Pub Date : 2021-07-15DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198777786.003.0005
E. Hussein
The Conclusion revisits the questions that lie at the heart of studies of the Roman provinces and that have driven this study. What is the best way to tell the story of a landscape, and its peoples, that have been the subject of successive conquests throughout history and when the few written sources have been composed by outsiders? What approach should be taken to draw out information from a landscape’s material culture to bring the voices and experiences of those who inhabited its space to the fore? Is it ever possible to ensure that certain evidence types and perspectives are not privileged over others to draw balanced conclusions? The main findings of this work are that the Cypriots were not passive participants in the Roman Empire. They were in fact active and dynamic in negotiating their individual and collective identities. The legacies of deep-rooted connections between mainland Greece, Egypt, Asia Minor, and the Near East were maintained into the Roman period and acknowledged by both locals and outsiders. More importantly, the identity of the island was fluid and situational, its people able to distinguish themselves but also demonstrate that the island was part of multiple cultural networks. Cyprus was not a mere imitator of the influences that passed through it, but distinct. The existence of plural and flexible identities is reflective of its status as an island poised between multiple landscapes
{"title":"Conclusion","authors":"E. Hussein","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198777786.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198777786.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"The Conclusion revisits the questions that lie at the heart of studies of the Roman provinces and that have driven this study. What is the best way to tell the story of a landscape, and its peoples, that have been the subject of successive conquests throughout history and when the few written sources have been composed by outsiders? What approach should be taken to draw out information from a landscape’s material culture to bring the voices and experiences of those who inhabited its space to the fore? Is it ever possible to ensure that certain evidence types and perspectives are not privileged over others to draw balanced conclusions? The main findings of this work are that the Cypriots were not passive participants in the Roman Empire. They were in fact active and dynamic in negotiating their individual and collective identities. The legacies of deep-rooted connections between mainland Greece, Egypt, Asia Minor, and the Near East were maintained into the Roman period and acknowledged by both locals and outsiders. More importantly, the identity of the island was fluid and situational, its people able to distinguish themselves but also demonstrate that the island was part of multiple cultural networks. Cyprus was not a mere imitator of the influences that passed through it, but distinct. The existence of plural and flexible identities is reflective of its status as an island poised between multiple landscapes","PeriodicalId":373590,"journal":{"name":"Revaluing Roman Cyprus","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123337374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-15DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198777786.003.0002
E. Hussein
The events leading up to and surrounding the annexation of Cyprus from Ptolemaic Egypt by Rome and the administration of the island have been studied at length. For the sake of brevity, this chapter summarizes key details in light of recent scholarly interpretations of the events that occurred throughout this period of transition in the island’s history (from Ptolemaic to Roman, then back to Ptolemaic rule, before securely returning to Roman rule once and for all in 30 BC). Literary evidence has been crucial for understanding the organization and character of Roman administration of the island from 58 to 22 BC. After 22 BC, literary references of the identities and activities of Roman officials posted to the island are sparse, and from here on it is the material record that is most instructive. This chapter examines familiar, previously overlooked, and new material, to analyse further the nature of local interactions with Rome’s representatives. The available evidence for the proconsuls of Roman Cyprus significantly outweighs information for other officials; therefore, this study deals only with their representation and does not address records of their subordinates. The following features of the epigraphic, numismatic, and literary sources will be examined: where monuments were set up, by whom and why; the use of epithets; and in general, the use of epigraphic conventions and language. This chapter presents a revised list of proconsuls before closing with discussion of local levels of administration—notably the koinon Kuprion
