Pub Date : 2019-03-18DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469648446.003.0008
Wendy Gonaver
The conclusion opens with discussion of Edgar Allen Poe’s “The System of Dr. Tarr and Prof. Feather,” a satire of moral treatment. Poe was a distant cousin of Superintendent John M. Galt, and he might have based his fictional institution on the Eastern Lunatic Asylum, particularly his depiction of the attendants as African apes. This story provides an opportunity to review the ideals and shortcomings of moral therapy, and to connect the history of psychiatry to analysis of race. It is asserted that racial antipathy undermined humane asylum care and stalled implementation of successful outpatient care models. Instead, moral medicine gave way to moral hygiene and eugenics as asylum and prison moved closer together. The conclusion ends with a brief discussion of psychiatrist Franz Fanon, who drew upon his professional experiences to outline a different asylum nightmare than that envisioned by Poe.
结语以对埃德加·爱伦·坡的《塔尔博士和费瑟教授的体系》的讨论开始，这是对道德治疗的讽刺。坡是院长约翰·m·高尔特(John M. Galt)的远房表亲，他的虚构机构可能是以东部疯人院为基础的，尤其是他把看护人员描绘成非洲猿猴。这个故事提供了一个机会来回顾道德治疗的理想和缺点，并将精神病学的历史与种族分析联系起来。有人断言，种族反感破坏了人道的庇护护理，并阻碍了成功的门诊护理模式的实施。相反，道德医学让位于道德卫生和优生学，因为收容所和监狱的关系越来越紧密。书的结尾是对精神病学家弗兰兹·法农(Franz Fanon)的简短讨论，他利用自己的专业经验勾勒出了一个不同于爱伦·坡所设想的精神病院噩梦。
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Pub Date : 2019-03-18DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469648446.003.0002
Wendy Gonaver
This chapter examines the life and writings of Superintendent John M Galt, and argues that the experience of heading an asylum in the United States South and the example of slaves hiring out prompted institutional innovation. Galt was the only American Superintendent to publicly endorse total non-restraint, reject racial segregation, and promote the cottage system of outpatient care. By showing that slavery provided the impetus for cost-saving initiatives that also maximized patients’ rights, this chapter connects the history of psychiatry with recent scholarship on slavery and modernity. Shunned by his peers in the Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane, Galt tried to establish a transnational network with superintendents in Brazil and Russia, two societies that were also shaped by systems of coercive labor.
本章考察了约翰·M·高尔特(John M . Galt)的生平和著作，并认为他在美国南部领导收容所的经历和奴隶被雇佣的例子促使了制度创新。高尔特是美国唯一一位公开支持完全不限制、反对种族隔离、提倡门诊部制度的教育总监。通过展示奴隶制为节约成本的举措提供了动力，同时也最大化了病人的权利，本章将精神病学的历史与最近关于奴隶制和现代性的学术研究联系起来。在美国精神病院医疗监督协会(Association of Medical supervisors of American Institutions for the insanity)，高尔特受到同行的回避，他试图与巴西和俄罗斯的医疗监督建立一个跨国网络，这两个国家也受到强制劳动制度的影响。
{"title":"No Peculiar Strictness Is Observed","authors":"Wendy Gonaver","doi":"10.5149/northcarolina/9781469648446.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469648446.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the life and writings of Superintendent John M Galt, and argues that the experience of heading an asylum in the United States South and the example of slaves hiring out prompted institutional innovation. Galt was the only American Superintendent to publicly endorse total non-restraint, reject racial segregation, and promote the cottage system of outpatient care. By showing that slavery provided the impetus for cost-saving initiatives that also maximized patients’ rights, this chapter connects the history of psychiatry with recent scholarship on slavery and modernity. Shunned by his peers in the Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane, Galt tried to establish a transnational network with superintendents in Brazil and Russia, two societies that were also shaped by systems of coercive labor.","PeriodicalId":368786,"journal":{"name":"The Peculiar Institution and the Making of Modern Psychiatry, 1840-1880","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128611496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-18DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469648446.003.0005
Wendy Gonaver
This chapter examines the chaotic lives of women committed to the asylum, and reveals how the principles of moral therapy were often undermined by the violence experienced by these patients, especially enslaved women. Domestic violence and poverty often precipitated problematic behavior and crimes like infanticide, yet asylum administrators increasingly chose to focus on female reproductive and sexual organs instead of the trauma that destabilized so many women. The asylum also promoted a racialized vision of healthy womanhood and motherhood that ignored the trauma of abuse, fostered dependency in white women, and disproportionately characterized black women as promiscuous imbeciles. This somatic emphasis on pregnancy, parturition, and puerperal fever as productive of insanity was at odds with the environmentalism of asylum medicine, but complemented the paternalism of asylum superintendents.
