Pub Date : 2018-12-20DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198826958.003.0002
Viviane Gravey, B. Moore
For the EU, environmental policy has been posited as both a source of legitimacy and an opportunity for international leadership. However, concerns have been raised that the 2007–8 economic crisis and its consequences have negatively affected the EU’s environmental ambition. This chapter addresses this issue by comparing the pre-crisis and post-crisis policy intensity of three EU environmental policy subsectors (environment–industry, climate and energy, and air-quality policy) using the Index of Policy Activity (IPA). The results suggest that average policy intensity has increased in these subsectors since the economic crisis. The pre-crisis policy intensity in the climate and energy subsector was significantly lower than environment–industry or air-quality policy, but a rapid increase has led to a post-crisis convergence.
{"title":"Full Steam Ahead or Dead in the Water? European Union Environmental Policy after the Economic Crisis","authors":"Viviane Gravey, B. Moore","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198826958.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198826958.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"For the EU, environmental policy has been posited as both a source of legitimacy and an opportunity for international leadership. However, concerns have been raised that the 2007–8 economic crisis and its consequences have negatively affected the EU’s environmental ambition. This chapter addresses this issue by comparing the pre-crisis and post-crisis policy intensity of three EU environmental policy subsectors (environment–industry, climate and energy, and air-quality policy) using the Index of Policy Activity (IPA). The results suggest that average policy intensity has increased in these subsectors since the economic crisis. The pre-crisis policy intensity in the climate and energy subsector was significantly lower than environment–industry or air-quality policy, but a rapid increase has led to a post-crisis convergence.","PeriodicalId":369672,"journal":{"name":"The Impact of the Economic Crisis on European Environmental Policy","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124049585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-20DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198826958.003.0005
B. Flynn
This chapter employs qualitative analysis to apply the Index of Policy Activity (IPA) to environmental policy in Ireland between 1995 and 2016. It develops the IPA by deploying the new indicator of ‘provenance’, which enables the lack of environmental policy innovation in Ireland to be demonstrated, finding the state to be a ‘policy-taker’ from the European Union. The chapter shows that, while Ireland was hugely affected by the economic crisis of 2007–8 and became the subject of a complex bailout from the Troika, the impact upon environmental policy has been limited. Ireland was a relative laggard prior to the crisis, and possessed a Green coalition government, so there have been few demands or scope for reversals and deregulation. Ironically, the chapter finds that crisis has been good for environmental policy outcomes and that a return to growth may pose the biggest challenge for the future of the Irish environment.
{"title":"Irish Environmental Policy after the Economic Crisis","authors":"B. Flynn","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198826958.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198826958.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter employs qualitative analysis to apply the Index of Policy Activity (IPA) to environmental policy in Ireland between 1995 and 2016. It develops the IPA by deploying the new indicator of ‘provenance’, which enables the lack of environmental policy innovation in Ireland to be demonstrated, finding the state to be a ‘policy-taker’ from the European Union. The chapter shows that, while Ireland was hugely affected by the economic crisis of 2007–8 and became the subject of a complex bailout from the Troika, the impact upon environmental policy has been limited. Ireland was a relative laggard prior to the crisis, and possessed a Green coalition government, so there have been few demands or scope for reversals and deregulation. Ironically, the chapter finds that crisis has been good for environmental policy outcomes and that a return to growth may pose the biggest challenge for the future of the Irish environment.","PeriodicalId":369672,"journal":{"name":"The Impact of the Economic Crisis on European Environmental Policy","volume":"83 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126398619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-20DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198826958.003.0007
Simona Davidescu
This chapter employs qualitative analysis to apply the Index of Policy Activity (IPA) to a relative newcomer to the European Union, Romania. The chapter analyses renewable energy legislation, and finds that the unexpected success of Romania in this policy area is actually a case of ‘reluctant and accidental compliance’ over the period 2008–17. The chapter reveals a case of active, high visibility dismantling from 2013 onwards, which domestic politicians consistently linked to the global financial crisis of 2007–8. However, the analysis suggests that past legacies, sloppy and vague policy formulation, and lack of learning were actually the real drivers of policy failure in Romania and therefore of policy dismantling.
