Pub Date : 2020-12-18DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469661216.003.0007
Mical Raz
The book ends by questioning the legacy of child welfare policies since the late 1960s. A deliberate attempt to avoid implicating socioeconomic status and race in child abuse led to the creation of our current child welfare system, which disproportionately intrudes into the lives of low income and minority families. Raz emphasizes the importance of recognizing the complex history of our current child welfare system in any attempts at future reform. Raz argues for a complete reform of our child welfare system, which would separate child abuse investigations from the provision of services
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Pub Date : 2020-12-18DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469661216.003.0003
Mical Raz
Chapter 2 focuses on the work of child welfare researchers who emphasized the roles of socioeconomic and racial disparities as important risk factors for child abuse. It recreates a historical moment in which addressing poverty was depicted as a means of “primary prevention” of abuse. It also examines the history of the New York Foundling Hospital’s Crisis Nursery in the early 1970s, a respite care service designed by pediatrician, Vincent Fontana, to be a tool to prevent child abuse in struggling families. While numerous well-respected researchers and practitioners advocated for the importance of addressing structural inequalities in the prevention of child abuse, this approach was never accepted as mainstream. This chapter examines how and why such approaches were marginalized, and at what expense.
{"title":"The Road Not Taken","authors":"Mical Raz","doi":"10.5149/northcarolina/9781469661216.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469661216.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 2 focuses on the work of child welfare researchers who emphasized the roles of socioeconomic and racial disparities as important risk factors for child abuse. It recreates a historical moment in which addressing poverty was depicted as a means of “primary prevention” of abuse. It also examines the history of the New York Foundling Hospital’s Crisis Nursery in the early 1970s, a respite care service designed by pediatrician, Vincent Fontana, to be a tool to prevent child abuse in struggling families. While numerous well-respected researchers and practitioners advocated for the importance of addressing structural inequalities in the prevention of child abuse, this approach was never accepted as mainstream. This chapter examines how and why such approaches were marginalized, and at what expense.","PeriodicalId":341595,"journal":{"name":"Abusive Policies","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131868870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-18DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469661216.003.0004
Mical Raz
This chapter examines the widespread acceptance of mandatory reporting as a powerful tool in combating child abuse. It follows the implementation of CAPTA (1973) throughout the country, and the unsuccessful attempt to legislate national standards for reporting child abuse in the mid 1970s. The chapter examines local and national statistics to examine the impact of expanding mandatory reporting, and questions why this tool was viewed as so powerful. In particular, it asks why the increase in reports was seen to be the pertinent measure of success, rather than measures of child well-being. The chapter follows the trajectory of mandatory reporting over the decades, and examines its long-lasting appeal, despite having significant unintended, but certainly foreseeable, consequences.
{"title":"Too Much Reporting, Too Little Service","authors":"Mical Raz","doi":"10.5149/northcarolina/9781469661216.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469661216.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the widespread acceptance of mandatory reporting as a powerful tool in combating child abuse. It follows the implementation of CAPTA (1973) throughout the country, and the unsuccessful attempt to legislate national standards for reporting child abuse in the mid 1970s. The chapter examines local and national statistics to examine the impact of expanding mandatory reporting, and questions why this tool was viewed as so powerful. In particular, it asks why the increase in reports was seen to be the pertinent measure of success, rather than measures of child well-being. The chapter follows the trajectory of mandatory reporting over the decades, and examines its long-lasting appeal, despite having significant unintended, but certainly foreseeable, consequences.","PeriodicalId":341595,"journal":{"name":"Abusive Policies","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121173278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-18DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469661216.003.0002
Mical Raz
Chapter One examines the role of the advocacy group Parents Anonymous in defining, broadening and disseminating perceptions of child abuse. This group was highly influential and played a pivotal role in shaping Senator Walter Mondale’s (D-MN) approach to the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act. The chapter also examines the group’s use of federal funds and multiple allegations of fiscal irregularities. The chapter ends in an examination of Jolly K’s, the group’s founder, use of racist language that culminated in her termination from the group, tragically leading to her suicide.