{"title":"Now She Is Choked","authors":"Wendy Gonaver","doi":"10.5149/northcarolina/9781469648446.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469648446.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the chaotic lives of women committed to the asylum, and reveals how the principles of moral therapy were often undermined by the violence experienced by these patients, especially enslaved women. Domestic violence and poverty often precipitated problematic behavior and crimes like infanticide, yet asylum administrators increasingly chose to focus on female reproductive and sexual organs instead of the trauma that destabilized so many women. The asylum also promoted a racialized vision of healthy womanhood and motherhood that ignored the trauma of abuse, fostered dependency in white women, and disproportionately characterized black women as promiscuous imbeciles. This somatic emphasis on pregnancy, parturition, and puerperal fever as productive of insanity was at odds with the environmentalism of asylum medicine, but complemented the paternalism of asylum superintendents.","PeriodicalId":368786,"journal":{"name":"The Peculiar Institution and the Making of Modern Psychiatry, 1840-1880","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115684825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-18DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469648446.003.0003
Wendy Gonaver
This chapter discusses the lives of the enslaved men and women who worked at the Eastern Lunatic Asylum, particularly their interactions with patients and administrators. Enslaved attendants were tasked with arduous labor; enslaved women were assigned the most menial jobs. They were also entrusted with significant authority; some were even authorized to seize and forcibly medicate patients when moral methods failed. Dorothea Dix and other asylum reformers criticized the asylum for its reliance on slave labor because they didn’t believe slaves were capable of providing moral treatment. Despite the challenges of institutional caregiving, enslaved attendants used their influence to assert their capacity for moral judgment. The actions of asylum slaves suggest that an ethic empathic equality rooted in Afro-Christianity was central to their conception of care.
{"title":"As the Eagle to the Sparrow","authors":"Wendy Gonaver","doi":"10.5149/northcarolina/9781469648446.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469648446.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses the lives of the enslaved men and women who worked at the Eastern Lunatic Asylum, particularly their interactions with patients and administrators. Enslaved attendants were tasked with arduous labor; enslaved women were assigned the most menial jobs. They were also entrusted with significant authority; some were even authorized to seize and forcibly medicate patients when moral methods failed. Dorothea Dix and other asylum reformers criticized the asylum for its reliance on slave labor because they didn’t believe slaves were capable of providing moral treatment. Despite the challenges of institutional caregiving, enslaved attendants used their influence to assert their capacity for moral judgment. The actions of asylum slaves suggest that an ethic empathic equality rooted in Afro-Christianity was central to their conception of care.","PeriodicalId":368786,"journal":{"name":"The Peculiar Institution and the Making of Modern Psychiatry, 1840-1880","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123628576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-18DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469648446.003.0006
Wendy Gonaver
This chapter looks at the transformation of asylum care that was initiated by the Civil War. At the Eastern Lunatic Asylum, the biggest change came after the suicide of Superintendent John M. Galt during Union occupation of Eastern Virginia. Ultimately, Galt’s death created opportunities for his professional rivals in the Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane to end his experiments with outpatient care and to insist upon the creation of segregated institutions for black and white patients. In the interim, the asylum was run by a series of Union doctors and civilians with the aid of former staff, including enslaved attendants. Operating during wartime was especially difficult for enslaved staff because their legal status was in limbo, and they were liable to seizure by raiding Confederates. Wartime shortages further compounded these challenges.
