Cause-effect graphs have shown promising results in identifying relations among causes and effects of classical software systems, followed by designing effective test cases from them. Towards this end, we investigate the use of cause-effect graphs for quantum pro-grams. Classical cause-effect graphs apply classical logic (e.g., AND, OR) to express these relations, which might not be practical for describing similar relations in quantum programs due to quantum superposition and entanglement. Thus, we propose an extension of cause-effect graphs, where quantum logic inspired functions (e.g., Hadamard) and their generalizations are defined and applied. Moreover, we present a metamodel describing various forms of cause-effect graphs. Finally, we demonstrate a possible method for generating test cases from a quantum cause-effect graph applied to a Bell state quantum program. Lastly, the design and utility of the resulting testing method is discussed, along with future prospects for general quantum cause-effect graphs.
{"title":"Investigating Quantum Cause-Effect Graphs","authors":"Noah Oldfield, T. Yue, Sajid Ali","doi":"10.1145/3528230.3529186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3528230.3529186","url":null,"abstract":"Cause-effect graphs have shown promising results in identifying relations among causes and effects of classical software systems, followed by designing effective test cases from them. Towards this end, we investigate the use of cause-effect graphs for quantum pro-grams. Classical cause-effect graphs apply classical logic (e.g., AND, OR) to express these relations, which might not be practical for describing similar relations in quantum programs due to quantum superposition and entanglement. Thus, we propose an extension of cause-effect graphs, where quantum logic inspired functions (e.g., Hadamard) and their generalizations are defined and applied. Moreover, we present a metamodel describing various forms of cause-effect graphs. Finally, we demonstrate a possible method for generating test cases from a quantum cause-effect graph applied to a Bell state quantum program. Lastly, the design and utility of the resulting testing method is discussed, along with future prospects for general quantum cause-effect graphs.","PeriodicalId":371128,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE/ACM 3rd International Workshop on Quantum Software Engineering (Q-SE)","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125087354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rui Abreu, J. Fernandes, Luis Llana, Guilherme Tavares
Quantum Computing is regarded with a growing sense of excite-ment and expectation. While the preliminary evidences of its prac-tical interest accumulate, there are numerous challenges that must be addressed before quantum computing can reach generalized adoption and realize its full potential. One such challenge concerns assessing whether a quantum program is correct, namely in the sense that it implements the desired functionality. In the classical realm, program testing is a well-established approach to find de-fects in programs. While this approach should inspire quantum software development, porting classical testing techniques to the quantum world is by no means trivial. We propose a novel approach to test quantum programs. Our approach is based on the use of metamorphic relations, which allows us to overcome the well-known quantum measurement problem. We describe a series of exploratory experiments whose results provide evidence of the usefulness of our approach.
{"title":"Metamorphic Testing of Oracle Quantum Programs","authors":"Rui Abreu, J. Fernandes, Luis Llana, Guilherme Tavares","doi":"10.1145/3528230.3529189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3528230.3529189","url":null,"abstract":"Quantum Computing is regarded with a growing sense of excite-ment and expectation. While the preliminary evidences of its prac-tical interest accumulate, there are numerous challenges that must be addressed before quantum computing can reach generalized adoption and realize its full potential. One such challenge concerns assessing whether a quantum program is correct, namely in the sense that it implements the desired functionality. In the classical realm, program testing is a well-established approach to find de-fects in programs. While this approach should inspire quantum software development, porting classical testing techniques to the quantum world is by no means trivial. We propose a novel approach to test quantum programs. Our approach is based on the use of metamorphic relations, which allows us to overcome the well-known quantum measurement problem. We describe a series of exploratory experiments whose results provide evidence of the usefulness of our approach.","PeriodicalId":371128,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE/ACM 3rd International Workshop on Quantum Software Engineering (Q-SE)","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127345210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We present a multi-lingual benchmark for (property-based) testing of quantum programs. We report on the methodology used to design our benchmark and the rationale behind its design decisions. Our benchmark covers three major quantum programming languages, namely Qiskit, Cirq, and Q#. We curate our benchmark from languages documentations, open source repositories, and academic papers. In order to demonstrate the common logic of the algorithms included in our benchmark, we start from an implementation in one language (often Qiskit) and produce comparable implementations in the other two languages. We produce several properties and mutants for each program as a benchmark to measure the effectiveness of property-based testing frameworks. We reflect on the high-level quantum programming concepts offered in the three languages of our benchmark and their possible impact on testability and quality assurance.
{"title":"A Multi-Lingual Benchmark for Property-Based Testing of Quantum Programs","authors":"Gabriel Pontolillo, M. Mousavi","doi":"10.1145/3528230.3528395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3528230.3528395","url":null,"abstract":"We present a multi-lingual benchmark for (property-based) testing of quantum programs. We report on the methodology used to design our benchmark and the rationale behind its design decisions. Our benchmark covers three major quantum programming languages, namely Qiskit, Cirq, and Q#. We curate our benchmark from languages documentations, open source repositories, and academic papers. In order to demonstrate the common logic of the algorithms included in our benchmark, we start from an implementation in one language (often Qiskit) and produce comparable implementations in the other two languages. We produce several properties and mutants for each program as a benchmark to measure the effectiveness of property-based testing frameworks. We reflect on the high-level quantum programming concepts offered in the three languages of our benchmark and their possible impact on testability and quality assurance.","PeriodicalId":371128,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE/ACM 3rd International Workshop on Quantum Software Engineering (Q-SE)","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126169361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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