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Trends in Economic Inequality and News Mediascape 经济不平等趋势和新闻媒体景观
Pub Date : 2020-09-14 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190053901.003.0002
Hendrik Theine, D. Grabner
Chapter 2 engages with two major background themes: a review of inequality trends and how these are addressed by researchers in the economics field, and, secondly, the contours of change in the news media landscape. The first section reviews a key set of recent contributions in the field of economics on economic inequality. The next section turns to an overview of wealth and income inequality in the four countries that are at the centre of the empirical part of this volume (UK, Germany, Austria, and Ireland). The next two sections are concerned with academic responses to Piketty’s (2014) book and the subsequent academic debate on shifts in policies and institutional settings which can contribute to the reduction of inequality. The latter part of the chapter turn to the analysis of communicative resources, in particular changes in the news media sectors. It examines forms of inequality in ownership structures and concentration trends unfolding within the daily newspaper markets. Chapter 2 also wraps up with some concluding comments.
第2章涉及两个主要的背景主题:对不平等趋势的回顾以及经济学领域的研究人员如何解决这些问题,其次是新闻媒体格局变化的轮廓。第一部分回顾了经济学领域关于经济不平等的一系列重要贡献。下一节将对处于本卷实证部分中心的四个国家(英国、德国、奥地利和爱尔兰)的财富和收入不平等进行概述。接下来的两节将关注学术界对皮凯蒂(2014)书的回应,以及随后关于政策和制度设置变化的学术辩论,这些变化有助于减少不平等。本章的后半部分转向对传播资源的分析,特别是新闻媒体部门的变化。它考察了所有权结构和集中趋势在日报市场展开的不平等形式。第二章也是结束语。
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引用次数: 3
News Media and Economic Inequality 新闻媒体与经济不平等
Pub Date : 2020-09-14 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190053901.003.0010
A. Grisold, P. Preston
Chapter 10 provides an overview and a summary reflection on the key findings from the authors’ distinctive, cross-country study of news media coverage of economic inequality, viewed through the lens of journalistic responses to Piketty’s high-profile book on this theme. It examines key findings arising from cross-country empirical research, linking them to broader discourses on economic, material, and discursive aspects of power, public policies, and political economy, as well as cultural research on news media. This chapter also briefly considers the contours of requisite reforms if the present dominance of elite discourses are to be ameliorated when it comes to inequality and other economic issues of wider public interest.
第10章概述和总结了作者对新闻媒体报道经济不平等的独特的跨国研究的主要发现,通过对皮凯蒂关于这一主题的备受瞩目的书的新闻反应的镜头来观察。它考察了来自跨国实证研究的主要发现,将它们与权力、公共政策和政治经济学的经济、物质和话语方面的更广泛论述以及新闻媒体的文化研究联系起来。本章还简要地考虑了必要改革的轮廓,如果要改善目前精英话语的主导地位,当涉及到不平等和其他更广泛的公众利益的经济问题时。
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引用次数: 0
Inequality, Mediatization, and Critical Takes on Making the News 不平等、媒体化和新闻制作的批判性
Pub Date : 2020-09-14 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190053901.003.0003
P. Preston
Chapter 3 continues the initial review of existing research literature related to the changing role and forms of the media and economic affairs, and the issues of economic inequality in particular. It aims to identify some high-level ideas and concepts drawn from the fields of socioeconomics and political economy, as well as certain sub-sets of the communication and journalism studies fields, which shed light on the meaning of economic inequality and the key influences on the selection or making of news culture and journalistic practices. The chapter considers the shifting forms and meanings of economic equality in the modern social sciences, indicating the diversity of prior studies, engagement with, or neglect of inequality matters. It then moves on to address the notion of mediatization and select aspects of the evolving role and scope of the media in relation to economic and other societal processes, including those related to economic inequality. Next, some of the major approaches and prevailing perspectives on ‘making the news’ are identified. This outlines a typology of the prior research literature, noting a number of distinct schools in explaining the key influences on newsmaking and shaping journalism discourses. The authors focus on certain macro- and meso-level factors which influence news media and journalistic discourse (rather than individual-level characteristics or failings of journalists). The chapter ends with an outline of the authors’ transdisciplinary approach towards ‘making the news’, combining conceptual elements from both the critical cultural studies and political economy approaches. A final section considers conclusions and implications.
