首页 > 最新文献

Journal of High Technology Law最新文献

英文 中文
The Separation of (Economic) Power: A Cultural Environmental Perspective of Social Production and the Networked Public Sphere (经济)权力的分离:社会生产与网络化公共领域的文化环境视角
Pub Date : 2013-05-24 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.2269637
R. Cunningham
This article applies the second enclosure movement critique to Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs), It employs the emergent discourse of cultural environmentalism so as to diagnose and resolve IPR issues evident within the information environment. Cultural environmentalism borrows analytical frameworks from environmentalism, such as those relating to the commons, public choice theory, welfare economics, and ecology. The article provides a brief overview of the second enclosure movement critique and cultural environmentalism. It adopts the analytical framework of the commons. Specifically, it is the commons-related tragedies such as the tragedy of the commons, the tragedy of the anticommons, and the tragedy of (ignoring) the information semicommons, that provide insight into critical efficiency concerns that lie dormant within the information environment. Ultimately, the article argued that there are certain conditions and situations where social production may trump other modes of production within the information processing and allocation efficiency realms. Drawing upon Benkler’s hardware-code-content paradigm, it was seen that it is the code layer of a given technology that provides the greatest social production opportunities. The realization of these opportunities will depend, at least to some extent, on the cyclical timing of critical hardware infrastructure within a given industry. The fundamental thesis of this paper was that where relevant infrastructure is readily accessible; where the factors of production include undeveloped ideas and unarticulated know-how; and where the allocation of human creativity and/or intellectual input are relied upon as the impetus of innovation, social production may be the most efficient mode of production when contrasted with alternate modes of production such as state-, firm-, or market-based production. An important corollary of this article that is implicit within the paper is that social production provides opportunity to diversify the modes of production available within future technological production processes and, in so doing, affords the possibility of harnessing the critical liberal function of separating (economic) power.
本文将第二次圈地运动批判运用到知识产权问题上,运用文化环境主义的新兴话语来诊断和解决信息环境中出现的知识产权问题。文化环境主义借鉴了环境主义的分析框架,如公地理论、公共选择理论、福利经济学和生态学等。本文对第二次圈地运动批判与文化环境主义进行了简要概述。它采用了公地的分析框架。具体来说,与公共相关的悲剧,如公地悲剧、反公地悲剧和(忽视)信息半公地悲剧,提供了对信息环境中潜伏的关键效率问题的洞察。最后,本文认为在某些条件和情况下,社会生产可能在信息处理和配置效率领域胜过其他生产方式。根据Benkler的硬件-代码-内容范式,可以看出,给定技术的代码层提供了最大的社会生产机会。这些机会的实现至少在某种程度上取决于特定行业内关键硬件基础设施的周期时间。本文的基本论点是,在相关基础设施容易获得的地方;生产要素包括未发展的思想和未阐明的专门知识;在依靠人类创造力和/或智力投入的分配作为创新动力的地方,与国家、企业或市场生产等其他生产方式相比,社会生产可能是最有效的生产方式。本文隐含的一个重要推论是,社会生产为未来技术生产过程中可用的生产方式多样化提供了机会,并在此过程中提供了利用分离(经济)权力的关键自由功能的可能性。
{"title":"The Separation of (Economic) Power: A Cultural Environmental Perspective of Social Production and the Networked Public Sphere","authors":"R. Cunningham","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2269637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2269637","url":null,"abstract":"This article applies the second enclosure movement critique to Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs), It employs the emergent discourse of cultural environmentalism so as to diagnose and resolve IPR issues evident within the information environment. Cultural environmentalism borrows analytical frameworks from environmentalism, such as those relating to the commons, public choice theory, welfare economics, and ecology. The article provides a brief overview of the second enclosure movement critique and cultural environmentalism. It adopts the analytical framework of the commons. Specifically, it is the commons-related tragedies such as the tragedy of the commons, the tragedy of the anticommons, and the tragedy of (ignoring) the information semicommons, that provide insight into critical efficiency concerns that lie dormant within the information