{"title":"Introduction and Overview","authors":"J. Harvey","doi":"10.1117/3.2530114.ch1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/3.2530114.ch1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":347238,"journal":{"name":"Understanding Surface Scatter: A Linear Systems Formulation","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125595038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Technical Background","authors":"J. Harvey","doi":"10.1117/3.2530114.ch2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/3.2530114.ch2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":347238,"journal":{"name":"Understanding Surface Scatter: A Linear Systems Formulation","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122559281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One of the earliest investigators of scattering from a rough surface was Lord Rayleigh. In 1896 he was investigating the reflection of acoustic waves. Later he noted the effects of poorly polished surfaces on optical performance and examined the effects of surface roughness and angle of incidence on the reflected beam. In 1907 Lord Rayleigh published an extensive vector perturbation theory of scattering from periodically corrugated reflection gratings, which was an extension of his previous work on the theory of sound. In 1919 Chenmoganadam derived a theory of scattered light based on the phase shift of the reflected beam due to the rough surface. However, it was not until World War II, when the problem of background clutter in radar applications became apparent, that a determined effort was made to solve the scattering problem for random surfaces. It was this problem of radar scatter from the sea associated with the detection of naval targets that motivated the work of Rice (1951) and others. Considerable work was also done in attempts to explain radar reflection from the moon.
{"title":"Historical Background of Surface Scatter Theory","authors":"J. Harvey","doi":"10.1117/3.2530114.CH3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/3.2530114.CH3","url":null,"abstract":"One of the earliest investigators of scattering from a rough surface was Lord Rayleigh. In 1896 he was investigating the reflection of acoustic waves. Later he noted the effects of poorly polished surfaces on optical performance and examined the effects of surface roughness and angle of incidence on the reflected beam. In 1907 Lord Rayleigh published an extensive vector perturbation theory of scattering from periodically corrugated reflection gratings, which was an extension of his previous work on the theory of sound. In 1919 Chenmoganadam derived a theory of scattered light based on the phase shift of the reflected beam due to the rough surface. However, it was not until World War II, when the problem of background clutter in radar applications became apparent, that a determined effort was made to solve the scattering problem for random surfaces. It was this problem of radar scatter from the sea associated with the detection of naval targets that motivated the work of Rice (1951) and others. Considerable work was also done in attempts to explain radar reflection from the moon.","PeriodicalId":347238,"journal":{"name":"Understanding Surface Scatter: A Linear Systems Formulation","volume":"4 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131754845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Surface scatter of electromagnetic radiation is not caused directly by surface roughness, but rather by the effect of the phase variation induced on the transmitted or reflected wavefront as it propagates; i.e., surface scatter is a diffraction phenomenon caused directly by the propagation process. The scatter behavior is thus strongly affected by: (1) the statistical nature of the surface, (2) the propagating wavelength, (3) the angle of incidence, and (4) the refractive index of the media both before and after the interface of the surface encountered.
{"title":"The Generalized Harvey–Shack Surface Scatter Theory","authors":"A. Krywonos","doi":"10.1117/3.2530114.CH5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/3.2530114.CH5","url":null,"abstract":"Surface scatter of electromagnetic radiation is not caused directly by surface roughness, but rather by the effect of the phase variation induced on the transmitted or reflected wavefront as it propagates; i.e., surface scatter is a diffraction phenomenon caused directly by the propagation process. The scatter behavior is thus strongly affected by: (1) the statistical nature of the surface, (2) the propagating wavelength, (3) the angle of incidence, and (4) the refractive index of the media both before and after the interface of the surface encountered.","PeriodicalId":347238,"journal":{"name":"Understanding Surface Scatter: A Linear Systems Formulation","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133874191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Numerical Validation of the GHS Surface Scatter Theory","authors":"J. Harvey, N. Choi","doi":"10.1117/3.2530114.CH6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/3.2530114.CH6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":347238,"journal":{"name":"Understanding Surface Scatter: A Linear Systems Formulation","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127741057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Two distinct camps of researchers have developed in the area of surface scatter phenomena. First, there are the theoretically inclined scientists or applied mathematicians who are perhaps drawn to the investigation of surface scatter phenomena because it is an area of practical interest that is mathematically and theoretically challenging. Second, there are the researchers in computer vision and computer animation who are less interested in rigorously solving the surface scatter problem. Their primary concern is merely having a surface scatter model that results in the realistic rendering of surfaces, textures, objects, and scenes under a wide variety of illumination conditions. This second group evaluated, implemented, and referenced an empirically modified Beckmann–Kirchhoff (BK) model reported in a nonpeer- reviewed conference proceedings in 1998. This empirically modified BK model was quantitatively compared to both the Rayleigh–Rice (RR) and the classical BK theories and eventually published in the archival literature.
{"title":"A Modified Beckmann–Kirchhoff Surface Scatter Model","authors":"C. Vernold","doi":"10.1117/3.2530114.CH4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/3.2530114.CH4","url":null,"abstract":"Two distinct camps of researchers have developed in the area of surface scatter phenomena. First, there are the theoretically inclined scientists or applied mathematicians who are perhaps drawn to the investigation of surface scatter phenomena because it is an area of practical interest that is mathematically and theoretically challenging. Second, there are the researchers in computer vision and computer animation who are less interested in rigorously solving the surface scatter problem. Their primary concern is merely having a surface scatter model that results in the realistic rendering of surfaces, textures, objects, and scenes under a wide variety of illumination conditions. This second group evaluated, implemented, and referenced an empirically modified Beckmann–Kirchhoff (BK) model reported in a nonpeer- reviewed conference proceedings in 1998. This empirically modified BK model was quantitatively compared to both the Rayleigh–Rice (RR) and the classical BK theories and eventually published in the archival literature.","PeriodicalId":347238,"journal":{"name":"Understanding Surface Scatter: A Linear Systems Formulation","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125523194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Back Matter","authors":"J. Harvey","doi":"10.1117/3.2530114.bm","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/3.2530114.bm","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":347238,"journal":{"name":"Understanding Surface Scatter: A Linear Systems Formulation","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114910202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Over the last few decades we have developed a linear systems formulation of surface scatter theory that has led to a good understanding of surface scatter phenomena for clean, smooth (or moderately rough) optical surfaces, and to accurately predict the scattered light behavior [bidirectional scatter distribution function (BSDF)] from measured or assumed surface metrology data. However, for many applications there is a strong need to be able to accurately model scattered light behavior for surfaces or materials for which we have insufficient information or knowledge to develop or apply an accurate scatter theory. Due to the Helmholtz reciprocity theorem, useful empirical scattering models can be developed with limited experimental scattering data, even without knowledge or understanding of the actual scattering mechanism.
{"title":"Empirical Modeling of Rough Surfaces and Subsurface Scatter","authors":"J. Harvey","doi":"10.1117/3.2530114.CH7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/3.2530114.CH7","url":null,"abstract":"Over the last few decades we have developed a linear systems formulation of surface scatter theory that has led to a good understanding of surface scatter phenomena for clean, smooth (or moderately rough) optical surfaces, and to accurately predict the scattered light behavior [bidirectional scatter distribution function (BSDF)] from measured or assumed surface metrology data. However, for many applications there is a strong need to be able to accurately model scattered light behavior for surfaces or materials for which we have insufficient information or knowledge to develop or apply an accurate scatter theory. Due to the Helmholtz reciprocity theorem, useful empirical scattering models can be developed with limited experimental scattering data, even without knowledge or understanding of the actual scattering mechanism.","PeriodicalId":347238,"journal":{"name":"Understanding Surface Scatter: A Linear Systems Formulation","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124420119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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