Pub Date : 2021-09-11DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.99972
K. Inubushi, M. Yashima
Soil is one of the important sources of nitrous oxide (N2O), which is generally producing through soil microbial processes, such as nitrification and denitrification. Agricultural soils receive chemical and organic fertilizers to maintain or increase crop yield and soil fertility, but several factors are influencing N2O emissions, such as types and conditions of soil and fertilizer, and rate, form, and timing of application. Mitigation of N2O is a challenging topic for future earth by using inhibitors, controlled-release fertilizers, and other amendments, but the cost and side effects should be considered for feasibility.
{"title":"Mitigation of Climate Change by Nitrogen Managements in Agriculture","authors":"K. Inubushi, M. Yashima","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.99972","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99972","url":null,"abstract":"Soil is one of the important sources of nitrous oxide (N2O), which is generally producing through soil microbial processes, such as nitrification and denitrification. Agricultural soils receive chemical and organic fertilizers to maintain or increase crop yield and soil fertility, but several factors are influencing N2O emissions, such as types and conditions of soil and fertilizer, and rate, form, and timing of application. Mitigation of N2O is a challenging topic for future earth by using inhibitors, controlled-release fertilizers, and other amendments, but the cost and side effects should be considered for feasibility.","PeriodicalId":347465,"journal":{"name":"Nitrogen in Agriculture - Physiological, Agricultural and Ecological Aspects [Working Title]","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124848231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-04DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.97759
V. Nascimento, G. Nogueira, G. Monteiro, W. V. A. Júnior, J. M. N. Freitas, C. F. Neto
As an essential element, Nitrogen is needed in large quantities for being an important component of cellular constituents and for plant metabolism, and its deficiency is one of the most common limitations for plant development. The study of the toxic effects of metal in plants involves a complex system of reactions that can be better determined once having a large attention of the different backgrounds of occurence to determinate how to proceed. The objective of this review is to add scientific knowledge, addressing the main functionalities and characteristics of this relation heavy metals – nitrogen metabolism in plant. Increasing industrialization and urbanization had anthropogenic contribution of heavy metals in biosphere and had largest availability in ecosystems. This toxicity in plants varies with plant species, specific metal, concentration, soil composition, as many heavy metals are considered to be essential for plant growth. Were provided data and reviews regarding the effect of heavy metals on nitrogen metabolism of plants and the responses of plants and the cross-talk of heavy metals and various stressors factors. Is clear to understand the relation between metals amount and the benefit or harm caused on plants, determining then, which mechanism should be activated to protect your physiological system.
{"title":"Influence of Heavy Metals on the Nitrogen Metabolism in Plants","authors":"V. Nascimento, G. Nogueira, G. Monteiro, W. V. A. Júnior, J. M. N. Freitas, C. F. Neto","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.97759","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97759","url":null,"abstract":"As an essential element, Nitrogen is needed in large quantities for being an important component of cellular constituents and for plant metabolism, and its deficiency is one of the most common limitations for plant development. The study of the toxic effects of metal in plants involves a complex system of reactions that can be better determined once having a large attention of the different backgrounds of occurence to determinate how to proceed. The objective of this review is to add scientific knowledge, addressing the main functionalities and characteristics of this relation heavy metals – nitrogen metabolism in plant. Increasing industrialization and urbanization had anthropogenic contribution of heavy metals in biosphere and had largest availability in ecosystems. This toxicity in plants varies with plant species, specific metal, concentration, soil composition, as many heavy metals are considered to be essential for plant growth. Were provided data and reviews regarding the effect of heavy metals on nitrogen metabolism of plants and the responses of plants and the cross-talk of heavy metals and various stressors factors. Is clear to understand the relation between metals amount and the benefit or harm caused on plants, determining then, which mechanism should be activated to protect your physiological system.","PeriodicalId":347465,"journal":{"name":"Nitrogen in Agriculture - Physiological, Agricultural and Ecological Aspects [Working Title]","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127889069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-02DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.99262
Soibam Helena Devi, I. Bhupenchandra, S. Sinyorita, S. Chongtham, E. L. Devi
The 20thcentury witnessed an augmentation in agricultural production, mainly through the progress and use of pesticides, fertilizers containing nitrogen and phosphorus, and developments in plant breeding and genetic skills. In the naturally existing ecology, rhizospheric soils have innumerable biological living beings to favor the plant development, nutrient assimilation, stress tolerance, disease deterrence, carbon seizing and others. These organisms include mycorrhizal fungi, bacteria, actinomycetes, etc. which solubilize nutrients and assist the plants in up taking by roots. Amongst them, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi have key importance in natural ecosystem, but high rate of chemical fertilizer in agricultural fields is diminishing its importance. The majority of the terrestrial plants form association with Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) or Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). This symbiosis confers benefits directly to the host plant’s growth and development through the acquisition of Phosphorus (P) and other mineral nutrients from the soil by the AMF. They may also enhance the protection of plants against pathogens and increases the plant diversity. This is achieved by the growth of AMF mycelium within the host root (intra radical) and out into the soil (extra radical) beyond. Proper management of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi has the potential to improve the profitability and sustainability of agricultural systems. AM fungi are especially important for sustainable farming systems because AM fungi are efficient when nutrient availability is low and when nutrients are bound to organic matter and soil particles.