{"title":"Environmental Policy in Times of Crisis","authors":"Simona Davidescu","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198826958.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198826958.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter employs qualitative analysis to apply the Index of Policy Activity (IPA) to a relative newcomer to the European Union, Romania. The chapter analyses renewable energy legislation, and finds that the unexpected success of Romania in this policy area is actually a case of ‘reluctant and accidental compliance’ over the period 2008–17. The chapter reveals a case of active, high visibility dismantling from 2013 onwards, which domestic politicians consistently linked to the global financial crisis of 2007–8. However, the analysis suggests that past legacies, sloppy and vague policy formulation, and lack of learning were actually the real drivers of policy failure in Romania and therefore of policy dismantling.","PeriodicalId":369672,"journal":{"name":"The Impact of the Economic Crisis on European Environmental Policy","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130043293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-20DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198826958.003.0008
R. Fernandez
This chapter employs qualitative analysis to apply the Index of Policy Activity (IPA) to renewables, biodiversity, energy efficiency, and climate change in Spain. These four policy areas are compared, in order to outline differences in policy approaches and factors shaping policy change. The analysis reveals that the economic crisis of 2007–8 has had a profound effect upon Spanish environmental policy, reversing Spain’s progress from being an environmental leader to transforming it into a laggard, especially in relation to renewable energy technologies. A lack of resources has forced the government to abandon its once-praised support schemes and instead to adopt measures that penalize the development of renewable energy. The chapter identifies structural barriers as the main cause of recent policy reversals. Political preferences and issues related to the decentralization of the Spanish government system emerge as central explanatory variables for environmental policy implementation and change.
{"title":"The Effects of the International Economic Crisis on Spain’s Environmental Policy","authors":"R. Fernandez","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198826958.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198826958.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter employs qualitative analysis to apply the Index of Policy Activity (IPA) to renewables, biodiversity, energy efficiency, and climate change in Spain. These four policy areas are compared, in order to outline differences in policy approaches and factors shaping policy change. The analysis reveals that the economic crisis of 2007–8 has had a profound effect upon Spanish environmental policy, reversing Spain’s progress from being an environmental leader to transforming it into a laggard, especially in relation to renewable energy technologies. A lack of resources has forced the government to abandon its once-praised support schemes and instead to adopt measures that penalize the development of renewable energy. The chapter identifies structural barriers as the main cause of recent policy reversals. Political preferences and issues related to the decentralization of the Spanish government system emerge as central explanatory variables for environmental policy implementation and change.","PeriodicalId":369672,"journal":{"name":"The Impact of the Economic Crisis on European Environmental Policy","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128395989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-20DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198826958.003.0004
Jan-Justus Andreas
This chapter applies the Index of Policy Activity (IPA) to key climate and energy policies in Germany and the UK over fifteen years. It reveals a mixed picture regarding changes in the intensity of renewable energy and climate policies since the 2007–8 financial crisis, but finds that there has been deliberate and indirect policy dismantling in both states. Active policy dismantling is most evident in the UK. The chapter makes a novel contribution through its application of the IPA’s ‘budget’ indicator and reveals the importance of international targets, such as the European Union’s 2020 Strategy, in keeping governments on track.
{"title":"Turning Cuts into Growth","authors":"Jan-Justus Andreas","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198826958.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198826958.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter applies the Index of Policy Activity (IPA) to key climate and energy policies in Germany and the UK over fifteen years. It reveals a mixed picture regarding changes in the intensity of renewable energy and climate policies since the 2007–8 financial crisis, but finds that there has been deliberate and indirect policy dismantling in both states. Active policy dismantling is most evident in the UK. The chapter makes a novel contribution through its application of the IPA’s ‘budget’ indicator and reveals the importance of international targets, such as the European Union’s 2020 Strategy, in keeping governments on track.","PeriodicalId":369672,"journal":{"name":"The Impact of the Economic Crisis on European Environmental Policy","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121632432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-20DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198826958.003.0009
Nathalie Berny
This chapter employs qualitative analysis to apply the Index of Policy Activity (IPA) to nature protection and biodiversity policy in France over a twenty-year period. It extends the application of the IPA to include consideration of two critical aspects of implementation that can shape policy ambition: the support of the policy actors and administrative capacity. The chapter reveals that biodiversity policy has been subject to extensive reforms, which have overlapped with a devolution agenda, leading to increased regionalization of this policy sector. One outcome of this process is that under-resourced regional administrations must shoulder the burden of implementing policy. These findings suggest that France may be engaging in dismantling by arena shifting.
