Pub Date : 2021-03-25DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780197517826.003.0002
S. Dmitriev
The chapter juxtaposes about thirty inscriptional and literary sources purportedly from Demades’s lifetime (although the book suggests dating some of the literary sources to later times) with almost 250 references in the literary texts of different genres from the mid-first century B.C. to the late Byzantine empire, revealing a gap of nearly 300 years between the death of Demades and the time in which most of the available literary evidence about his politics, character, looks, and oratory was produced. Contradictions between inscriptional and literary sources, and between references in literary texts, cast doubts on both the credibility of the literary evidence about Demades and the suggested criteria for establishing its authenticity. The chapter proposes to explain his contradictory image as an artificial rhetorical construct that served the educational and social needs of the Greek-speaking intellectual élite during Roman and Byzantine times, long after Demades’s death.
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Pub Date : 2021-03-25DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780197517826.003.0003
S. Dmitriev
This chapter analyzes how rhetorical training and the literary culture used and abused historical evidence during the Roman imperial and Byzantine eras to maintain cultural continuity insofar as intellectual life and education (paideia) remained rooted in material from classical Greece. The largely uniform rhetorical curriculum helped to create a class of educated people, the pepaideumenoi, with similar social norms, cultural tastes, and intellectual expectations. While relying on real or alleged classical records, progymnasmata, or preliminary exercises in rhetoric, approached that material in a liberal fashion: students were expected to attain a more powerful effect by improvising; switching out the lead characters in the same situation or putting the same person in different settings; adding and molding direct speech; and combining different types of exercises. This imagined rhetorical past acquired a life of its own, concealing, obscuring, and effectively replacing the historical reality. This environment produced most of our evidence about Demades.
{"title":"Texts and contexts","authors":"S. Dmitriev","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780197517826.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780197517826.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter analyzes how rhetorical training and the literary culture used and abused historical evidence during the Roman imperial and Byzantine eras to maintain cultural continuity insofar as intellectual life and education (paideia) remained rooted in material from classical Greece. The largely uniform rhetorical curriculum helped to create a class of educated people, the pepaideumenoi, with similar social norms, cultural tastes, and intellectual expectations. While relying on real or alleged classical records, progymnasmata, or preliminary exercises in rhetoric, approached that material in a liberal fashion: students were expected to attain a more powerful effect by improvising; switching out the lead characters in the same situation or putting the same person in different settings; adding and molding direct speech; and combining different types of exercises. This imagined rhetorical past acquired a life of its own, concealing, obscuring, and effectively replacing the historical reality. This environment produced most of our evidence about Demades.","PeriodicalId":371841,"journal":{"name":"The Orator Demades","volume":"101 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123800155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197517826.003.0004
S. Dmitriev
This chapter reveals how Roman and Byzantine intellectuals reworked the figure of Demades for instructional and moralistic purposes. Demades’s presumed lack of education required pepaideumenoi to explain his rhetorical success by seeing his oratory as flattery, kolakeia, while contrasting it with truthful speech, or parrhesia, which, they said, was characteristic of Demosthenes. Since the style of oratory was an extension of the speaker’s personality, Demades provided material for speech-in-character exercises and illustrated the topos of juxtaposing fortune with virtue, or a natural gift of speaking with the moral integrity that came with education and toil. Demades’s fourteen speeches in the Codex Florentinus Laurentianus 56.1, a manuscript of the thirteenth century, were later rhetorical products that used Demosthenes’s real or alleged orations as hypotheseis—“subjects” or “plots of declamation.” Compilations of hypotheseis were circulated for use by aspiring orators, including, most famously, Lybanius’s collection of hypotheseis of Demosthenic speeches.
