Hugh Morris, Kevin T. Smith, PhD, S. Robinson, Maximilian Göttelmann, S. Fink, F. Schwarze
Abstract On wood surfaces and in planar section, zones lines appear as narrow and sharply delineated dark lines within wood visibly altered (“spalted”) by the decay process. In intact wood, zone lines define an irregular volume of decaying wood. They are primarily aggregations of melanised hyphae that enclose wood being decayed by a single genetic individual of a wood decay fungus. In the industry for speciality wood products, zone lines are highly valued, especially for decorative pieces produced from wood turnery. While zone lines are commonly found in naturally infected wood, they can also be induced under controlled conditions. Although with great economic potential for application, there is currently no spalting process to produce zone lines on a commercial scale for niche furniture and construction markets. Successfully spalting wood in a defined timeframe that meets industry expectations requires a knowledge of fungal species, wood colonisation strategies, fungal decay processes along with wood behaviour (i.e. its hygroscopicity), anatomy and wood mechanical properties in relation to fungal decay. This review identifies current limitations of zone-line spalting and looks at a novel approach to inducing wood by combining genetic individuals from the same fungal species, enabling the operator to homogenise the spalting method.
{"title":"The Dark Side of Fungal Competition and Resource Capture in Wood: Zone Line Spalting From Science to Application","authors":"Hugh Morris, Kevin T. Smith, PhD, S. Robinson, Maximilian Göttelmann, S. Fink, F. Schwarze","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3805244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3805244","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract On wood surfaces and in planar section, zones lines appear as narrow and sharply delineated dark lines within wood visibly altered (“spalted”) by the decay process. In intact wood, zone lines define an irregular volume of decaying wood. They are primarily aggregations of melanised hyphae that enclose wood being decayed by a single genetic individual of a wood decay fungus. In the industry for speciality wood products, zone lines are highly valued, especially for decorative pieces produced from wood turnery. While zone lines are commonly found in naturally infected wood, they can also be induced under controlled conditions. Although with great economic potential for application, there is currently no spalting process to produce zone lines on a commercial scale for niche furniture and construction markets. Successfully spalting wood in a defined timeframe that meets industry expectations requires a knowledge of fungal species, wood colonisation strategies, fungal decay processes along with wood behaviour (i.e. its hygroscopicity), anatomy and wood mechanical properties in relation to fungal decay. This review identifies current limitations of zone-line spalting and looks at a novel approach to inducing wood by combining genetic individuals from the same fungal species, enabling the operator to homogenise the spalting method.","PeriodicalId":356404,"journal":{"name":"AgriSciRN: Agricultural Research & Development (Topic)","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127179454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-30DOI: 10.15587/2706-5448.2020.218697
D. Odarchenko, K. Spodar, T. Karbivnycha, Evgenia V. Sokolova
The objects of research were 5 lactose-free and 5 ordinary (lactose) yoghurts presented on the market in Kharkiv (Ukraine). When carrying out research work, a complex of generally accepted chemical, physicochemical, mathematical methods was used, corrected for the merchandising evaluation of yoghurts.
The first stage of the study was to conduct a comparative organoleptic assessment of selected samples, paying attention to the uniformity of consistency, the presence of inclusions, the presence of foreign odors and flavors, as well as the uniformity of color.
According to the results of a comparative organoleptic quality assessment, it was found that all the studied samples of yoghurts had the same pure, sour milk taste, without extraneous odors unusual for the product, with a well-expressed sour taste. The results of the consistency assessment indicate that on the surface of sample No. 3 there was a separation of whey and a curd, with an undisturbed clot, which occurred due to the fact that lactose-free yoghurt was produced by the thermostatic method.
The second stage of the comparative merchandising assessment of selected yoghurt samples was to determine their main physical and chemical parameters in accordance with the requirements of DSTU 4343:2004 «Yoghurts. General technical requirements».