第3章继续对现有的研究文献进行初步回顾,这些文献涉及媒体和经济事务的角色和形式的变化,特别是经济不平等问题。它旨在从社会经济学和政治经济学领域以及传播学和新闻学研究领域的某些子集中找出一些高层次的思想和概念,这些思想和概念揭示了经济不平等的含义以及对新闻文化和新闻实践的选择或制作的关键影响。本章考虑了现代社会科学中经济平等的变化形式和意义,表明了先前研究的多样性,参与或忽视不平等问题。然后,它继续讨论媒介化的概念,并选择与经济和其他社会进程(包括与经济不平等有关的进程)有关的媒体不断发展的作用和范围的各个方面。接下来,确定了“制造新闻”的一些主要方法和流行观点。本文概述了先前研究文献的类型学,指出了一些不同的学派在解释对新闻制作和塑造新闻话语的关键影响。作者关注影响新闻媒体和新闻话语的某些宏观和中观因素(而不是记者个人层面的特征或失败)。本章最后概述了作者对“制造新闻”的跨学科方法,结合了批判性文化研究和政治经济学方法的概念元素。最后一节考虑结论和含义。
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引用次数: 0
Meritocracy, Markets, Social Mobility 精英管理,市场,社会流动性
Pub Date : 2020-09-14 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190053901.003.0007
A. Grisold, Henry Silke
Chapter 7 examines the subset of the corpus of newspaper articles which reacted negatively with respect to key features of Piketty’s analysis and findings. The chapter focuses on those articles which advanced defensive discourses on inequality, seeking to either downplay, deny, or conflate the key findings related to the secular trend of growing inequality. The approach and treatment in this chapter proposes that such discourses can be found in a number of categories: firstly, where the challenges focus on the method used in Piketty’s research and/or the data; secondly, where inequality is defined and treated not as a problem but rather a necessity (i.e., for innovation); and finally, discourses that oppose regulation or other intervention (such as redistribution policies) with the argument or assumption that any regulation would make matters worse.
第7章考察了报纸文章语料库的子集,这些文章对皮凯蒂的分析和发现的关键特征做出了负面反应。本章的重点是那些对不平等提出防御性论述的文章,这些文章试图淡化、否认或合并与不平等日益增长的长期趋势有关的主要发现。本章的方法和处理表明,这样的话语可以在许多类别中找到:首先,挑战集中在皮凯蒂的研究和/或数据中使用的方法上;其次,不平等被定义和对待,而不是一个问题,而是一种必需品(即,为了创新);最后,反对监管或其他干预(如再分配政策)的论述,其论点或假设是,任何监管都会使事情变得更糟。
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引用次数: 0
Media and Economic Inequality 媒体与经济不平等
Pub Date : 2020-09-14 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190053901.003.0004
A. Grisold, Hendrik Theine
Chapter 4 reviews a focused selection of the existing research which sheds light on the role that the media play in relation to the circulation of certain sets of ideas and discourses concerning inequality issues and redistribution policies (i.e., the shaping of inequality preferences and beliefs). The main aim in this chapter is to analyse prior empirical studies which explore how this is shaped and informed by media coverage and engagement. To do so, the authors first outline the findings of survey data analyses on individuals’ perception of inequality, and their related position towards the necessity of redistribution. After that, the chapter provides a systematic overview of contemporary empirical studies which examine the media coverage of economic inequality and redistribution policies, and thus debate the role mass media play as information providers. We assess the underlying assumptions and the methodological approaches guiding the respective empirical findings, highlight the merits of this body of work and identify open questions for further research. The last part of this chapter provides a discussion of (currently rather neglected) political economy theories that offer rich theoretical approaches to study media, power, and inequality, thus an enhanced theoretically informed understanding beyond the mere empiricism.
第4章回顾了现有研究的重点选择,这些研究揭示了媒体在有关不平等问题和再分配政策(即,不平等偏好和信念的形成)的某些思想和话语的流通中所起的作用。本章的主要目的是分析之前的实证研究,这些研究探讨了媒体报道和参与是如何塑造和影响这一目标的。为此,作者首先概述了对个人对不平等的看法的调查数据分析的结果,以及他们对再分配必要性的相关立场。之后,本章提供了当代实证研究的系统概述,这些研究考察了媒体对经济不平等和再分配政策的报道,从而辩论了大众媒体作为信息提供者所扮演的角色。我们评估了潜在的假设和指导各自实证结果的方法方法,强调了这一工作的优点,并确定了进一步研究的开放性问题。本章的最后一部分讨论了(目前相当被忽视的)政治经济学理论,这些理论为研究媒体、权力和不平等提供了丰富的理论方法,从而提高了理论知识的理解,超越了纯粹的经验主义。
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引用次数: 0
Social Semiotics and Journalistic Discourses on Economics and Inequality 社会符号学与经济与不平等的新闻话语
Pub Date : 2020-09-14 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190053901.003.0005
M. Rieder, Henry Silke
This chapter continues the review of research and discussion of key features of economic news and how economic ideas and practices are shaped by the media. The focus falls on communication channels and the various ways in which language is used to construct certain perceptions of society and the economy. In particular, it introduces social semiotics and critical discourse analysis as theories in the field of communication studies and linguistics. In tandem, these provide rich concepts and analytical tools to explore the communicative and meaning-making patterns that journalists, editors, and news agencies use when describing particular social or economic concepts. This chapter also addresses related issues such as journalistic blind spots and silences in public discourse. It provides an overview of social semiotic theory, followed by a discussion on some of the relevant key concepts. It then moves on to discuss discourse analysis and journalism, focusing on the text. Next the attention turns to journalistic texts, discourses and ideologies and the role they play in wider society. Here, we will contend that journalism cannot be seen as simply an objective and dispassionate observer but rather a part of the wider system of semiosis, that is the dialectical relationship between discourse and society often represented by ‘common sense’ ideas on how the world works, ideas that may go on to influence both macro and micro decision-making in the economic and wider world. Finally, the authors address the role of journalism in economic processes alongside journalistic representation of economics and economic processes.
