. This chapter aims to provide a basic understanding of state-of-the-art technologies for low-grade heat recovery and utilization in industry, which are developed based on the concept of thermodynamic cycles. The technologies include adsorption, absorption, liquid desiccant, organic Rankine cycles (ORC), and Kalina cycles. The definition of low-grade heat sources, the working principle, recent advances in research and development (R&D), and commercial applications of the technologies (if any) will be discussed, followed by concluding remarks on advantages and disadvantages, future outlook, barriers, and opportunities.
{"title":"State-of-the-Art Technologies on Low-Grade Heat Recovery and Utilization in Industry","authors":"J. Ling-Chin, Huashan Bao, Zhiwei Ma, W. Taylor, A. Roskilly","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78701","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78701","url":null,"abstract":"To improve energy efficiency in industry, low-grade heat recovery technologies have been advanced continuously. This chapter aims to provide a basic understanding of state-of-the-art technologies for low-grade heat recovery and utilization in industry, which are developed based on the concept of thermodynamic cycles. The technologies include adsorption, absorption, liquid desiccant, organic Rankine cycles (ORC), and Kalina cycles. The definition of low-grade heat sources, the working principle, recent advances in research and development (R&D), and commercial applications of the technologies (if any) will be discussed, followed by concluding remarks on advantages and disadvantages, future outlook, barriers, and opportunities.","PeriodicalId":338817,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion - Current Technologies and Future Trends","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116457167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-16DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79109
S. Dahunsi, Munachi Enyinnaya
Lignocellulosic biomass is abundant resources accrued from agricultural, municipal and other sources. Their high fermentable carbohydrate contents make them suitable candidates for bioenergy generation. The global increase in the generation of these resources is phenomenal, thus culminating in huge environmental disasters with its attendant global warming and climate change menace. Their improper management has equally been reported to cause several environmental challenges such as water, land and air pollution and the spread of pathogenic organisms which causes diverse diseases within the human and animal population. However, the proper and adequate management/utilization of these materials can improve human’s living standards as well as ensuring environmental protecting via the production of environmental-friendly biofuels. In this regard, research on the use of lignocellulosic biomass as alternative energy feedstock to fossil fuels has gained considerable attention over the last few decades majorly because of their abundance and significant roles in greenhouse gas emissions reduction.
{"title":"The Bioenergy Potentials of Lignocelluloses","authors":"S. Dahunsi, Munachi Enyinnaya","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79109","url":null,"abstract":"Lignocellulosic biomass is abundant resources accrued from agricultural, municipal and other sources. Their high fermentable carbohydrate contents make them suitable candidates for bioenergy generation. The global increase in the generation of these resources is phenomenal, thus culminating in huge environmental disasters with its attendant global warming and climate change menace. Their improper management has equally been reported to cause several environmental challenges such as water, land and air pollution and the spread of pathogenic organisms which causes diverse diseases within the human and animal population. However, the proper and adequate management/utilization of these materials can improve human’s living standards as well as ensuring environmental protecting via the production of environmental-friendly biofuels. In this regard, research on the use of lignocellulosic biomass as alternative energy feedstock to fossil fuels has gained considerable attention over the last few decades majorly because of their abundance and significant roles in greenhouse gas emissions reduction.","PeriodicalId":338817,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion - Current Technologies and Future Trends","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130390144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-16DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78768
Vo Thanh Vinh
Photovoltaic and wind systems have been used for a few years to bring a new power supply to many applications, while preserving the environment. This chapter is interested in this work at low and medium power, a few 100 W, for applications to housing and buildings. The works consider a system in which the various sources of renewable energies are connected to each other in a parallel structure which supposes the use of special- ized converters accepting at the input voltages of the order of a few tens of volts, and giving out several hundred of volts. The DC-DC converters with magnetic coupling will be analyzed more particularly to show the technological limits. In particular, the influence of the magnetic circuit and the leakage flows will be studied in more detail.
{"title":"The Solutions of DC-DC Converters for Renewable Energy System","authors":"Vo Thanh Vinh","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78768","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78768","url":null,"abstract":"Photovoltaic and wind systems have been used for a few years to bring a new power supply to many applications, while preserving the environment. This chapter is interested in this work at low and medium power, a few 100 W, for applications to housing and buildings. The works consider a system in which the various sources of renewable energies are connected to each other in a parallel structure which supposes the use of special- ized converters accepting at the input voltages of the order of a few tens of volts, and giving out several hundred of volts. The DC-DC converters with magnetic coupling will be analyzed more particularly to show the technological limits. In particular, the influence of the magnetic circuit and the leakage flows will be studied in more detail.","PeriodicalId":338817,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion - Current Technologies and Future Trends","volume":"98 7","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114002294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80484
S. Ajib, A. Alahmer
This chapter describes different available technologies to provide the cooling effect by utilizing solar energy for both thermal and photovoltaic ways. Moreover, this chapter highlights the following points: (i) the main attributes for different solar cooling technol - ogies to recognize the main advantages, challenges, disadvantages, and feasibility analy -sis; (ii) the need for further research to reduce solar cooling chiller manufacture costs and improve its performance; (iii) it provides useful information for decision-makers to select the proper solar cooling technology for specific application. Furthermore, some references, which include investigation results, will be included. A conclusion about the main gained investigation results will summarize the investigation results and the per - spectives of such technologies.