environment. Ultimately, the article argued that there are certain conditions and situations where social production may trump other modes of production within the information processing and allocation efficiency realms. Drawing upon Benkler’s hardware-code-content paradigm, it was seen that it is the code layer of a given technology that provides the greatest social production opportunities. The realization of these opportunities will depend, at least to some extent, on the cyclical timing of critical hardware infrastructure within a given industry. The fundamental thesis of this paper was that where relevant infrastructure is readily accessible; where the factors of production include undeveloped ideas and unarticulated know-how; and where the allocation of human creativity and/or intellectual input are relied upon as the impetus of innovation, social production may be the most efficient mode of production when contrasted with alternate modes of production such as state-, firm-, or market-based production. An important corollary of this article that is implicit within the paper is that social production provides opportunity to diversify the modes of production available within future technological production processes and, in so doing, affords the possibility of harnessing the critical liberal function of separating (economic) power.","PeriodicalId":367244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of High Technology Law","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127266427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Beyond Notice and Choice: Privacy, Norms, and Consent 超越通知与选择:隐私、规范与同意
Pub Date : 2013-03-25 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.2239099
R. Sloan, Richard Warner
Informational privacy is the ability to determine for yourself when and how others may collect and use your information. Adequate informational privacy requires a sufficiently broad ability to give or withhold free and informed consent to proposed uses.Notice and Choice (sometimes also called “notice and consent”) is the current paradigm for consent online. The Notice is a presentation of terms, typically in a privacy policy or terms of use agreement. The Choice is an action signifying acceptance of the terms, typically clicking on an “I agree” button, or simply using the website. Recent reports by the Federal Trade Commission explicitly endorse the Notice and Choice approach (and provide guidelines for its implementation). When the Notice contains information about data collection and use, the argument for Notice and Choice rests on two claims. First: a fully adequate implementation of the paradigm would ensure that website visitors can give free and informed consent to data collection and use practices. Second: the combined effect of all the individual decisions is an acceptable overall tradeoff between privacy and the benefits of collecting and using consumers’ data. There are (we contend) decisive critiques of both claims. So why do policy makers and privacy advocates continue to endorse Notice and Choice?Most likely, they see no need to seek an alternative. We find the critique of Notice and Choice conclusive, but our assessment is far from widely shared — and understandably so. Criticisms of Notice and Choice are scattered over several articles and books. No one has unified them and answered the obvious counterarguments. We do so. Making the critique plain, however, is not enough to ensure that policy makers turn to a viable alternative. The critiques are entirely negative; they do not offer any alternative to Notice and Choice. We offer an alternative: informational norms. When appropriate informational norms govern online data collection and use, they both ensure that visitors give free and informed consent to those practices, and yield an acceptable overall tradeoff between protecting privacy and the benefits of processing information. A fundamental difficulty is the lack of norms. Rapid advances in information processing technology have fueled new business models, and the rapid development has outpaced the slow evolution of norms. Notice and Choice cannot be pressed into service to remedy this lack. It is necessary to develop new norms.
