This chapter examines Seward’s final four years as secretary of state during the Johnson administration, following Lincoln’s death. Sustaining the policy of diplomatic pressure, but disdaining military intervention, Seward defined domestic US calls for a more belligerent posture and defended the Monroe Doctrine by forcing Napoleon III to withdraw French forces from Mexico. More important, the secretary turned back to the imperial agenda he had proclaimed in the 1850s. His greatest imperial success came with the purchase of Alaska; but his emphasis on commercial expansion, attempts to acquire Hawaii and islands in the Caribbean, to build a canal through Panama, and to implement an “open door” policy in East Asia provided a prescient blueprint for US imperial actions and advancement to great power status at the turn of the twentieth century.
{"title":"SEWARD AND EMPIRE, 1865–1869","authors":"J. A. Fry","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvbd8kdz.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvbd8kdz.8","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines Seward’s final four years as secretary of state during the Johnson administration, following Lincoln’s death. Sustaining the policy of diplomatic pressure, but disdaining military intervention, Seward defined domestic US calls for a more belligerent posture and defended the Monroe Doctrine by forcing Napoleon III to withdraw French forces from Mexico. More important, the secretary turned back to the imperial agenda he had proclaimed in the 1850s. His greatest imperial success came with the purchase of Alaska; but his emphasis on commercial expansion, attempts to acquire Hawaii and islands in the Caribbean, to build a canal through Panama, and to implement an “open door” policy in East Asia provided a prescient blueprint for US imperial actions and advancement to great power status at the turn of the twentieth century.","PeriodicalId":346275,"journal":{"name":"Lincoln, Seward, and US Foreign Relations in the Civil War Era","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125287375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"ACKNOWLEDGMENTS","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvbd8kdz.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvbd8kdz.10","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":346275,"journal":{"name":"Lincoln, Seward, and US Foreign Relations in the Civil War Era","volume":"155 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115178664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter examines US foreign policy challenges over the final two years of the war. Those challenges included the repercussions arising from US efforts to restrict neutral trade with the South, Confederate shipbuilding efforts in Great Britain and France, Confederate attempts to provoke an Anglo-American crisis by attacking the United States from Canada, and Napoleon III’s military and political intervention in Mexico and attempt to install a European monarch in the Western Hemisphere. By continuing their policy of belligerent warnings and timely conciliation, Lincoln and Seward successfully resolved all of these issues. Finally, this chapter includes coverage of the military and imperial dimensions of Lincoln’s policies toward Native Americans.
{"title":"VICTORY AND THE DEATH OF THE PARTNERSHIP, 1863–1865","authors":"J. A. Fry","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvbd8kdz.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvbd8kdz.7","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines US foreign policy challenges over the final two years of the war. Those challenges included the repercussions arising from US efforts to restrict neutral trade with the South, Confederate shipbuilding efforts in Great Britain and France, Confederate attempts to provoke an Anglo-American crisis by attacking the United States from Canada, and Napoleon III’s military and political intervention in Mexico and attempt to install a European monarch in the Western Hemisphere. By continuing their policy of belligerent warnings and timely conciliation, Lincoln and Seward successfully resolved all of these issues. Finally, this chapter includes coverage of the military and imperial dimensions of Lincoln’s policies toward Native Americans.","PeriodicalId":346275,"journal":{"name":"Lincoln, Seward, and US Foreign Relations in the Civil War Era","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131066188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-22DOI: 10.5810/kentucky/9780813177120.003.0007
J. A. Fry
President Abraham Lincoln and Secretary of State William Henry Seward confronted the greatest foreign policy challenge of their young, and still impermanent, nation’s existence. With the South’s secession and potential European intervention in the Civil War, national survival was literally at stake. Neither President Lincoln nor Secretary of State Seward could boast of the relevant foreign policy background and experience of several of their better-prepared predecessors, such as John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, or John Quincy Adams. Still, both were highly intelligent, well-read, shrewd political operatives, who had developed great skill in managing difficult contemporaries and complex public issues and problems. They were also quick studies who learned from both successes and failures....
{"title":"Conclusion","authors":"J. A. Fry","doi":"10.5810/kentucky/9780813177120.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813177120.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"President Abraham Lincoln and Secretary of State William Henry Seward confronted the greatest foreign policy challenge of their young, and still impermanent, nation’s existence. With the South’s secession and potential European intervention in the Civil War, national survival was literally at stake. Neither President Lincoln nor Secretary of State Seward could boast of the relevant foreign policy background and experience of several of their better-prepared predecessors, such as John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, or John Quincy Adams. Still, both were highly intelligent, well-read, shrewd political operatives, who had developed great skill in managing difficult contemporaries and complex public issues and problems. They were also quick studies who learned from both successes and failures....","PeriodicalId":346275,"journal":{"name":"Lincoln, Seward, and US Foreign Relations in the Civil War Era","volume":"111 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115944600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Back Matter","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvbd8kdz.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvbd8kdz.14","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":346275,"journal":{"name":"Lincoln, Seward, and US Foreign Relations in the Civil War Era","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116970263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter analyzes the bases and evolution of Lincoln and Seward’s personal friendship and professional partnership during the first year of the war. As Lincoln solidified his one-war policy and Seward implemented his purposeful bluster warning against European intervention in the American conflict, the two leaders responded to British and French recognition of the South’s status as a belligerent and instituted the North’s blockade of the Confederacy. Lincoln initiated his brilliant representation of the war’s international significance and assumed an increasingly active role as commander in chief, and Seward took the lead in the North’s decision to compromise and accept British demands in the dangerous Trent affair. All of this is set against British and French responses to the American war.