The analysis of the physicochemical indicators of the studied samples showed that only sample 1 had deviations from the requirements of the normative and technical documentation, namely, the content of the mass fraction of dry substances was lower by 0.3 %, which indicates non-compliance with the product manufacturing technology. The content of the mass fraction of dry substances of other samples was within acceptable limits.
When determining the content of titratable and active acidity, the mass fraction of fat in yoghurts, it was found that all the samples under study did not deviate from the requirements of the regulatory and technical documentation.
It was found that carrying out a commodity assessment (determination of organoleptic and physicochemical indicators) makes it possible to obtain a set of results on the freshness of the studied samples of lactose-free and ordinary (lactose) yoghurts.
{"title":"Conducting Commodity Assessment of Lactose Free and Ordinary (Lactose) Yoghurts on the Example of Ukrainian Producers","authors":"D. Odarchenko, K. Spodar, T. Karbivnycha, Evgenia V. Sokolova","doi":"10.15587/2706-5448.2020.218697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15587/2706-5448.2020.218697","url":null,"abstract":"The objects of research were 5 lactose-free and 5 ordinary (lactose) yoghurts presented on the market in Kharkiv (Ukraine). When carrying out research work, a complex of generally accepted chemical, physicochemical, mathematical methods was used, corrected for the merchandising evaluation of yoghurts.<br><br>The first stage of the study was to conduct a comparative organoleptic assessment of selected samples, paying attention to the uniformity of consistency, the presence of inclusions, the presence of foreign odors and flavors, as well as the uniformity of color.<br><br>According to the results of a comparative organoleptic quality assessment, it was found that all the studied samples of yoghurts had the same pure, sour milk taste, without extraneous odors unusual for the product, with a well-expressed sour taste. The results of the consistency assessment indicate that on the surface of sample No. 3 there was a separation of whey and a curd, with an undisturbed clot, which occurred due to the fact that lactose-free yoghurt was produced by the thermostatic method.<br><br>The second stage of the comparative merchandising assessment of selected yoghurt samples was to determine their main physical and chemical parameters in accordance with the requirements of DSTU 4343:2004 «Yoghurts. General technical requirements».<br><br>The analysis of the physicochemical indicators of the studied samples showed that only sample 1 had deviations from the requirements of the normative and technical documentation, namely, the content of the mass fraction of dry substances was lower by 0.3 %, which indicates non-compliance with the product manufacturing technology. The content of the mass fraction of dry substances of other samples was within acceptable limits.<br><br>When determining the content of titratable and active acidity, the mass fraction of fat in yoghurts, it was found that all the samples under study did not deviate from the requirements of the regulatory and technical documentation.<br><br>It was found that carrying out a commodity assessment (determination of organoleptic and physicochemical indicators) makes it possible to obtain a set of results on the freshness of the studied samples of lactose-free and ordinary (lactose) yoghurts.","PeriodicalId":356404,"journal":{"name":"AgriSciRN: Agricultural Research & Development (Topic)","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123897623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Z. Vaško, J. Andrei, D. Pavlović, M. Stevanovic, Milica G. Nikolić, S. Mladenovic Drinic, Dejana Stanić, D. Djurovic, V. Komlen, A. Petrovic, J. Hladnik, Djordje Moravčević, S. Vuković, D. Šunjka, A. Mičijević, B. Golić́, Savić Nebojša, V. Kalaba, M. Vekić, E. Gregorić, Bojan Matkovski, S. Ivanović, Z. Vasiljević, Subic Jonel
This book contain the proceedings of the IX International Symposium on Agricultural Sciences “AgroReS 2020”. According to the original plan, the symposium was supposed to be held in May in Trebinje, but due to the pandemic caused by the corona virus, it was postponed for September and finally held online from Banja Luka on 24th September 2020. Proceedings is published only electronically and is available free of charge on the AgroReS symposium website (https://agrores.net/en/proceedings/).