{"title":"The Roman Annexation and Administration of Cyprus","authors":"E. Hussein","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198777786.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198777786.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"The events leading up to and surrounding the annexation of Cyprus from Ptolemaic Egypt by Rome and the administration of the island have been studied at length. For the sake of brevity, this chapter summarizes key details in light of recent scholarly interpretations of the events that occurred throughout this period of transition in the island’s history (from Ptolemaic to Roman, then back to Ptolemaic rule, before securely returning to Roman rule once and for all in 30 BC). Literary evidence has been crucial for understanding the organization and character of Roman administration of the island from 58 to 22 BC. After 22 BC, literary references of the identities and activities of Roman officials posted to the island are sparse, and from here on it is the material record that is most instructive. This chapter examines familiar, previously overlooked, and new material, to analyse further the nature of local interactions with Rome’s representatives. The available evidence for the proconsuls of Roman Cyprus significantly outweighs information for other officials; therefore, this study deals only with their representation and does not address records of their subordinates. The following features of the epigraphic, numismatic, and literary sources will be examined: where monuments were set up, by whom and why; the use of epithets; and in general, the use of epigraphic conventions and language. This chapter presents a revised list of proconsuls before closing with discussion of local levels of administration—notably the koinon Kuprion\u0000","PeriodicalId":373590,"journal":{"name":"Revaluing Roman Cyprus","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124779371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-15DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198777786.003.0003
E. Hussein
The implications of attaining Roman citizenship in the provinces, whether an opportunity for personal advancement through access to privileges and citizen rights or a symbolic badge of honour, were potentially substantial for individuals and their wider community. The last study of the spread of Roman citizenship across the whole of Cyprus was undertaken by Terence Mitford, and his findings were published posthumously in 1980. He focused solely on epigraphic evidence from the island and offered speculative conclusions for the sporadic instances of citizenship across the island. This chapter presents a systematic, revised study of the impact and significance of Roman citizenship across Cyprus. It begins with an overview of the self-representation and commemoration of outsiders who were Roman citizens. Discussion focuses on the evidence for other notable and high-profile visitors such as negotiatores, Marcia first cousin of the Emperor Augustus, and the pet Lucius Septimius Nestor of Laranda. This not only establishes the contact that locals and communities had with high-profile outsiders but also reveals how outsider identities were commemorated, providing useful comparative evidence for the analysis of strategies that locals used to articulate their new-found status. The remainder of the chapter assesses firm instances of citizenship to examine the spread of Roman citizenship across the island and to explore how this was celebrated by individuals and communities. The chapter closes with a brief overview of evidence for Cypriots abroad to further contextualize local responses to and experiences of the Roman Empire
{"title":"Roman Citizenship in the Cypriot Context","authors":"E. Hussein","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198777786.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198777786.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"The implications of attaining Roman citizenship in the provinces, whether an opportunity for personal advancement through access to privileges and citizen rights or a symbolic badge of honour, were potentially substantial for individuals and their wider community. The last study of the spread of Roman citizenship across the whole of Cyprus was undertaken by Terence Mitford, and his findings were published posthumously in 1980. He focused solely on epigraphic evidence from the island and offered speculative conclusions for the sporadic instances of citizenship across the island. This chapter presents a systematic, revised study of the impact and significance of Roman citizenship across Cyprus. It begins with an overview of the self-representation and commemoration of outsiders who were Roman citizens. Discussion focuses on the evidence for other notable and high-profile visitors such as negotiatores, Marcia first cousin of the Emperor Augustus, and the pet Lucius Septimius Nestor of Laranda. This not only establishes the contact that locals and communities had with high-profile outsiders but also reveals how outsider identities were commemorated, providing useful comparative evidence for the analysis of strategies that locals used to articulate their new-found status. The remainder of the chapter assesses firm instances of citizenship to examine the spread of Roman citizenship across the island and to explore how this was celebrated by individuals and communities. The chapter closes with a brief overview of evidence for Cypriots abroad to further contextualize local responses to and experiences of the Roman Empire","PeriodicalId":373590,"journal":{"name":"Revaluing Roman Cyprus","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127569613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-15DOI: 10.1515/9783034611473.115
E. Hussein
