Pub Date : 2021-10-02DOI: 10.31487/j.jbn.2021.01.03
D. Carpenter, N. Hori, Y. Tan, Z. Xu, N. Akaike
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a disease where upper and lower motor neurons die, and it is often associated with mutations of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1). We have used mouse models to compare physiologic and morphologic characteristics of cervical motor neurons in wild-type and mutant animals. Slices of the cervical spinal cord were prepared from old wild-type and mutant G93A and G85R mice, and intracellular recordings of membrane potential, resistance and responses to application of excitatory neurotransmitters were studied. Some motor neurons were injected with Lucifer Yellow for morphological analysis. There were no significant differences between membrane potential in the SOD1 mutants and aged wild-type mice, but membrane resistance was somewhat higher in the mutant motor neurons. Dendrites of the mutant motor neurons were not responsive to ionophoretic application of excitatory amino acids, although the cell body responded strongly. In Lucifer-filled cells, the dendrites were found to disappear. Mutant motor neurons were sometimes spontaneously active. Responses of mutant motor neurons to perfused glutamate with varying calcium concentrations in the Ringer’s solution were different from those of the wild-type cells.
{"title":"Electrophysiological and Morphological Studies of SOD1 Transgenic Mice: An Animal Model of ALS","authors":"D. Carpenter, N. Hori, Y. Tan, Z. Xu, N. Akaike","doi":"10.31487/j.jbn.2021.01.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31487/j.jbn.2021.01.03","url":null,"abstract":"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a disease where upper and lower motor neurons die, and it is often associated with mutations of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1). We have used mouse models to compare physiologic and morphologic characteristics of cervical motor neurons in wild-type and mutant animals. Slices of the cervical spinal cord were prepared from old wild-type and mutant G93A and G85R mice, and intracellular recordings of membrane potential, resistance and responses to application of excitatory neurotransmitters were studied. Some motor neurons were injected with Lucifer Yellow for morphological analysis. There were no significant differences between membrane potential in the SOD1 mutants and aged wild-type mice, but membrane resistance was somewhat higher in the mutant motor neurons. Dendrites of the mutant motor neurons were not responsive to ionophoretic application of excitatory amino acids, although the cell body responded strongly. In Lucifer-filled cells, the dendrites were found to disappear. Mutant motor neurons were sometimes spontaneously active. Responses of mutant motor neurons to perfused glutamate with varying calcium concentrations in the Ringer’s solution were different from those of the wild-type cells.","PeriodicalId":371530,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Brain and Nerves","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133348217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-30DOI: 10.31487/j.jbn.2021.01.02
N. Hori, Z. Xu, N. Akaike, Y. Tan, D. Carpenter
The effects of age on the physiological properties of cervical motor neurons were examined in slices made from an excised spinal cord graft of ICR mice from the second day after birth to age 350 days. The membrane potential of post-natal day 2 (PD2) to PD350 was about -65 mV and did not change greatly with age, although it was slightly higher at PD2. However, there were significant changes in membrane resistance, which increased with age from about 15 to 30 MΩ. The depolarization induced by the excitatory amino acid agonists, kainic acid, NMDA and AMPA, decreased with aging in spite of the increase in membrane resistance. The motor neurons of the aged mice showed delayed recovery from excitation caused by excitatory amino acid agonists. By injecting Lucifer yellow CH into motor neurons, it was observed that the dendrite trees become thin, and some of the dendrite branches were missing in older animals.
{"title":"Physiological and Pharmacological Studies on Cervical Motor Neurons in Slices Prepared from Neonatal and Aged Mice","authors":"N. Hori, Z. Xu, N. Akaike, Y. Tan, D. Carpenter","doi":"10.31487/j.jbn.2021.01.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31487/j.jbn.2021.01.02","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of age on the physiological properties of cervical motor neurons were examined in slices made from an excised spinal cord graft of ICR mice from the second day after birth to age 350 days. The membrane potential of post-natal day 2 (PD2) to PD350 was about -65 mV and did not change greatly with age, although it was slightly higher at PD2. However, there were significant changes in membrane resistance, which increased with age from about 15 to 30 MΩ. The depolarization induced by the excitatory amino acid agonists, kainic acid, NMDA and AMPA, decreased with aging in spite of the increase in membrane resistance. The motor neurons of the aged mice showed delayed recovery from excitation caused by excitatory amino acid agonists. By injecting Lucifer yellow CH into motor neurons, it was observed that the dendrite trees become thin, and some of the dendrite branches were missing in older animals.","PeriodicalId":371530,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Brain and Nerves","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115959596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-02DOI: 10.31487/j.jbn.2021.01.01
J. P. Martínez Barbero, M. Revelles-Paniza, P. Perez-Naranjo
Hypertrophic pachymeningitis is an infrequent cause of spinal cord compression, secondary to an intracanal and extramedullary inflammatory infiltrate in patients with Wegener’s disease, and it produces canal stenosis and spinal cord compression. We present the case of a patient with this rare entity, providing explanatory images, who was treated with corticosteroids with partial remission of the lesions.