信息隐私是指你自己决定他人何时以及如何收集和使用你的信息的能力。充分的信息隐私要求有足够广泛的能力对提议的使用给予或拒绝自由和知情的同意。通知和选择(有时也被称为“通知和同意”)是当前在线同意的范例。本通知是条款的陈述,通常在隐私政策或使用协议条款中。选择是一种表示接受条款的行为,通常是点击“我同意”按钮,或者简单地使用网站。联邦贸易委员会最近的报告明确支持通知和选择方法(并为其实施提供指导方针)。当通知包含有关数据收集和使用的信息时,通知和选择的论点基于两个声明。首先,充分实施该范式将确保网站访问者能够自由和知情地同意数据收集和使用做法。其次,所有个人决定的综合影响是隐私与收集和使用消费者数据的好处之间的一种可接受的整体权衡。(我们认为)对这两种说法都有决定性的批评。那么,为什么政策制定者和隐私倡导者继续支持通知和选择呢?最有可能的是,他们认为没有必要寻求替代方案。我们发现对《注意与选择》的批判是结论性的,但我们的评估远没有得到广泛认同——这是可以理解的。对通知和选择的批评分散在几篇文章和几本书中。没有人能将他们统一起来,并回答明显的反对意见。我们这样做了。然而,让批评变得直白,并不足以确保政策制定者转向一个可行的替代方案。这些评论完全是负面的;他们不提供任何通知和选择之外的选择。我们提供了另一种选择:信息规范。当适当的信息规范管理在线数据的收集和使用时,它们既能确保访问者对这些做法给予自由和知情的同意,又能在保护隐私和处理信息的好处之间产生可接受的总体权衡。一个根本的困难是缺乏规范。信息处理技术的快速发展催生了新的商业模式,其快速发展已经超过了规范的缓慢演变。注意和选择不能强迫服务来弥补这一缺陷。有必要制定新的规范。
{"title":"Beyond Notice and Choice: Privacy, Norms, and Consent","authors":"R. Sloan, Richard Warner","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2239099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2239099","url":null,"abstract":"Informational privacy is the ability to determine for yourself when and how others may collect and use your information. Adequate informational privacy requires a sufficiently broad ability to give or withhold free and informed consent to proposed uses.Notice and Choice (sometimes also called “notice and consent”) is the current paradigm for consent online. The Notice is a presentation of terms, typically in a privacy policy or terms of use agreement. The Choice is an action signifying acceptance of the terms, typically clicking on an “I agree” button, or simply using the website. Recent reports by the Federal Trade Commission explicitly endorse the Notice and Choice approach (and provide guidelines for its implementation). When the Notice contains information about data collection and use, the argument for Notice and Choice rests on two claims. First: a fully adequate implementation of the paradigm would ensure that website visitors can give free and informed consent to data collection and use practices. Second: the combined effect of all the individual decisions is an acceptable overall tradeoff between privacy and the benefits of collecting and using consumers’ data. There are (we contend) decisive critiques of both claims. So why do policy makers and privacy advocates continue to endorse Notice and Choice?Most likely, they see no need to seek an alternative. We find the critique of Notice and Choice conclusive, but our assessment is far from widely shared — and understandably so. Criticisms of Notice and Choice are scattered over several articles and books. No one has unified them and answered the obvious counterarguments. We do so. Making the critique plain, however, is not enough to ensure that policy makers turn to a viable alternative. The critiques are entirely negative; they do not offer any alternative to Notice and Choice. We offer an alternative: informational norms. When appropriate informational norms govern online data collection and use, they both ensure that visitors give free and informed consent to those practices, and yield an acceptable overall tradeoff between protecting privacy and the benefits of processing information. A fundamental difficulty is the lack of norms. Rapid advances in information processing technology have fueled new business models, and the rapid development has outpaced the slow evolution of norms. Notice and Choice cannot be pressed into service to remedy this lack. It is necessary to develop new norms.","PeriodicalId":367244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of High Technology Law","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121494641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 66
A System of Logo-Based Disclosure of DRM on Download Products 基于标识的下载产品DRM公示制度
Pub Date : 2007-04-29 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.983551
N. Aldrich
Digital Rights Management (DRM) technologies are used in an increasing number of products and industries. In addition to contract law and copyright law, DRM provides a third means - a technological means - of limiting consumers' abilities to use products they buy. Because DRM has a separate enforcement mechanism than contract law, however, notice to consumers of the presence of DRM may yield different requirements than in other areas of law. Even should the law not provide such a notice requirement, however, there are many reasons, including economic, customer relations, and corporate goodwill reasons why companies that use DRM would be best served to provide adequate notice of the presence and implementation of DRM on their products. To date, advanced notice of the presence of DRM has been nearly nonexistent; notice almost always comes in the form of a clause in the End User License Agreement (EULA) provided to customers post-transaction. Providing comprehensive yet effective notice (likely to be acknowledged by the consumer) in advance of the transaction poses many difficulties. Yet actual and comprehensive notice, acknowledged by the end user, is necessary to undermine the economic, legal, and customer relations problems addressed above. This article recommends a uniform logo-based system to disclose the presence and details of DRM to consumers in advance of commercial transactions on downloaded products.