{"title":"Mycorrhizal Fungi and Sustainable Agriculture","authors":"Soibam Helena Devi, I. Bhupenchandra, S. Sinyorita, S. Chongtham, E. L. Devi","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.99262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99262","url":null,"abstract":"The 20thcentury witnessed an augmentation in agricultural production, mainly through the progress and use of pesticides, fertilizers containing nitrogen and phosphorus, and developments in plant breeding and genetic skills. In the naturally existing ecology, rhizospheric soils have innumerable biological living beings to favor the plant development, nutrient assimilation, stress tolerance, disease deterrence, carbon seizing and others. These organisms include mycorrhizal fungi, bacteria, actinomycetes, etc. which solubilize nutrients and assist the plants in up taking by roots. Amongst them, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi have key importance in natural ecosystem, but high rate of chemical fertilizer in agricultural fields is diminishing its importance. The majority of the terrestrial plants form association with Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) or Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). This symbiosis confers benefits directly to the host plant’s growth and development through the acquisition of Phosphorus (P) and other mineral nutrients from the soil by the AMF. They may also enhance the protection of plants against pathogens and increases the plant diversity. This is achieved by the growth of AMF mycelium within the host root (intra radical) and out into the soil (extra radical) beyond. Proper management of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi has the potential to improve the profitability and sustainability of agricultural systems. AM fungi are especially important for sustainable farming systems because AM fungi are efficient when nutrient availability is low and when nutrients are bound to organic matter and soil particles.","PeriodicalId":347465,"journal":{"name":"Nitrogen in Agriculture - Physiological, Agricultural and Ecological Aspects [Working Title]","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129043879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-29DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.95399
Lu-Min Vaario, N. Matsushita
Most edible ectomycorrhizal (ECM) mushrooms are currently harvested from nature and many of them are high-priced. Demand for the wild mushrooms as a culinary delicacy has stimulated research that aims to understand (1) the puzzled role that the ECM fungi play in the forest ecosystem, and (2) nutritional and other requirements for fruiting, which is highly variable. In this review, we focus on understanding of the ECM fungi mediated carbon and nitrogen movement between the symbiotic partners and on the interactions with other fungi in forest ecosystems. Thereby, we better understand the diverse nitrogen requirements for edible ECM fungal growth and mushroom fruiting. We attempt to provide a theoretical basis for the future research of edible ECM mushrooms in wild and controlled conditions.
{"title":"Conservation of Edible Ectomycorrhizal Mushrooms: Understanding of the ECM Fungi Mediated Carbon and Nitrogen Movement within Forest Ecosystems","authors":"Lu-Min Vaario, N. Matsushita","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.95399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.95399","url":null,"abstract":"Most edible ectomycorrhizal (ECM) mushrooms are currently harvested from nature and many of them are high-priced. Demand for the wild mushrooms as a culinary delicacy has stimulated research that aims to understand (1) the puzzled role that the ECM fungi play in the forest ecosystem, and (2) nutritional and other requirements for fruiting, which is highly variable. In this review, we focus on understanding of the ECM fungi mediated carbon and nitrogen movement between the symbiotic partners and on the interactions with other fungi in forest ecosystems. Thereby, we better understand the diverse nitrogen requirements for edible ECM fungal growth and mushroom fruiting. We attempt to provide a theoretical basis for the future research of edible ECM mushrooms in wild and controlled conditions.","PeriodicalId":347465,"journal":{"name":"Nitrogen in Agriculture - Physiological, Agricultural and Ecological Aspects [Working Title]","volume":"168 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124696350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-04DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.95359
R. A. Muchanga, H. Araki
Adequate residue management may enhance the benefits of cover crops on greenhouse tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) productivity, soil N pool, N cycling, and environmental quality. Regardless of management, cover crops may maintain or increase soil N storage at 10 cm depth compared with bare fallow. Cover crops may also enhance microbial biomass N, as a result, soil N availability may increase with cover crops, except rye (Secale cereale L.), more so with hairy vetch (Vicia villosa R.; HV) incorporation than HV mulch and the biculture of HV and rye. Residual inorganic N at surface soil may increase with cover crops, more so with HV and rye monocultures than the biculture. Tomato yield may increase more with the biculture than either HV incorporation or HV mulch because of an efficient residue-N use by tomatoes. The biculture may change the N release pattern from both cover crops: rye of the biculture may release more N than the monoculture, while HV may release a similar or more N in the late than in the early period of tomato growth. With adequate seeding HV/rye ratio (2/1), biculture may maintain or increase soil N storage, increase N cycling and tomato yield, and improve environmental quality.