{"title":"Solar Cooling Technologies","authors":"S. Ajib, A. Alahmer","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80484","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80484","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes different available technologies to provide the cooling effect by utilizing solar energy for both thermal and photovoltaic ways. Moreover, this chapter highlights the following points: (i) the main attributes for different solar cooling technol - ogies to recognize the main advantages, challenges, disadvantages, and feasibility analy -sis; (ii) the need for further research to reduce solar cooling chiller manufacture costs and improve its performance; (iii) it provides useful information for decision-makers to select the proper solar cooling technology for specific application. Furthermore, some references, which include investigation results, will be included. A conclusion about the main gained investigation results will summarize the investigation results and the per - spectives of such technologies.","PeriodicalId":338817,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion - Current Technologies and Future Trends","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115308174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78952
M. Burhan, M. Shahzad, Ng KimChoon
Owing to diverse photovoltaic technology and dynamic nature of meteorological data, a number of factors affect the performance of photovoltaic systems. The highly efficient concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) system can only respond to beam radiations of solar energy, unlike stationary silicon-based conventional photovoltaic (PV) panels. The availability of solar energy, and share of beam/diffuse radiations, varies from region to region, depending upon weather conditions. However, the rated performance as instantaneous maximum efficiency at STC (standard testing conditions) or NOCT (nominal operating cell temperature) in the laboratory, does not depict the true system performance under changing field conditions. The energy planners are interested in actual field performance, in terms of total delivered energy. Therefore, despite highest efficiency, CPV installations seem to be limited to desert regions, with high beam radiations availability and favorable working conditions. In this chapter, the performance potential and feasibility of CPV system is reported for long term operation in tropical weather conditions, in terms of proposed electrical rating parameter, giving total energy delivered as kWh/m.year. From 1-year field operation of two in-house built CPV units, electrical rating of 240.2 kWh/m. year is recorded for CPV operation in Singapore, the first ever reported CPV performance in this region, which is two folds higher than the stationary PV.
{"title":"Electrical Rating—Long-Term Performance Potential of Photovoltaic Systems","authors":"M. Burhan, M. Shahzad, Ng KimChoon","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78952","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78952","url":null,"abstract":"Owing to diverse photovoltaic technology and dynamic nature of meteorological data, a number of factors affect the performance of photovoltaic systems. The highly efficient concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) system can only respond to beam radiations of solar energy, unlike stationary silicon-based conventional photovoltaic (PV) panels. The availability of solar energy, and share of beam/diffuse radiations, varies from region to region, depending upon weather conditions. However, the rated performance as instantaneous maximum efficiency at STC (standard testing conditions) or NOCT (nominal operating cell temperature) in the laboratory, does not depict the true system performance under changing field conditions. The energy planners are interested in actual field performance, in terms of total delivered energy. Therefore, despite highest efficiency, CPV installations seem to be limited to desert regions, with high beam radiations availability and favorable working conditions. In this chapter, the performance potential and feasibility of CPV system is reported for long term operation in tropical weather conditions, in terms of proposed electrical rating parameter, giving total energy delivered as kWh/m.year. From 1-year field operation of two in-house built CPV units, electrical rating of 240.2 kWh/m. year is recorded for CPV operation in Singapore, the first ever reported CPV performance in this region, which is two folds higher than the stationary PV.","PeriodicalId":338817,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion - Current Technologies and Future Trends","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114134047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79235
José Carlos Escobar Palacio, José Joaquim Conceição Soares Santos, Maria Luiza Grillo Renó, Juarez Corrêa Furtado Júnior, M. Carvalho, Arnaldo Martín Martínez Reyes, Dimas José Rúa Orozco
The contribution of this chapter is to deepen and widen existing knowledge on munici- pal solid waste (MSW) management by analyzing different energy recovery routes for MSW. The main aspects related to the composition of waste are addressed, as well as the technological routes for thermochemical and biochemical energy usage. Within the thermochemical route, incineration is currently the most utilized technology for energy recovery of waste, with generation of electricity and heat and also a decrease in the volume of the produced waste. Gasification and pyrolysis are alternatives for the production of chemical products from wastes. The biological route is an interesting alternative for the utilization of the organic fraction of MSW, as aerobic or anaerobic processes enable the production of biogas and of a compound that can be utilized as a fertilizer. Depending on the size of the population, composition of waste, and products to be obtained (energy or chemical), more than one technology can be combined for a better energy usage of waste.