Central to this investigation of collective identity are the foundation myths, and their associated stories, of the Cypriot poleis. Assessment of their construction, and maintenance, in literary texts, followed by study of the celebration of myths in material culture in local contexts by insiders and outsiders, contribute to the evolving picture of local responses to Roman rule and collective identity formation. This chapter assesses evidence from Nea Paphos, Palaipaphos, Kourion, Amathous, and Salamis in most detail, as ample evidence from these contexts survives in comparison to other settlements. Study of a few chosen poleis, rather than every polis, avoids a repetitive and cumbersome review for the reader littered with frustrated caveats regarding the fragmentary and inconsistent nature of some of the evidence. Investigation of these poleis aids understanding of interregional identity, connectivity, and local difference as opposed to generic discussion of ‘East’ versus ‘West’—as implied by a strict focus on Paphos and Salamis alone. Given its fame and the prominence of its surviving material record, evidence from the Paphos region naturally occupies most space. The chapter surveys the foundation myths of the poleis, paying particular attention to the reception, use, and adaptation of narratives in literary sources produced during the Roman Empire. Assessment of the use of mythology and the preservation of local traditions and histories in local material culture follows, to investigate civic identity and to address the enduring stereotypes that have characterized the experience and identities of the Cypriot poleis under Roman rule
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Pub Date : 2021-07-15DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198777786.003.0001
E. Hussein
This chapter brings together the few geographical surveys of Cyprus written by outsiders (i.e. non-Cypriots) during the Roman Empire. The accounts of Strabo, Pliny the Elder, Claudius Ptolemy, Pausanias, Ammianus Marcellinus, and the anonymous Expositio totius mundi et gentium represent the culmination and transmission of ideas about the island based on key events, scenarios, and anecdotes. Situating the key passages within the motivations and themes of these authors’ works reveals how and why particular ideas about the island and its space came to fruition, what purpose these served, and what the perceived status and role of Cyprus in relation to Rome and to the wider Empire was. Discussion of the wider research-context study of the Roman provinces and the current ‘state of the field’ for the study of Roman Cyprus follows. In Cyprus no colonies were founded by the Romans, nor were any existing towns given colonial status; the island did not receive benefits, nor was it awarded any special status by Rome, despite being taxed. Furthermore, its inhabitants did not engage in aggressive military action to resist Roman control of the island, nor is its Roman period characterized by internal turmoil because of the Roman government, in contrast to some other provincial case studies. Therefore, this investigation draws upon a range of studies and models, utilizing vocabulary that acknowledges identity, culture, and experience as fluid, nuanced, and situational. It also emphasizes the importance of geography, geology, space, and place as active in the formation of local identity
本章汇集了罗马帝国时期由外人(即非塞浦路斯人)撰写的关于塞浦路斯的少数地理调查。斯特拉波、老普林尼、克劳狄乌斯·托勒密、包萨尼亚斯、阿米亚努斯·马塞利努斯的记述，以及匿名的《世界与人类》(exposition totius mundi et gentium)代表了基于关键事件、场景和轶事的岛屿思想的高潮和传播。在这些作者作品的动机和主题中定位关键段落，揭示了关于岛屿及其空间的特定想法是如何以及为什么会实现的，这些想法的目的是什么，以及塞浦路斯在罗马和更广泛的帝国中的地位和作用是什么。对罗马行省的更广泛的研究背景研究和罗马塞浦路斯研究的当前“领域状况”的讨论如下。在塞浦路斯，罗马人没有建立殖民地，也没有任何现存的城镇被赋予殖民地地位;该岛没有得到任何好处，也没有被罗马授予任何特殊地位，尽管它被征税。此外，它的居民并没有采取激进的军事行动来抵抗罗马对该岛的控制，与其他一些省的案例研究相反，它的罗马时期也没有因为罗马政府而出现内部动荡。因此，本研究借鉴了一系列的研究和模型，使用了承认身份、文化和经验是流动的、微妙的和情境性的词汇。它还强调了地理、地质、空间和地点在形成地方身份方面的重要性
{"title":"Ancient and Modern World Views","authors":"E. Hussein","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198777786.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198777786.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter brings together the few geographical surveys of Cyprus written by outsiders (i.e. non-Cypriots) during the Roman Empire. The accounts of Strabo, Pliny the Elder, Claudius Ptolemy, Pausanias, Ammianus Marcellinus, and the anonymous Expositio totius mundi et gentium represent the culmination and transmission of ideas about the island based on key events, scenarios, and anecdotes. Situating the key passages within the motivations and themes of these authors’ works reveals how and why particular ideas about the island and its space came to fruition, what purpose these served, and what the perceived status and role of Cyprus in relation to Rome and to the wider Empire was. Discussion of the wider research-context study of the Roman provinces and the current ‘state of the field’ for the study of Roman Cyprus follows. In Cyprus no colonies were founded by the Romans, nor were any existing towns given colonial status; the island did not receive benefits, nor was it awarded any special status by Rome, despite being taxed. Furthermore, its inhabitants did not engage in aggressive military action to resist Roman control of the island, nor is its Roman period characterized by internal turmoil because of the Roman government, in contrast to some other provincial case studies. Therefore, this investigation draws upon a range of studies and models, utilizing vocabulary that acknowledges identity, culture, and experience as fluid, nuanced, and situational. It also emphasizes the importance of geography, geology, space, and place as active in the formation of local identity","PeriodicalId":373590,"journal":{"name":"Revaluing Roman Cyprus","volume":"186 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134191492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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