This paper calculates the decline in costs involving merchandise trade between the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and India during the period 1980–2008. Drawing from the recent literature, a comprehensive measure of trade costs is derived from a theory-founded gravity model of international trade, which can be computed on the basis of observed bilateral trade flows and gross domestic product data. The analysis reveals that trade costs have declined sharply since the 1980s, accounting for a large and increasing portion of growth in total trade between the two countries. Whereas the reduction of trade costs accounted for less than one third of the increase in trade between the PRC and India during the 1980s, lower costs seem to explain about three quarters of trade expansion during the 1990s, and up to nearly 85% in 2001–2008.
{"title":"Changing Trade Costs Between People’s Republic of China and India","authors":"D. Brooks, Benno Ferrarini","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1633701","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1633701","url":null,"abstract":"This paper calculates the decline in costs involving merchandise trade between the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and India during the period 1980–2008. Drawing from the recent literature, a comprehensive measure of trade costs is derived from a theory-founded gravity model of international trade, which can be computed on the basis of observed bilateral trade flows and gross domestic product data. The analysis reveals that trade costs have declined sharply since the 1980s, accounting for a large and increasing portion of growth in total trade between the two countries. Whereas the reduction of trade costs accounted for less than one third of the increase in trade between the PRC and India during the 1980s, lower costs seem to explain about three quarters of trade expansion during the 1990s, and up to nearly 85% in 2001–2008.","PeriodicalId":373089,"journal":{"name":"Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Trade Regulation Research Paper Series","volume":"163 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123469711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Alessandrini, B. Fattouh, Benno Ferrarini, P. Scaramozzino
Since the early 1990s, India has embarked on economic reforms that have progressively opened up the country to international trade. This paper analyzes the effects of reform on India’s trading structure from 1990 to 2006. It computes comparative advantage indicators on the basis of disaggregated trade flow data, and assesses the effects of trade liberalization on the evolution of India’s pattern of trade specialization. From dynamic panel regression analysis, evidence is found that those industries where import tariffs have been reduced the most have experienced the highest increase in specialization. Moreover, the analysis shows that trade liberalization has helped India improve its comparative advantage in industries with medium- to high-technology content, as well as in some of the industries enjoying the most robust growth in global demand.
{"title":"Tariff Liberalization and Trade Specialization in India","authors":"M. Alessandrini, B. Fattouh, Benno Ferrarini, P. Scaramozzino","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1617144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1617144","url":null,"abstract":"Since the early 1990s, India has embarked on economic reforms that have progressively opened up the country to international trade. This paper analyzes the effects of reform on India’s trading structure from 1990 to 2006. It computes comparative advantage indicators on the basis of disaggregated trade flow data, and assesses the effects of trade liberalization on the evolution of India’s pattern of trade specialization. From dynamic panel regression analysis, evidence is found that those industries where import tariffs have been reduced the most have experienced the highest increase in specialization. Moreover, the analysis shows that trade liberalization has helped India improve its comparative advantage in industries with medium- to high-technology content, as well as in some of the industries enjoying the most robust growth in global demand.","PeriodicalId":373089,"journal":{"name":"Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Trade Regulation Research Paper Series","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134646401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carbon labeling is a noble concept aimed at reducing carbon emissions through more efficient methods of manufacture and more responsible consumer habits. Unfortunately no widely accepted system of labeling exists, and creating one raises a number of questions on a global political and economic level.
{"title":"Carbon Labeling: Moral, Economic and Legal Implications in a World Trade Environment","authors":"O. Nartova","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1386862","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1386862","url":null,"abstract":"Carbon labeling is a noble concept aimed at reducing carbon emissions through more efficient methods of manufacture and more responsible consumer habits. Unfortunately no widely accepted system of labeling exists, and creating one raises a number of questions on a global political and economic level.","PeriodicalId":373089,"journal":{"name":"Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Trade Regulation Research Paper Series","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126693065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper describes a close analysis of the functioning of WTO decision-making intended to provide a better view on the various reform proposals put forward in recent years. After explaining that these proposals are meant to enhance either the efficiency or the legitimacy of decision-making, we consider separately what we identify as the three components of decision-making: the object, the organ and the procedural mode. We first enumerate WTO powers and define the characteristics of the legitimacy requirements that result from the nature of these powers, pursuant to the idea of a varying legitimacy requirement. Then we take a close look at the WTO procedural modes and the composition of its organs, and assess to what extent the features of these two components fulfill the legitimacy requirements discussed earlier. We then examine some reform proposals and their potential impact on the efficiency and the legitimacy of WTO decision-making, arguing that a balance must be struck between the two imperatives since they can sometimes collide. We conclude that the scope for reforming the WTO organs and procedural modes is limited and that combining the three components of decision-making in a manner that would fulfill legitimacy requirements may imply making some corrections on the object of decision-making; which would mean limiting WTO powers.
{"title":"How to Reform WTO Decision-Making? An Analysis of the Current Functioning of the Organization from the Perspectives of Efficiency and Legitimacy","authors":"Andreas Ziegler, Yves Bonzon","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1049441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1049441","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes a close analysis of the functioning of WTO decision-making intended to provide a better view on the various reform proposals put forward in recent years. After explaining that these proposals are meant to enhance either the efficiency or the legitimacy of decision-making, we consider separately what we identify as the three components of decision-making: the object, the organ and the procedural mode. We first enumerate WTO powers and define the characteristics of the legitimacy requirements that result from the nature of these powers, pursuant to the idea of a varying legitimacy requirement. Then we take a close look at the WTO procedural modes and the composition of its organs, and assess to what extent the features of these two components fulfill the legitimacy requirements discussed earlier. We then examine some reform proposals and their potential impact on the efficiency and the legitimacy of WTO decision-making, arguing that a balance must be struck between the two imperatives since they can sometimes collide. We conclude that the scope for reforming the WTO organs and procedural modes is limited and that combining the three components of decision-making in a manner that would fulfill legitimacy requirements may imply making some corrections on the object of decision-making; which would mean limiting WTO powers.","PeriodicalId":373089,"journal":{"name":"Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Trade Regulation Research Paper Series","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124963839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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