{"title":"Spinal Cord Compression Due to Hypertrophic Dorsal Pachymeningitis in a Patient with ANCA + Vasculitis","authors":"J. P. Martínez Barbero, M. Revelles-Paniza, P. Perez-Naranjo","doi":"10.31487/j.jbn.2021.01.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31487/j.jbn.2021.01.01","url":null,"abstract":"Hypertrophic pachymeningitis is an infrequent cause of spinal cord compression, secondary to an intracanal \u0000and extramedullary inflammatory infiltrate in patients with Wegener’s disease, and it produces canal \u0000stenosis and spinal cord compression. We present the case of a patient with this rare entity, providing \u0000explanatory images, who was treated with corticosteroids with partial remission of the lesions.","PeriodicalId":371530,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Brain and Nerves","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114387398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-20DOI: 10.31487/j.jbn.2020.01.06
G. Todorov, Karthikeyan Mayilvahanan, Catarina Cunha
Novel treatments in mental health focus on one’s ability to recover and develop resilience. Current concepts are based on The Adaptations Level Theory, which describes the ability of resilient individuals to accustom to new and even downgraded conditions as the new standard, find meaning in trauma, and adapt to new social settings. However, it is not known which treatments specifically help to build up resilience in patients and how to reliably screen for it. We hypothesize that by analyzing mechanisms of behavior and physiology in resilient individuals, we will be able to strengthen these in people that are struggling to bounce back. Recent studies demonstrated that distinct patterns of language use correlated with various mental health conditions. Utilizing text samples from Holocaust survivors, we compared language use in resilient individuals to people with PTSD and the general population. The Holocaust survivors' language use was significantly different from PTSD sufferers, which suggests that we detected a possible resilience word use pattern. Next, we looked into the brain circuitry mechanisms that could be involved in resilience. We found that norepinephrine, the key neurotransmitter in stress response, modulated the activity of amygdala circuitry in a non-linear concentration-dependent manner. The shape and other characteristics of this dependency could be associated with the capacity for resilience.
{"title":"Embarking on Discovering the Mechanisms of Resilience: Combining Language Use Analysis with Neuroscience","authors":"G. Todorov, Karthikeyan Mayilvahanan, Catarina Cunha","doi":"10.31487/j.jbn.2020.01.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31487/j.jbn.2020.01.06","url":null,"abstract":"Novel treatments in mental health focus on one’s ability to recover and develop resilience. Current concepts\u0000are based on The Adaptations Level Theory, which describes the ability of resilient individuals to accustom\u0000to new and even downgraded conditions as the new standard, find meaning in trauma, and adapt to new\u0000social settings. However, it is not known which treatments specifically help to build up resilience in patients\u0000and how to reliably screen for it. We hypothesize that by analyzing mechanisms of behavior and physiology\u0000in resilient individuals, we will be able to strengthen these in people that are struggling to bounce back.\u0000Recent studies demonstrated that distinct patterns of language use correlated with various mental health\u0000conditions. Utilizing text samples from Holocaust survivors, we compared language use in resilient\u0000individuals to people with PTSD and the general population. The Holocaust survivors' language use was\u0000significantly different from PTSD sufferers, which suggests that we detected a possible resilience word use\u0000pattern. Next, we looked into the brain circuitry mechanisms that could be involved in resilience. We found\u0000that norepinephrine, the key neurotransmitter in stress response, modulated the activity of amygdala\u0000circuitry in a non-linear concentration-dependent manner. The shape and other characteristics of this\u0000dependency could be associated with the capacity for resilience.","PeriodicalId":371530,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Brain and Nerves","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128400148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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