本章继续回顾经济新闻的主要特征以及媒体如何塑造经济思想和实践的研究和讨论。重点是沟通渠道和各种方式,其中语言是用来构建社会和经济的某些看法。特别是,它介绍了社会符号学和批判话语分析作为理论在传播学和语言学领域。同时,这些提供了丰富的概念和分析工具来探索记者、编辑和新闻机构在描述特定社会或经济概念时使用的交流和意义形成模式。本章还讨论了新闻盲点和公共话语中的沉默等相关问题。它提供了社会符号学理论的概述,随后讨论了一些相关的关键概念。然后继续讨论话语分析和新闻,重点是文本。接下来,关注转向新闻文本,话语和意识形态及其在更广泛的社会中发挥的作用。在这里,我们将争辩说,新闻不能被视为简单的客观和冷静的观察者,而是更广泛的符号学系统的一部分,这是话语和社会之间的辩证关系,通常以关于世界如何运作的“常识”思想为代表,这些思想可能继续影响经济和更广泛世界的宏观和微观决策。最后,作者讨论了新闻在经济过程中的作用,以及经济和经济过程的新闻代表。
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引用次数: 0
Stagnation, Social Tensions, Unfairness 停滞,社会紧张,不公平
Pub Date : 2020-09-14 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190053901.003.0008
D. Grabner, A. Grisold, Hendrik Theine
Chapter 8 provides an analysis of the subset of news media discourses which argued that inequality is a problem, clearly an important category for the examination of the overall media debate on Piketty’s book. Those discourses centre around considerations of fairness, frequently focusing on political and economic consequences. All relevant articles treating inequality is a problem are subject to focused analysis, whilst a detailed analysis is undertaken in the case of a subset of highly relevant texts. The authors also observe and address various significant silences in the corpus of newspaper articles, a concept derived from prior critical cultural, linguistic, and discourse studies. This refers to important themes or issues which are ignored in the newspaper texts but which would be reasonably considered decisive factors when discussing growing inequality. Table 8.1 provides an overview of the main results of coding and analysis of the discourses in all those newspaper articles in the corpus which provide, define and treat inequality as a problem. As they comprise a significant share of coded segments, the authors then concentrate on the most frequent and relevant news texts for a more elaborate analysis. The chapter proceeds to examine both the obvious and the subtle ways in which these newspaper article set about constructing economic inequality as a problem. The final sections further consider and discuss the key findings in relation to theoretical considerations.
第8章对新闻媒体话语的子集进行了分析,这些话语认为不平等是一个问题,这显然是对皮凯蒂书中整个媒体辩论进行审查的一个重要类别。这些论述围绕着对公平的考虑,往往侧重于政治和经济后果。所有处理不平等问题的相关文章都将进行重点分析,而在高度相关文本的子集的情况下进行详细分析。作者还观察并解决了报纸文章语料库中各种重要的沉默,这是一个源自先前批判性文化,语言和话语研究的概念。这是指在报纸文本中被忽视的重要主题或问题,但在讨论日益严重的不平等时,这些主题或问题会被合理地视为决定性因素。表8.1概述了语料库中所有报纸文章中提供、定义和对待不平等问题的话语的编码和分析的主要结果。由于它们包含了编码片段的重要份额,作者然后集中在最频繁和相关的新闻文本进行更详细的分析。本章继续研究这些报纸文章将经济不平等视为一个问题的明显和微妙的方式。最后部分进一步考虑和讨论与理论考虑相关的主要发现。
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引用次数: 0
Is This Feasible? 这可行吗?