{"title":"The rhetorical persona of Demades","authors":"S. Dmitriev","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197517826.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197517826.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter reveals how Roman and Byzantine intellectuals reworked the figure of Demades for instructional and moralistic purposes. Demades’s presumed lack of education required pepaideumenoi to explain his rhetorical success by seeing his oratory as flattery, kolakeia, while contrasting it with truthful speech, or parrhesia, which, they said, was characteristic of Demosthenes. Since the style of oratory was an extension of the speaker’s personality, Demades provided material for speech-in-character exercises and illustrated the topos of juxtaposing fortune with virtue, or a natural gift of speaking with the moral integrity that came with education and toil. Demades’s fourteen speeches in the Codex Florentinus Laurentianus 56.1, a manuscript of the thirteenth century, were later rhetorical products that used Demosthenes’s real or alleged orations as hypotheseis—“subjects” or “plots of declamation.” Compilations of hypotheseis were circulated for use by aspiring orators, including, most famously, Lybanius’s collection of hypotheseis of Demosthenic speeches.","PeriodicalId":371841,"journal":{"name":"The Orator Demades","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127184749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197517826.003.0008
S. Dmitriev
This chapter examines the role of the rhetorical Demades in debates and interpretations of Homeric epics and the Persian Wars—as well as other less monumental episodes from Greek history. Homeric heroes and themes substantiated many types of progymnasmata exercises—including synkrisis, or comparison (between heroes, or between them and other characters), confirmation, laudation, and invective—and provided rich material for antilogia, approaching the same subject from opposite perspectives, a technique that was a sign of rhetorical mastery. The figure of Demades was employed to develop rhetorical themes on Homeric subjects—such as the Cyclops, Helen’s fleeing to Troy, and the Trojan Horse—which produced “wandering expressions” that were attributed to Demades and other historical characters. The liberal rhetorical approach put references to ancient Persia and its rulers in the mouth of Demades, who lived more than a century after the Persian Wars and who, according to other texts, allegedly lacked schooling and paideia.
{"title":"History, rhetoric, and legends","authors":"S. Dmitriev","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197517826.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197517826.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the role of the rhetorical Demades in debates and interpretations of Homeric epics and the Persian Wars—as well as other less monumental episodes from Greek history. Homeric heroes and themes substantiated many types of progymnasmata exercises—including synkrisis, or comparison (between heroes, or between them and other characters), confirmation, laudation, and invective—and provided rich material for antilogia, approaching the same subject from opposite perspectives, a technique that was a sign of rhetorical mastery. The figure of Demades was employed to develop rhetorical themes on Homeric subjects—such as the Cyclops, Helen’s fleeing to Troy, and the Trojan Horse—which produced “wandering expressions” that were attributed to Demades and other historical characters. The liberal rhetorical approach put references to ancient Persia and its rulers in the mouth of Demades, who lived more than a century after the Persian Wars and who, according to other texts, allegedly lacked schooling and paideia.","PeriodicalId":371841,"journal":{"name":"The Orator Demades","volume":"188 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114650220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197517826.003.0006
S. Dmitriev
This chapter assesses the methods of later authors who used Demades’s rhetorical images to illustrate relations between Greek cities and the people in power, by focusing on the famous story of Demades’s alleged address to the victorious Philip II after the battle of Chaeronea. Even though three vastly different surviving versions of that story accentuated specific aspects of this form of interaction, they all centered on the importance of properly applying rhetorical skills in the interests of political success, and developed the use of parrhesia, or frankness, as a rhetorical tool to cover what was, in fact, kolakeia, or flattery. The address of Demades exemplified the so-called rhetorical parrhesia, which actually was itself a form of flattery, although the two concepts continued to be juxtaposed with each other into late antiquity and beyond.
{"title":"The art of being earnest","authors":"S. Dmitriev","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197517826.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197517826.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter assesses the methods of later authors who used Demades’s rhetorical images to illustrate relations between Greek cities and the people in power, by focusing on the famous story of Demades’s alleged address to the victorious Philip II after the battle of Chaeronea. Even though three vastly different surviving versions of that story accentuated specific aspects of this form of interaction, they all centered on the importance of properly applying rhetorical skills in the interests of political success, and developed the use of parrhesia, or frankness, as a rhetorical tool to cover what was, in fact, kolakeia, or flattery. The address of Demades exemplified the so-called rhetorical parrhesia, which actually was itself a form of flattery, although the two concepts continued to be juxtaposed with each other into late antiquity and beyond.","PeriodicalId":371841,"journal":{"name":"The Orator Demades","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126839863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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