{"title":"International Symposium on Agricultural Sciences \"Agrores 2020","authors":"Z. Vaško, J. Andrei, D. Pavlović, M. Stevanovic, Milica G. Nikolić, S. Mladenovic Drinic, Dejana Stanić, D. Djurovic, V. Komlen, A. Petrovic, J. Hladnik, Djordje Moravčević, S. Vuković, D. Šunjka, A. Mičijević, B. Golić́, Savić Nebojša, V. Kalaba, M. Vekić, E. Gregorić, Bojan Matkovski, S. Ivanović, Z. Vasiljević, Subic Jonel","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3913312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3913312","url":null,"abstract":"This book contain the proceedings of the IX International Symposium on Agricultural Sciences “AgroReS 2020”. According to the original plan, the symposium was supposed to be held in May in Trebinje, but due to the pandemic caused by the corona virus, it was postponed for September and finally held online from Banja Luka on 24th September 2020. Proceedings is published only electronically and is available free of charge on the AgroReS symposium website (https://agrores.net/en/proceedings/).","PeriodicalId":356404,"journal":{"name":"AgriSciRN: Agricultural Research & Development (Topic)","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121256506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this paper is to analyse emergence of rural expert networks and their function on the basis of an example network. The case study concerns the European Rural Development Network (ERDN). Networking has been regarded as a central model of action during this century for most of fields of society and economy. The European Union emphasizes the role of cooperation between the Member States, organizations and regions. In addition, the EU research framework programmes are based on existing or project-based research networks in most cases. The number of rural networks has risen rapidly during the last years at regional, national as well as international level. In countries dominated by rural areas, especially in those with small population and sparse population structure, the need for networking has been highlighted because of low and scattered number of rural development actors and experts. There is a need to unite the limited resources. Networking is also expected to create new innovations, increase productivity and save public resources. The ERDN originates from Poland in 2002, and since then, the network has expanded such that in 2009 it aggregated rural researchers from around 20 European countries. The empirical material of this paper consists of a web survey directed at participants of ERDN. The survey was carried out in the spring of 2009. The results suggest that the hard-core group of actors is rather small, but they have managed to create and maintain an alive and innovative network of rural researchers. Involvement among the participants seems to have increased during the years, although there are many of those who just “visit” the meetings only once. So far, the network has been relative easy to manage due to the relatively small number of participants but, however, the possible expansion of the network may lead to a need for a new kind of organizational structure. According to opinions of ERDN participants, the greatest future challenges for the network are connected to ideas on even more profound forms of international research cooperation and accomplishment of research applications and proposals.
{"title":"Networking Rural Expertise","authors":"T. Muilu, Niina Kotavaara","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.139078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.139078","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this paper is to analyse emergence of rural expert networks and their function on the basis of an example network. The case study concerns the European Rural Development Network (ERDN). Networking has been regarded as a central model of action during this century for most of fields of society and economy. The European Union emphasizes the role of cooperation between the Member States, organizations and regions. In addition, the EU research framework programmes are based on existing or project-based research networks in most cases. The number of rural networks has risen rapidly during the last years at regional, national as well as international level. In countries dominated by rural areas, especially in those with small population and sparse population structure, the need for networking has been highlighted because of low and scattered number of rural development actors and experts. There is a need to unite the limited resources. Networking is also expected to create new innovations, increase productivity and save public resources. The ERDN originates from Poland in 2002, and since then, the network has expanded such that in 2009 it aggregated rural researchers from around 20 European countries. The empirical material of this paper consists of a web survey directed at participants of ERDN. The survey was carried out in the spring of 2009. The results suggest that the hard-core group of actors is rather small, but they have managed to create and maintain an alive and innovative network of rural researchers. Involvement among the participants seems to have increased during the years, although there are many of those who just “visit” the meetings only once. So far, the network has been relative easy to manage due to the relatively small number of participants but, however, the possible expansion of the network may lead to a need for a new kind of organizational structure. According to opinions of ERDN participants, the greatest future challenges for the network are connected to ideas on even more profound forms of international research cooperation and accomplishment of research applications and proposals.","PeriodicalId":356404,"journal":{"name":"AgriSciRN: Agricultural Research & Development (Topic)","volume":"62 16","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134127147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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