{"title":"So Different","authors":"Wendy Gonaver","doi":"10.5149/northcarolina/9781469648446.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469648446.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter looks at the transformation of asylum care that was initiated by the Civil War. At the Eastern Lunatic Asylum, the biggest change came after the suicide of Superintendent John M. Galt during Union occupation of Eastern Virginia. Ultimately, Galt’s death created opportunities for his professional rivals in the Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane to end his experiments with outpatient care and to insist upon the creation of segregated institutions for black and white patients. In the interim, the asylum was run by a series of Union doctors and civilians with the aid of former staff, including enslaved attendants. Operating during wartime was especially difficult for enslaved staff because their legal status was in limbo, and they were liable to seizure by raiding Confederates. Wartime shortages further compounded these challenges.","PeriodicalId":368786,"journal":{"name":"The Peculiar Institution and the Making of Modern Psychiatry, 1840-1880","volume":"166 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121395301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-18DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469648446.003.0007
Wendy Gonaver
The two decades after the Civil War saw the creation of a handful of insane asylums for African Americans in the South. The first of these institutions was the Central Lunatic Asylum of Virginia, to which all African American patients at the Eastern Lunatic Asylum were transferred at the end of the war. The quality of care at asylums generally deteriorated in this period due to overcrowding and underfunding, but this chapter argues that asylums for African Americans were at the opprobrious vanguard. Focusing on conditions at Central Lunatic Asylum reveals that moral means were immediately abandoned in favor of mechanical restraint and hard labor because white superintendents asserted that newly freedmen and women lacked a moral conscience and refined sensibilities. Using dehumanizing language, they characterized patients as sexually profligate and viewed African American religious culture as inferior.
{"title":"Not a Human Being","authors":"Wendy Gonaver","doi":"10.5149/northcarolina/9781469648446.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469648446.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"The two decades after the Civil War saw the creation of a handful of insane asylums for African Americans in the South. The first of these institutions was the Central Lunatic Asylum of Virginia, to which all African American patients at the Eastern Lunatic Asylum were transferred at the end of the war. The quality of care at asylums generally deteriorated in this period due to overcrowding and underfunding, but this chapter argues that asylums for African Americans were at the opprobrious vanguard. Focusing on conditions at Central Lunatic Asylum reveals that moral means were immediately abandoned in favor of mechanical restraint and hard labor because white superintendents asserted that newly freedmen and women lacked a moral conscience and refined sensibilities. Using dehumanizing language, they characterized patients as sexually profligate and viewed African American religious culture as inferior.","PeriodicalId":368786,"journal":{"name":"The Peculiar Institution and the Making of Modern Psychiatry, 1840-1880","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133644328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-18DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469648446.003.0004
Wendy Gonaver
One of the key cultural functions of nineteenth-century asylums was reframing mental suffering or “insanity” as medical illness—a secular experience—while also promoting the values of mainstream Protestantism, which, in the South, included the preservation of slavery. This process of cognitive reframing posed particular challenges for enslaved and white patients who adhered to marginal beliefs. Engaging in voodoo, believing oneself “tricked,” and espousing abolitionism were characterized as superstition or fanaticism by administrators who attempted to suppress these ideas and practices. Distinguishing between religion that promoted social conformity and that which fomented dissension was perceived as especially important at a time in which denominational schisms over slavery divided the nation’s churches and permeated political discourse.
{"title":"Servants, Obey Your Masters","authors":"Wendy Gonaver","doi":"10.5149/northcarolina/9781469648446.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469648446.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"One of the key cultural functions of nineteenth-century asylums was reframing mental suffering or “insanity” as medical illness—a secular experience—while also promoting the values of mainstream Protestantism, which, in the South, included the preservation of slavery. This process of cognitive reframing posed particular challenges for enslaved and white patients who adhered to marginal beliefs. Engaging in voodoo, believing oneself “tricked,” and espousing abolitionism were characterized as superstition or fanaticism by administrators who attempted to suppress these ideas and practices. Distinguishing between religion that promoted social conformity and that which fomented dissension was perceived as especially important at a time in which denominational schisms over slavery divided the nation’s churches and permeated political discourse.","PeriodicalId":368786,"journal":{"name":"The Peculiar Institution and the Making of Modern Psychiatry, 1840-1880","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114720204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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