{"title":"The First Perilous Year, 1861","authors":"J. A. Fry","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvbd8kdz.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvbd8kdz.5","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter analyzes the bases and evolution of Lincoln and Seward’s personal friendship and professional partnership during the first year of the war. As Lincoln solidified his one-war policy and Seward implemented his purposeful bluster warning against European intervention in the American conflict, the two leaders responded to British and French recognition of the South’s status as a belligerent and instituted the North’s blockade of the Confederacy. Lincoln initiated his brilliant representation of the war’s international significance and assumed an increasingly active role as commander in chief, and Seward took the lead in the North’s decision to compromise and accept British demands in the dangerous Trent affair. All of this is set against British and French responses to the American war.","PeriodicalId":346275,"journal":{"name":"Lincoln, Seward, and US Foreign Relations in the Civil War Era","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134073491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter focuses on Lincoln’s decision to reject calls for Seward’s replacement as secretary of state and on the two partners’ successful efforts to block European diplomatic recognition of the Confederacy and intervention in the American war. Seward skillfully managed maritime issues associated with the blockade, and Lincoln shifted the primary stated emphasis of US diplomacy from preserving the Union to freeing the slaves. This shift was embodied in the Emancipation Proclamation and linked northern victory to abolishing slavery. When combined with the Confederate retreat following the battle of Antietam and Seward’s ongoing threats, the North’s stand on the side of liberty ultimately convinced British leaders not to intervene or to recognize the South—making 1862 the war’s pivotal foreign policy year.
{"title":"THE RECOGNITION AND CABINET CRISES, 1862","authors":"J. A. Fry","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvbd8kdz.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvbd8kdz.6","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on Lincoln’s decision to reject calls for Seward’s replacement as secretary of state and on the two partners’ successful efforts to block European diplomatic recognition of the Confederacy and intervention in the American war. Seward skillfully managed maritime issues associated with the blockade, and Lincoln shifted the primary stated emphasis of US diplomacy from preserving the Union to freeing the slaves. This shift was embodied in the Emancipation Proclamation and linked northern victory to abolishing slavery. When combined with the Confederate retreat following the battle of Antietam and Seward’s ongoing threats, the North’s stand on the side of liberty ultimately convinced British leaders not to intervene or to recognize the South—making 1862 the war’s pivotal foreign policy year.","PeriodicalId":346275,"journal":{"name":"Lincoln, Seward, and US Foreign Relations in the Civil War Era","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114208232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"CONCLUSION","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvbd8kdz.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvbd8kdz.9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":346275,"journal":{"name":"Lincoln, Seward, and US Foreign Relations in the Civil War Era","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117020892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"INDEX","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvbd8kdz.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvbd8kdz.13","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":346275,"journal":{"name":"Lincoln, Seward, and US Foreign Relations in the Civil War Era","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123176617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter examines the genesis of the unlikely Lincoln-Seward foreign policy partnership. Attention is given to their respective childhoods and educational opportunities, marriages, family lives, and legal careers. Both men gravitated to politics and moved from the Whig to Republican Party in the 1850s. Despite Seward’s much greater political prominence and success, Lincoln was selected as the Republican nominee for president in 1860 and went on to win the general election. Lincoln then made Seward his secretary of state, established his status as senior partner, and instituted his one-war policy as the administration responded to the South’s secession from the Union.
{"title":"Origins of the Foreign Policy Partnership, 1801–1861","authors":"J. A. Fry","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvbd8kdz.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvbd8kdz.4","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the genesis of the unlikely Lincoln-Seward foreign policy partnership. Attention is given to their respective childhoods and educational opportunities, marriages, family lives, and legal careers. Both men gravitated to politics and moved from the Whig to Republican Party in the 1850s. Despite Seward’s much greater political prominence and success, Lincoln was selected as the Republican nominee for president in 1860 and went on to win the general election. Lincoln then made Seward his secretary of state, established his status as senior partner, and instituted his one-war policy as the administration responded to the South’s secession from the Union.","PeriodicalId":346275,"journal":{"name":"Lincoln, Seward, and US Foreign Relations in the Civil War Era","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125757560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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