{"title":"The Restoration of Biodiversity in France","authors":"Nathalie Berny","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198826958.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198826958.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter employs qualitative analysis to apply the Index of Policy Activity (IPA) to nature protection and biodiversity policy in France over a twenty-year period. It extends the application of the IPA to include consideration of two critical aspects of implementation that can shape policy ambition: the support of the policy actors and administrative capacity. The chapter reveals that biodiversity policy has been subject to extensive reforms, which have overlapped with a devolution agenda, leading to increased regionalization of this policy sector. One outcome of this process is that under-resourced regional administrations must shoulder the burden of implementing policy. These findings suggest that France may be engaging in dismantling by arena shifting.","PeriodicalId":369672,"journal":{"name":"The Impact of the Economic Crisis on European Environmental Policy","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123552662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-20DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198826958.003.0006
Jakob Skovgaard, Roger Hildingsson, B. Johansson
This chapter employs qualitative analysis to apply the Index of Policy Activity (IPA) to climate policy in Sweden and Demark—two countries often identified as environmental leaders. It finds that the economic crisis that started in 2007–8 had substantial impacts in both states. However, Denmark, which was hit harder and for a much longer period of time than Sweden, witnessed more dismantling of its environmental policy. The analysis suggests that in both countries the political orientation of the government and changes of government proved to be key factors shaping policy ambition. Path dependence, manifested in an entrenched commitment to ecological modernization, helped to maintain support for progressive environmental policy. International pressure was also central in pushing Sweden in particular to express leadership and to promote ambitious climate policy.
{"title":"Environmental Policy and the Economic Crisis","authors":"Jakob Skovgaard, Roger Hildingsson, B. Johansson","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198826958.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198826958.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter employs qualitative analysis to apply the Index of Policy Activity (IPA) to climate policy in Sweden and Demark—two countries often identified as environmental leaders. It finds that the economic crisis that started in 2007–8 had substantial impacts in both states. However, Denmark, which was hit harder and for a much longer period of time than Sweden, witnessed more dismantling of its environmental policy. The analysis suggests that in both countries the political orientation of the government and changes of government proved to be key factors shaping policy ambition. Path dependence, manifested in an entrenched commitment to ecological modernization, helped to maintain support for progressive environmental policy. International pressure was also central in pushing Sweden in particular to express leadership and to promote ambitious climate policy.","PeriodicalId":369672,"journal":{"name":"The Impact of the Economic Crisis on European Environmental Policy","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126225304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-07DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198826958.003.0001
C. Burns, Paul Tobin, Sebastian Sewerin
This edited volume brings together key scholars to investigate the impact of the 2007–8 economic crisis upon environmental policy in Europe, which has been identified as a source of environmental leadership. In this introductory chapter the editors outline the key questions that the volume investigates: has policy been affected by the crisis, in what direction, what strategies have states adopted, and at what level have the effects manifested themselves? The chapter outlines the analytical toolkit that is applied across all the cases, the Index of Policy Activity (IPA), which seeks to test concepts from the policy dismantling literature and to apply and further develop the IPA in order to offer a robust comparative analysis of the ways in which the economic crisis has shaped European environmental policy.