Pub Date : 2020-09-14 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190053901.003.0009
A. Grisold, M. Rieder, Hendrik Theine
This chapter presents an analysis of the corpus of newspaper articles focused on how news media engage with themes and issues related to redistribution policies. One frequently posed question in this context concerns the feasibility and effectiveness of enhanced redistribution policies. Another set of questions concern the scope, role, and optimal approach to novel forms of global wealth tax, the redistribution policy most commonly referred to in the corpus of news media discourses. In the effort to unveil the interrelatedness of dominance, power, and control of readership opinion so often manifest in the news media texts, it becomes clear that the use of language is crucial in discourses related to policy options. Thus, this chapter draws on primary research materials to provide distinctive insights on the approach and discourses of the news media in shaping the readers’ knowledge, opinion, or beliefs with respect to the wider potential, role, and scope of redistribution policies. Chapter 9 provides an in-depth analysis of the ways redistribution policies are portrayed within the overall Piketty debate. After a short quantitative section examining what types of redistribution policies are mentioned or discussed, the chapter provides a detailed analysis of the legitimation strategies expressing a negative or a positive stance towards redistribution policies. Finally, the chapter discusses two common themes in the overall corpus: that articles ascribe a highly ambivalent role to the state, and a positive role to the entrepreneur as innovator.
本章介绍了对报纸文章语料库的分析,重点是新闻媒体如何参与与再分配政策相关的主题和问题。在这方面经常提出的一个问题是加强再分配政策的可行性和有效性。另一组问题涉及全球财富税的范围、作用和新形式的最佳方法,这是新闻媒体话语中最常提到的再分配政策。在努力揭示新闻媒体文本中经常出现的支配地位、权力和读者意见控制的相互关系时,很明显,语言的使用在与政策选择相关的话语中至关重要。因此,本章借鉴了主要的研究材料,就新闻媒体在塑造读者的知识、意见或信仰方面的方法和话语提供了独特的见解,这些知识、意见或信仰与再分配政策的更广泛的潜力、作用和范围有关。第9章深入分析了在皮凯蒂的整个辩论中,再分配政策是如何被描绘出来的。在一个简短的定量部分检查了提到或讨论了什么类型的再分配政策之后,本章详细分析了对再分配政策表达消极或积极立场的合法化策略。最后,本章讨论了整个语料库中的两个共同主题:文章将高度矛盾的角色赋予了国家,而将积极的角色赋予了企业家作为创新者。
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引用次数: 0
Media Coverage of Economic Inequality 媒体对经济不平等的报道
Pub Date : 2020-09-14 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190053901.003.0006
M. Rieder, Henry Silke, Hendrik Theine
Chapter 6 at first introduces the design of the empirical study (research agenda, approach, and methods adopted) of newspaper coverage of economic inequality in four countries. It describes the key selections and methods which defined the corpus of empirical materials at the heart of the authors’ original primary research. It then provides a summary overview of key aspects of our empirical research findings. Next, there is a summary discussion of the overall findings from the authors’ corpus of news media materials and data collection strategies. The chapter proceeds to examine the particular arguments in Piketty’s book which are either highlighted or neglected by the coverage in the newspaper articles forming the corpus of primary materials. It then moves on to present overall assessments of the coverage of Piketty’s book by the selected news media in the four countries. The authors identify and discuss how individual newspapers in the sample tend to agree or disagree with the key themes and argument in Piketty’s book. Responses engaging with the methods and data informing Piketty’s research and publications are also considered. Next, the chapter considers the newspapers’ engagement with discourses on economic inequality and the authors’ stances on whether or not economic inequality is problematic for the economy and society. An initial summary overview of trends in the discussion of Piketty’s policy proposals is presented, and the chapter concludes with the importance of sourcing. The following tables/graphs and figures—unless otherwise declared—are derived out of our empirical project and refer to original data generated throughout the project.
第6章首先介绍了四个国家经济不平等报纸报道的实证研究设计(研究议程,方法和采用的方法)。它描述了关键的选择和方法,这些选择和方法定义了作者原始初级研究的核心经验材料的语料库。然后,它提供了我们的实证研究结果的关键方面的总结概述。接下来,对作者的新闻媒体材料语料库和数据收集策略的总体发现进行总结讨论。本章继续考察皮凯蒂书中的特定论点,这些论点要么被报纸文章的报道所强调,要么被忽视,形成了主要材料的语料库。然后,本文对这四个国家中选定的新闻媒体对皮凯蒂的书的报道进行了全面评估。作者确定并讨论了样本中的个别报纸是如何倾向于同意或不同意皮凯蒂书中的关键主题和论点的。与皮凯蒂的研究和出版物的方法和数据相结合的回应也被考虑在内。接下来,本章考虑了报纸对经济不平等的论述,以及作者对经济不平等是否对经济和社会有问题的立场。在皮凯蒂的政策建议的讨论趋势的初步总结概述,并在本章的结论与来源的重要性。以下表格/图表和数字(除非另有说明)来自我们的实证项目,并参考了整个项目中产生的原始数据。
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引用次数: 1
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Economic Inequality and News Media
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