{"title":"Cover Crop Residue Management for Effective Use of Mineralized Nitrogen in Greenhouse Tomato Production","authors":"R. A. Muchanga, H. Araki","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.95359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.95359","url":null,"abstract":"Adequate residue management may enhance the benefits of cover crops on greenhouse tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) productivity, soil N pool, N cycling, and environmental quality. Regardless of management, cover crops may maintain or increase soil N storage at 10 cm depth compared with bare fallow. Cover crops may also enhance microbial biomass N, as a result, soil N availability may increase with cover crops, except rye (Secale cereale L.), more so with hairy vetch (Vicia villosa R.; HV) incorporation than HV mulch and the biculture of HV and rye. Residual inorganic N at surface soil may increase with cover crops, more so with HV and rye monocultures than the biculture. Tomato yield may increase more with the biculture than either HV incorporation or HV mulch because of an efficient residue-N use by tomatoes. The biculture may change the N release pattern from both cover crops: rye of the biculture may release more N than the monoculture, while HV may release a similar or more N in the late than in the early period of tomato growth. With adequate seeding HV/rye ratio (2/1), biculture may maintain or increase soil N storage, increase N cycling and tomato yield, and improve environmental quality.","PeriodicalId":347465,"journal":{"name":"Nitrogen in Agriculture - Physiological, Agricultural and Ecological Aspects [Working Title]","volume":"115 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117270270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-29DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.93741
M. Amirouche, D. Smadhi, L. Zella
The present study is highlighted through an experiment carried out over two consecutive years 2014–2016, in the sub humid region of Algiers. The methodology adopted concerns the variation of optimal nitrogen doses and their effects on the evolution of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivation, whose socio-economic impact is proven, using isotopic nitrogen (15 N) and the AquaCrop model. The experimental design adopted is of the complete randomized block type, with four (04) levels: 0 (control), 60, 120, and 180 kg N/ha with four (04) replicates. The results obtained showed that the 120 kg N/ha dose is the efficient dose to cover the nitrogen requirements of lettuce with an efficiency of 74.48%. The accuracy of the model in calibration was tested using the following statistical indicators: R2, nRMSE, and d, which are, respectively, 0.64 < R < 0.81; 18 < nRMSE <46.3 and 0.78 < d < 0.94 for canopy coverage and 0.92 < R < 0.98; 21.6 < nRMSE <34.5 and 0.91 < d < 0.96 for dry biomass. The AquaCrop model could be recommended as a practical tool to better manage agricultural practices including fertilization.
本研究是通过2014-2016年连续两年在阿尔及尔半湿润地区进行的一项实验来强调的。采用的方法涉及最佳氮素剂量的变化及其对生菜(Lactuca sativa L.)栽培进化的影响，其社会经济影响已被证明，使用同位素氮(15 N)和AquaCrop模型。试验采用完全随机区组设计，设4个(04)水平:0(对照)、60、120和180 kg N/ha，共4个重复。结果表明，120 kg N/ha是覆盖生菜氮素需求的有效剂量，效率为74.48%。采用R2、nRMSE、d等统计指标对模型的校正精度进行检验，分别为0.64 < R < 0.81;冠层盖度的nRMSE <46.3, 0.78 < d < 0.94, 0.92 < R < 0.98;干生物量为21.6 < nRMSE <34.5, 0.91 < d < 0.96。AquaCrop模型可以作为一种实用工具推荐，以更好地管理包括施肥在内的农业实践。
{"title":"Modeling of Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Lettuce Culture (Lactuca sativa): Isotopic Nitrogen (15 N) and AquaCrop","authors":"M. Amirouche, D. Smadhi, L. Zella","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.93741","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.93741","url":null,"abstract":"The present study is highlighted through an experiment carried out over two consecutive years 2014–2016, in the sub humid region of Algiers. The methodology adopted concerns the variation of optimal nitrogen doses and their effects on the evolution of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivation, whose socio-economic impact is proven, using isotopic nitrogen (15 N) and the AquaCrop model. The experimental design adopted is of the complete randomized block type, with four (04) levels: 0 (control), 60, 120, and 180 kg N/ha with four (04) replicates. The results obtained showed that the 120 kg N/ha dose is the efficient dose to cover the nitrogen requirements of lettuce with an efficiency of 74.48%. The accuracy of the model in calibration was tested using the following statistical indicators: R2, nRMSE, and d, which are, respectively, 0.64 < R < 0.81; 18 < nRMSE <46.3 and 0.78 < d < 0.94 for canopy coverage and 0.92 < R < 0.98; 21.6 < nRMSE <34.5 and 0.91 < d < 0.96 for dry biomass. The AquaCrop model could be recommended as a practical tool to better manage agricultural practices including fertilization.","PeriodicalId":347465,"journal":{"name":"Nitrogen in Agriculture - Physiological, Agricultural and Ecological Aspects [Working Title]","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122246422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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