{"title":"Measuring the Impact of the Crisis on European Environmental Policy","authors":"C. Burns, Paul Tobin, Sebastian Sewerin","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198826958.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198826958.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"This edited volume brings together key scholars to investigate the impact of the 2007–8 economic crisis upon environmental policy in Europe, which has been identified as a source of environmental leadership. In this introductory chapter the editors outline the key questions that the volume investigates: has policy been affected by the crisis, in what direction, what strategies have states adopted, and at what level have the effects manifested themselves? The chapter outlines the analytical toolkit that is applied across all the cases, the Index of Policy Activity (IPA), which seeks to test concepts from the policy dismantling literature and to apply and further develop the IPA in order to offer a robust comparative analysis of the ways in which the economic crisis has shaped European environmental policy.","PeriodicalId":369672,"journal":{"name":"The Impact of the Economic Crisis on European Environmental Policy","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120843546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-07DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198826958.003.0010
C. Burns, Paul Tobin, Sebastian Sewerin
This concluding chapter brings together the findings of the volume in order to address our key questions. We find that, while there have been examples of both policy expansion and dismantling, the general pattern is one of stasis. The role of the EU is ambiguous—there is no strong evidence of policy dismantling at the European level—but it is equally clear that policies pursued by the Troika have led to dismantling at the domestic level within some EU states. However, it also appears that the EU provides a buffer against ideological swings and provides policy stability for its members. Path dependence and international pressure are identified as two key intervening variables shaping the level and form of policy change. Overall, the EU’s environmental leadership credentials are diminished, and the lack of policy activity comes at a time when ambitious policies are needed to meet environmental challenges.
{"title":"European Environmental Policy at a Time of Crisis","authors":"C. Burns, Paul Tobin, Sebastian Sewerin","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198826958.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198826958.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"This concluding chapter brings together the findings of the volume in order to address our key questions. We find that, while there have been examples of both policy expansion and dismantling, the general pattern is one of stasis. The role of the EU is ambiguous—there is no strong evidence of policy dismantling at the European level—but it is equally clear that policies pursued by the Troika have led to dismantling at the domestic level within some EU states. However, it also appears that the EU provides a buffer against ideological swings and provides policy stability for its members. Path dependence and international pressure are identified as two key intervening variables shaping the level and form of policy change. Overall, the EU’s environmental leadership credentials are diminished, and the lack of policy activity comes at a time when ambitious policies are needed to meet environmental challenges.","PeriodicalId":369672,"journal":{"name":"The Impact of the Economic Crisis on European Environmental Policy","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130148804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198826958.003.0003
Sebastian Sewerin, T. Schmidt
Renewable energy is a distinct policy field encompassing both economic and environmental considerations. How these are balanced in the face of the 2007–8 economic crisis is an important question relating to the general stickiness of environmental policies. In this chapter, we investigate long-term policy dynamics across both EU and non-EU countries and across three levels of policy change. Using an Index of Policy Activity (IPA) dataset of 562 policies, we analyse the general direction of overall change in policy mixes (macro-level), the dynamics of policy instrument type use (meso-level), and change to policy design (micro-level). We find that, while the crisis marks a turning point in the speed of policy change, the direction of policy change alters only in Ireland and the UK—namely towards policy dismantling. However, we show that dismantling and expansion unfold differently at the policy meso- and micro-levels, adding further nuance to the empirical analysis of dynamics of policy change.
{"title":"Renewable Energy: Policy Dynamics at the Macro-, Meso-, and Micro-Levels","authors":"Sebastian Sewerin, T. Schmidt","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198826958.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198826958.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Renewable energy is a distinct policy field encompassing both economic and environmental considerations. How these are balanced in the face of the 2007–8 economic crisis is an important question relating to the general stickiness of environmental policies. In this chapter, we investigate long-term policy dynamics across both EU and non-EU countries and across three levels of policy change. Using an Index of Policy Activity (IPA) dataset of 562 policies, we analyse the general direction of overall change in policy mixes (macro-level), the dynamics of policy instrument type use (meso-level), and change to policy design (micro-level). We find that, while the crisis marks a turning point in the speed of policy change, the direction of policy change alters only in Ireland and the UK—namely towards policy dismantling. However, we show that dismantling and expansion unfold differently at the policy meso- and micro-levels, adding further nuance to the empirical analysis of dynamics of policy change.","PeriodicalId":369672,"journal":{"name":"The Impact of the Economic Crisis on European Environmental Policy","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114998653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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