The War Beat, Pacific最新文献

Flying the Flag 悬挂国旗

The War Beat, Pacific

Pub Date : 2021-06-03 DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190053635.003.0012

Steven Casey

With MacArthur’s return to the Philippines grabbing the headlines, the navy made renewed efforts to publicize its battles in the central Pacific. Photojournalists were the biggest beneficiaries, with access to a new laboratory on Guam and fewer censorship rules. During the bloody battle on Iwo Jima, these improvements reaped a large reward, with the prompt publication of Joe Rosenthal’s famous picture of the flag raising on the top of Mount Suribachi. During the next campaign, on Okinawa, the correspondents struggled to achieve the same impact. Ernie Pyle, the most prominent of them, fell to an enemy bullet, while the survivors initially had to compete for front-page space with the end of the war in Europe.

随着麦克阿瑟返回菲律宾的消息成为头条新闻，海军重新努力宣传其在太平洋中部的战斗。摄影记者是最大的受益者，他们可以使用关岛的一个新实验室，审查制度也更少了。在硫磺岛的血腥战役中，这些改进获得了巨大的回报，乔·罗森塔尔(Joe Rosenthal)在折钵山(Suribachi)山顶上升起国旗的著名照片迅速出版。在接下来的冲绳战役中，记者们努力达到同样的效果。其中最著名的厄尼·派尔(Ernie Pyle)倒在敌人的子弹中，而幸存者最初不得不在欧洲战争结束时争夺头版版面。

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Conclusion 结论

The War Beat, Pacific

Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190053635.003.0014

Steven Casey

The Japanese surrender in Tokyo Bay in September 1945 exemplified so much about the Pacific War and how it had been reported, from the large number of reporters who were finally in the theater to MacArthur’s effort to dominate the show. For once, the army and navy stood side by side without too much tension, but during the war competition between them had often shaped how the home front had received news from the battlefield. Tension had emerged between the services and the reporters as well, while veteran reporters had often evinced a deep disdain for those they considered dilettante interlopers. Conflict was therefore a hallmark of media-military relations during the Pacific War, but in the final analysis the media invariably acted as an important unifying voice, creating a shared narrative about the war that was rarely questioned by partisan politicians.

1945 年 9 月在东京湾举行的日本投降仪式体现了太平洋战争的方方面面，也体现了报道太平洋战争的方式，从大批记者最终抵达战场，到麦克阿瑟努力主导战局，无不如此。这一次，陆军和海军并肩作战，没有出现太大的紧张局势，但在战争期间，他们之间的竞争往往影响着后方如何接收来自战场的消息。各军种与记者之间也出现了紧张关系，而资深记者往往对那些被他们视为业余插班生的人深表鄙夷。因此，冲突是太平洋战争期间媒体与军方关系的一个标志，但归根结底，媒体始终是一个重要的统一声音，它创造了一种关于战争的共同叙事，很少受到党派政治家的质疑。

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The CBI

The War Beat, Pacific

Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190053635.003.0010

Steven Casey

Although generals and reporters in the Pacific complained that their campaigns were being neglected at home, the China-India-Burma theater was to many Americans the real backwater. The media had done a good job covering the searing defeat in Burma in 1942, but for the next two years it showed little interest in Joseph Stilwell’s efforts to revamp his complex command, build up supply dumps in India, and turn the Chinese troops in India into a new force. Media interest started to grow when Stilwell launched an offensive in 1944, with reporters devoting most of their attention to the exploits of Merrill’s Marauders, but then the censors clamped down hard on the stalemate at Myitkyina. By October 1944, Stilwell had created so many enemies in the theater that Roosevelt decided to relieve him just days before the presidential election.

尽管太平洋地区的将军和记者抱怨他们的战役在国内被忽视，但对许多美国人来说，中印缅战场是真正的死水。1942年，媒体在报道缅甸惨败方面做得很好，但在接下来的两年里，媒体对约瑟夫·史迪威(Joseph Stilwell)改革其复杂的指挥体系、在印度建立补给站以及将驻印中国军队转变为一支新力量的努力表现得兴趣寥寥。到1944年10月，史迪威在战场上树敌众多，罗斯福决定在总统大选前几天解除他的职务。

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The Return 返回

The War Beat, Pacific

Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190053635.003.0011

Steven Casey

MacArthur finally returned to the Philippines in October 1944, accompanied by fifty-eight correspondents—the largest number to join a Pacific invasion at that stage of the war. Initially, the campaign to retake the island of Luzon did not go well, but a combination of MacArthur’s optimistic communiqués and a major naval victory in the Battle of Leyte Gulf ensured that his return contributed to Roosevelt’s reelection victory a month later. After the invasion of Leyte in January 1945 led first to the liberation of the camps containing Bataan death march survivors and then to the bloody slaughter during the battle for Manila, the home front’s animosity toward Japan hardened.

1944年10月，麦克阿瑟终于在58名记者的陪同下回到了菲律宾，这是在战争的那个阶段参加太平洋入侵的人数最多的一次。起初，收复吕宋岛的战役进行得并不顺利，但麦克阿瑟乐观的公报和莱特湾海战的重大胜利，确保了他的回归为罗斯福一个月后的连任选举做出了贡献。1945年1月，日本入侵莱特岛(Leyte)，先是解放了关押巴丹死亡行军幸存者的集中营，然后是马尼拉战役中的血腥屠杀，此后，美国国内对日本的敌意变得更加强烈。

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Atrocities 暴行

The War Beat, Pacific

Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190053635.003.0007

Steven Casey

For the first two years of the war, the government was extremely reluctant to release information about the atrocities being committed by the Japanese. Officials warned returning civilian internees not to speak to the press about the conditions they had faced as Japanese prisoners. The Office of Censorship applauded the media’s restraint in covering the execution of American airmen captured after the Doolittle raid. And even when Ed Dyess escaped from the Philippines with details about the Bataan death march, senior officials prevented his story from being told. The Chicago Tribune, which paid Dyess $21,000, lobbied hard for a policy change, to no avail. Only after Dyess’s tragic death in a plane crash at the end of 1943, followed by a threat to have a friendly legislator read his story into the Congressional Record, did the government finally lift the veil on this dimension of the Pacific War.

在战争的头两年，政府极不情愿公布有关日本人所犯下的暴行的信息。官员们警告返回的平民被拘留者不要向媒体讲述他们作为日本囚犯所面临的条件。审查办公室称赞媒体在报道杜立特空袭后被俘的美国飞行员被处决时的克制。甚至当艾德·戴斯带着巴丹死亡行军的细节逃出菲律宾时，高级官员也阻止他的故事被公开。《芝加哥论坛报》向戴斯支付了2.1万美元，努力游说改变政策，但无济于事。1943年底，戴斯在一次飞机失事中不幸去世，随后，一位友好的议员威胁要把他的故事读进《国会记录》，政府才最终揭开了太平洋战争的这个层面的面纱。

引用次数: 3