{"title":"Parents Anonymous and the Whitewashing of Child Abuse","authors":"Mical Raz","doi":"10.5149/northcarolina/9781469661216.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469661216.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter One examines the role of the advocacy group Parents Anonymous in defining, broadening and disseminating perceptions of child abuse. This group was highly influential and played a pivotal role in shaping Senator Walter Mondale’s (D-MN) approach to the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act. The chapter also examines the group’s use of federal funds and multiple allegations of fiscal irregularities. The chapter ends in an examination of Jolly K’s, the group’s founder, use of racist language that culminated in her termination from the group, tragically leading to her suicide.","PeriodicalId":341595,"journal":{"name":"Abusive Policies","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134124297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-18DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469661216.003.0006
Mical Raz
Chapter Five examines two episodes in the expansion of child abuse definitions. One was the rising awareness to the dangers and prevalence of child sexual abuse, particularly within their homes. The increased consciousness of children as potential victims of sexual exploitation led to the 1980s’ day care sexual abuse moral panic, as parents became convinced that ritual satanic abuse was rampant. Many of the same early Parents Anonymous supporters became prominent activists in this movement. It ultimately culminated in the “recovered” memory movement, which involved primarily white and middle-class families. Concurrently, a panic over crack cocaine use in pregnant mothers began in the early 1980s. Prosecutors and state legislators sought to utilize child abuse statutes to confine and punish pregnant women using drugs. In an era when addiction treatment was lacking, poverty was rampant and medical care was not adequately accessible, these interventions particularly targeted poor African American women. Racism was at the root of many attempts to control pregnant women’s bodies. In both cases, child abuse statutes were utilized in ways that did not protect children and often caused clear harm. The chapter ends in a discussion of the unfortunate consequences of these politicizations of child abuse definitions.
{"title":"Child Abuse in Black and White","authors":"Mical Raz","doi":"10.5149/northcarolina/9781469661216.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469661216.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter Five examines two episodes in the expansion of child abuse definitions. One was the rising awareness to the dangers and prevalence of child sexual abuse, particularly within their homes. The increased consciousness of children as potential victims of sexual exploitation led to the 1980s’ day care sexual abuse moral panic, as parents became convinced that ritual satanic abuse was rampant. Many of the same early Parents Anonymous supporters became prominent activists in this movement. It ultimately culminated in the “recovered” memory movement, which involved primarily white and middle-class families. Concurrently, a panic over crack cocaine use in pregnant mothers began in the early 1980s. Prosecutors and state legislators sought to utilize child abuse statutes to confine and punish pregnant women using drugs. In an era when addiction treatment was lacking, poverty was rampant and medical care was not adequately accessible, these interventions particularly targeted poor African American women. Racism was at the root of many attempts to control pregnant women’s bodies. In both cases, child abuse statutes were utilized in ways that did not protect children and often caused clear harm. The chapter ends in a discussion of the unfortunate consequences of these politicizations of child abuse definitions.","PeriodicalId":341595,"journal":{"name":"Abusive Policies","volume":"71 11","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133238956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-18DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469661216.003.0005
Mical Raz
Chapter Four focuses on the removal of children from their homes and placement in substitute care such as foster homes and institutions, which increased notably in the mid 1970s. Furthermore, the removal of large numbers of Native American children from their homes captured the attention of civil rights activists, who helped set the stage for the 1978 Indian Child Welfare Act. ICWA helped restore child welfare and placement decisions to tribal jurisdiction. Yet for African American families in urban cities, who were also disproportionately removed from their parents and spent longer in substitute care, there was little respite. African American children were not afforded similar protections as those Native American children and their families had gained. In fact, most debates focused on the need to increase adoption, rather than reduce foster care placement. No one cautioned that the expansion of child abuse definitions might be leading to unnecessary child removal. This chapter examines the processes leading to the over-removal of urban African American children, and the shift in discourse towards incentivizing adoption.
{"title":"From Child Welfare to Child Removal","authors":"Mical Raz","doi":"10.5149/northcarolina/9781469661216.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469661216.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter Four focuses on the removal of children from their homes and placement in substitute care such as foster homes and institutions, which increased notably in the mid 1970s. Furthermore, the removal of large numbers of Native American children from their homes captured the attention of civil rights activists, who helped set the stage for the 1978 Indian Child Welfare Act. ICWA helped restore child welfare and placement decisions to tribal jurisdiction. Yet for African American families in urban cities, who were also disproportionately removed from their parents and spent longer in substitute care, there was little respite. African American children were not afforded similar protections as those Native American children and their families had gained. In fact, most debates focused on the need to increase adoption, rather than reduce foster care placement. No one cautioned that the expansion of child abuse definitions might be leading to unnecessary child removal. This chapter examines the processes leading to the over-removal of urban African American children, and the shift in discourse towards incentivizing adoption.","PeriodicalId":341595,"journal":{"name":"Abusive Policies","volume":"159 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128913871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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