数字版权管理(DRM)技术被越来越多的产品和行业所使用。除了合同法和版权法,DRM还提供了第三种手段——一种技术手段——限制消费者使用他们购买的产品的能力。但是,由于DRM具有与合同法不同的执行机制,因此通知消费者DRM的存在可能产生与其他法律领域不同的要求。然而,即使法律不提供这样的通知要求,也有许多原因,包括经济、客户关系和公司商誉原因,为什么使用DRM的公司最好提供足够的通知,说明其产品上DRM的存在和实施。迄今为止,关于DRM存在的预先通知几乎不存在;通知几乎总是以交易后提供给客户的最终用户许可协议(EULA)中的条款形式出现。在交易之前提供全面而有效的通知(可能得到消费者的认可)会带来许多困难。然而,最终用户承认的实际和全面的通知对于消除上述经济、法律和客户关系问题是必要的。本文建议采用统一的基于标识的系统,以便在下载产品进行商业交易之前向消费者披露DRM的存在和详细信息。
{"title":"A System of Logo-Based Disclosure of DRM on Download Products","authors":"N. Aldrich","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.983551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.983551","url":null,"abstract":"Digital Rights Management (DRM) technologies are used in an increasing number of products and industries. In addition to contract law and copyright law, DRM provides a third means - a technological means - of limiting consumers' abilities to use products they buy. Because DRM has a separate enforcement mechanism than contract law, however, notice to consumers of the presence of DRM may yield different requirements than in other areas of law. Even should the law not provide such a notice requirement, however, there are many reasons, including economic, customer relations, and corporate goodwill reasons why companies that use DRM would be best served to provide adequate notice of the presence and implementation of DRM on their products. To date, advanced notice of the presence of DRM has been nearly nonexistent; notice almost always comes in the form of a clause in the End User License Agreement (EULA) provided to customers post-transaction. Providing comprehensive yet effective notice (likely to be acknowledged by the consumer) in advance of the transaction poses many difficulties. Yet actual and comprehensive notice, acknowledged by the end user, is necessary to undermine the economic, legal, and customer relations problems addressed above. This article recommends a uniform logo-based system to disclose the presence and details of DRM to consumers in advance of commercial transactions on downloaded products.","PeriodicalId":367244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of High Technology Law","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125245254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Unleashing the Open Mobile Internet 释放开放的移动互联网
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-4666-8239-9.CH084
Robert Penchuk
Today’s society increasingly relies on mobile technology while remaining limited to a handful of Internet service providers (ISPs). Policymakers continue to struggle with how to provide nondiscriminatory Internet access without undermining the financial incentives needed to encourage continued infrastructure development. Applications like streaming media or peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing consume significantly more Internet resources than a traditional voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) telephone call. In response, Internet providers frequently degrade these bandwidth intensive applications to maximize profit. Many consider this practice discriminatory, believing that each user should be free to run the application of his choice on an equal basis with other users. With few exceptions, Internet users pay the same price to access the Internet regardless of which application they run. Without a mechanism to fairly price each application based on its consumption of Internet resources and value to the consumer, ISPs are incentivized to continue discriminating.