{"title":"Municipal Solid Waste Management and Energy Recovery","authors":"José Carlos Escobar Palacio, José Joaquim Conceição Soares Santos, Maria Luiza Grillo Renó, Juarez Corrêa Furtado Júnior, M. Carvalho, Arnaldo Martín Martínez Reyes, Dimas José Rúa Orozco","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79235","url":null,"abstract":"The contribution of this chapter is to deepen and widen existing knowledge on munici- pal solid waste (MSW) management by analyzing different energy recovery routes for MSW. The main aspects related to the composition of waste are addressed, as well as the technological routes for thermochemical and biochemical energy usage. Within the thermochemical route, incineration is currently the most utilized technology for energy recovery of waste, with generation of electricity and heat and also a decrease in the volume of the produced waste. Gasification and pyrolysis are alternatives for the production of chemical products from wastes. The biological route is an interesting alternative for the utilization of the organic fraction of MSW, as aerobic or anaerobic processes enable the production of biogas and of a compound that can be utilized as a fertilizer. Depending on the size of the population, composition of waste, and products to be obtained (energy or chemical), more than one technology can be combined for a better energy usage of waste.","PeriodicalId":338817,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion - Current Technologies and Future Trends","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133740098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78641
G. Massaglia, M. Quaglio
This chapter book aims to present some key aspects, which play a crucial role to optimize the energy conversion process occurring in microbial fuel cells (MFCs): fluid dynamics and the materials selected as anodic electrodes. MFCs are (bio)-electrochemical devices that directly convert chemical energy into electrical energy, thanks to the metabolic activity of some bacteria. In the anodic compartment, these bacteria, named exoelectrogens, are able to oxidize the organic matter, directly releasing the electrons to the anode surface. The conversion process can be deeply influenced by how the electrolyte solution, containing the carbon-energy source, moves inside the device. For this reason, fluid dynamic modeling is an important tool to explain the correlation between the fluid flow and power output production, optimizing also the overall MFC performance. Moreover, the morphology of anode electrodes results to be essential to guarantee and enhance the bacteria proliferation on them, improving the energy conversion.
{"title":"The Role of Material Selection and Microfluidics for Optimized Energy Conversion in Microbial Fuel Cells","authors":"G. Massaglia, M. Quaglio","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78641","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78641","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter book aims to present some key aspects, which play a crucial role to optimize the energy conversion process occurring in microbial fuel cells (MFCs): fluid dynamics and the materials selected as anodic electrodes. MFCs are (bio)-electrochemical devices that directly convert chemical energy into electrical energy, thanks to the metabolic activity of some bacteria. In the anodic compartment, these bacteria, named exoelectrogens, are able to oxidize the organic matter, directly releasing the electrons to the anode surface. The conversion process can be deeply influenced by how the electrolyte solution, containing the carbon-energy source, moves inside the device. For this reason, fluid dynamic modeling is an important tool to explain the correlation between the fluid flow and power output production, optimizing also the overall MFC performance. Moreover, the morphology of anode electrodes results to be essential to guarantee and enhance the bacteria proliferation on them, improving the energy conversion.","PeriodicalId":338817,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion - Current Technologies and Future Trends","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124979352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79413
Songgang Qiu, Laura D. Solomon
Free-Piston Stirling Engines (FPSEs) have recently attracted attention as a promising energy conversion technology because of their desirable characteristics such as high effi -ciency, high reliability, and easy and quiet operation. FPSE are truly a closed cycle system that works using variations in the internal pressure to drive the power piston that is con nected to the reciprocating magnets in a linear alternator for energy conversion. The lack of manual linages and the use of clearance seals in a FPSE increase both the system’s reli ability and lifespan, as there is no contact or wear on the seals. These desirable attributes coupled with the fuel independence of FPSE makes them ideal candidates for use in remote power generation applications, particularly where maintenance is a high concern such as in NASA deep space missions, solar power generator, and combined heat and power systems. This chapter presents an introduction to FPSE along with a brief review of the underlying thermodynamics and Stirling cycle analysis. The general engineering analysis and numerical modeling approaches of Stirling engines will be discussed, fol - lowed by a section of engine design and efficiency calculations.
{"title":"Free-Piston Stirling Engine Generators","authors":"Songgang Qiu, Laura D. Solomon","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79413","url":null,"abstract":"Free-Piston Stirling Engines (FPSEs) have recently attracted attention as a promising energy conversion technology because of their desirable characteristics such as high effi -ciency, high reliability, and easy and quiet operation. FPSE are truly a closed cycle system that works using variations in the internal pressure to drive the power piston that is con nected to the reciprocating magnets in a linear alternator for energy conversion. The lack of manual linages and the use of clearance seals in a FPSE increase both the system’s reli ability and lifespan, as there is no contact or wear on the seals. These desirable attributes coupled with the fuel independence of FPSE makes them ideal candidates for use in remote power generation applications, particularly where maintenance is a high concern such as in NASA deep space missions, solar power generator, and combined heat and power systems. This chapter presents an introduction to FPSE along with a brief review of the underlying thermodynamics and Stirling cycle analysis. The general engineering analysis and numerical modeling approaches of Stirling engines will be discussed, fol - lowed by a section of engine design and efficiency calculations.","PeriodicalId":338817,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion - Current Technologies and Future Trends","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128557681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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