今天的社会越来越依赖于移动技术,但仍然局限于少数互联网服务提供商(isp)。政策制定者仍在努力解决如何在不破坏鼓励基础设施持续发展所需的财政激励的情况下,提供非歧视性的互联网接入。流媒体或点对点(P2P)文件共享等应用程序比传统的互联网协议语音(VoIP)电话呼叫消耗更多的互联网资源。作为回应,互联网提供商经常降低这些带宽密集型应用程序,以实现利润最大化。许多人认为这种做法具有歧视性,认为每个用户都应该在与其他用户平等的基础上自由地运行自己选择的应用程序。除了少数例外,互联网用户无论运行哪个应用程序都要支付相同的价格来访问互联网。如果没有一种机制来根据每个应用程序对互联网资源的消耗和对消费者的价值来公平地定价,互联网服务提供商就会受到激励,继续进行歧视。
{"title":"Unleashing the Open Mobile Internet","authors":"Robert Penchuk","doi":"10.4018/978-1-4666-8239-9.CH084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8239-9.CH084","url":null,"abstract":"Today’s society increasingly relies on mobile technology while remaining limited to a handful of Internet service providers (ISPs). Policymakers continue to struggle with how to provide nondiscriminatory Internet access without undermining the financial incentives needed to encourage continued infrastructure development. Applications like streaming media or peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing consume significantly more Internet resources than a traditional voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) telephone call. In response, Internet providers frequently degrade these bandwidth intensive applications to maximize profit. Many consider this practice discriminatory, believing that each user should be free to run the application of his choice on an equal basis with other users. With few exceptions, Internet users pay the same price to access the Internet regardless of which application they run. Without a mechanism to fairly price each application based on its consumption of Internet resources and value to the consumer, ISPs are incentivized to continue discriminating.","PeriodicalId":367244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of High Technology Law","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125980607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
期刊
Journal of High Technology Law
全部 Acc. Chem. Res. ACS Applied Bio Materials ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces ACS Appl. Nano Mater. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. ACS BIOMATER-SCI ENG ACS Catal. ACS Cent. Sci. ACS Chem. Biol. ACS Chemical Health & Safety ACS Chem. Neurosci. ACS Comb. Sci. ACS Earth Space Chem. ACS Energy Lett. ACS Infect. Dis. ACS Macro Lett. ACS Mater. Lett. ACS Med. Chem. Lett. ACS Nano ACS Omega ACS Photonics ACS Sens. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. ACS Synth. Biol. Anal. Chem. BIOCHEMISTRY-US Bioconjugate Chem. BIOMACROMOLECULES Chem. Res. Toxicol. Chem. Rev. Chem. Mater. CRYST GROWTH DES ENERG FUEL Environ. Sci. Technol. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. IND ENG CHEM RES Inorg. Chem. J. Agric. Food. Chem. J. Chem. Eng. Data J. Chem. Educ. J. Chem. Inf. Model. J. Chem. Theory Comput. J. Med. Chem. J. Nat. Prod. J PROTEOME RES J. Am. Chem. Soc. LANGMUIR MACROMOLECULES Mol. Pharmaceutics Nano Lett. Org. Lett. ORG PROCESS RES DEV ORGANOMETALLICS J. Org. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. A J. Phys. Chem. B J. Phys. Chem. C J. Phys. Chem. Lett. Analyst Anal. Methods Biomater. Sci. Catal. Sci. Technol. Chem. Commun. Chem. Soc. Rev. CHEM EDUC RES PRACT CRYSTENGCOMM Dalton Trans. Energy Environ. Sci. ENVIRON SCI-NANO ENVIRON SCI-PROC IMP ENVIRON SCI-WAT RES Faraday Discuss. Food Funct. Green Chem. Inorg. Chem. Front. Integr. Biol. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. J. Mater. Chem. A J. Mater. Chem. B J. Mater. Chem. C Lab Chip Mater. Chem. Front. Mater. Horiz. MEDCHEMCOMM Metallomics Mol. Biosyst. Mol. Syst. Des. Eng. Nanoscale Nanoscale Horiz. Nat. Prod. Rep. New J. Chem. Org. Biomol. Chem. Org. Chem. Front. PHOTOCH PHOTOBIO SCI PCCP Polym. Chem.
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
0
微信
客服QQ
Book学术公众号 扫码关注我们
反馈
×
意见反馈
请填写您的意见或建议
请填写您的手机或邮箱
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
现在去查看 取消
×
提示
确定
Book学术官方微信
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:481959085
Book学术
文献互助 智能选刊 最新文献 互助须知 联系我们:info@booksci.cn
Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。
Copyright © 2023 Book学术 All rights reserved.
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号 京ICP备2023020795号-1