Lethal State最新文献

An Emotional Craving 情感上的渴望

Lethal State

Pub Date : 2019-02-25 DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469649870.003.0006

S. Kotch

As the death penalty was falling out of use in North Carolina, the civil rights movement was underway. In 1972, the Supreme Court ruled in Furman v. Georgia that the death penalty as practiced was unconstitutional. Politically conservative North Carolinians who viewed the Supreme Court as a weapon of liberal overreach reacted by reinstating the mandatory death penalty and ultimately adopting the bifurcated sentencing protocol now in use around the country. The renewed interest in the death penalty emerged from the tough-on-crime rhetoric adopted by conservatives and the Republican Party during and after the civil rights movement. North Carolina resumed executions in 1984.

当死刑在北卡罗来纳州被废除时，民权运动正在进行。1972年，最高法院在弗曼诉格鲁吉亚案中裁定，死刑的实施是违宪的。政治上保守的北卡罗来纳人将最高法院视为自由派势力扩张的武器，他们的反应是恢复了强制性死刑，并最终采用了目前在全国范围内使用的分法量刑方案。在民权运动期间和之后，保守派和共和党对犯罪采取了严厉的言论，这使得人们对死刑重新产生了兴趣。北卡罗来纳州于1984年恢复执行死刑。

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The General Sense of Justice 一般正义感

Lethal State

Pub Date : 2019-02-25 DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469649870.003.0002

S. Kotch

This chapter explores the enduring relationship between lynching and capital punishment in North Carolina in the 19th and 20th Centuries. Lynching was an essential way North Carolinians communicated their racial animus to official state actors, who responded with legal lynchings—the unfair trials of African American defendants before all-white juries. The threat of lynching hung over many death penalty trials. The starkly racist application of the death penalty pleased lynch mobs because of its hostility to Black people, and pleased state officials because of its apparent orderliness.

本章探讨了19世纪和20世纪北卡罗来纳州私刑和死刑之间的持久关系。私刑是北卡罗莱纳人向政府官员传达种族仇恨的重要方式，后者则以合法的私刑作为回应——在全是白人的陪审团面前对非裔美国人被告进行不公平的审判。私刑的威胁笼罩着许多死刑审判。死刑的明显种族主义应用取悦了私刑暴徒，因为它对黑人的敌意，也取悦了州政府官员，因为它明显的秩序井然。

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Without Howling, Without Squirming 没有嚎叫，没有蠕动

Lethal State

Pub Date : 2019-02-25 DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469649870.003.0003

S. Kotch

This chapter explores the drive to make execution painless for the condemned and easy for executioners and witnesses. When the state of North Carolina took responsibility for capital punishment from county sheriffs, it introduced the electric chair. When that failed to produce a swift and spectacle-free death, the state constructed a gas chamber. The search for a reliable, quiet, and painless method of execution sapped most of the activist energy around the death penalty, transforming its form but never its function.

这一章探讨了使死刑对被判刑者来说没有痛苦，对刽子手和证人来说更容易的驱动力。当北卡罗来纳州从县治安官手中接过死刑的责任时，它引入了电椅。当这种做法未能迅速而不引人注目地导致死亡时，国家建造了一个毒气室。寻找一种可靠的、安静的、无痛的执行方法耗尽了围绕死刑的大部分积极分子的精力，改变了死刑的形式，但从未改变它的功能。

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I Cannot Allow This Boy to Be Executed 我不能让这个男孩被处死

Lethal State

Pub Date : 2019-02-25 DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469649870.003.0004

S. Kotch

This chapter explains how executive clemency—the state governor’s power to reduce a death penalty to a lesser sentence—helped make capital punishment function in North Carolina. With mandatory death sentences for four serious crimes (murder, rape, burglary, and arson), judges had no choice but to pronounce a death penalty upon conviction. This left it up to the governor to decide whether or not the convicted person would be executed. Although this power was reserved for the governor, it was soon transferred to a parole board, which reviewed each death sentence and invited community comment. This process most benefitted teenagers and women. Perversely, more African Americans received commutations than whites because of the high rate of error in their trials.

本章解释了行政赦免——州政府将死刑减为较轻刑罚的权力——是如何帮助北卡罗来纳州执行死刑的。在对四项严重罪行(谋杀、强奸、入室盗窃和纵火)强制判处死刑的情况下，法官别无选择，只能在定罪后宣布死刑。这就留给了州长来决定是否对被定罪的人执行死刑。虽然这一权力是保留给州长的，但它很快就被移交给了假释委员会，该委员会审查每一项死刑判决，并邀请社区发表意见。这一过程最有利于青少年和妇女。反常的是，更多的非裔美国人比白人获得减刑，因为他们的审判错误率很高。

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Intelligent and Civilized Sentiments 智慧文明情操

Lethal State

Pub Date : 2019-02-25 DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469649870.003.0005

S. Kotch

This chapter tells the history of some of the elements that contributed to the declining use of the death penalty in North Carolina. Journalist Nell Battle Lewis railed against the practice as racist, un-Christian, and barbaric. Paul Green echoed those sentiments as he campaigned to save death row inmates from death. Yet their activism had little tangible result. More significant was a change in state law that allowed juries to formally recommend mercy following a conviction, meaning that judges were no longer required to deliver mandatory death sentences. The end of the mandatory death sentences ended executions, which ceased in 1961 and would not resume until 1984.

本章讲述了北卡罗来纳州减少使用死刑的一些因素的历史。记者内尔·巴特尔·刘易斯谴责这种做法是种族主义、非基督教和野蛮的。保罗·格林(Paul Green)在发起拯救死刑犯的运动时也表达了同样的观点。然而，他们的行动并没有产生什么切实的结果。更重要的是州法律的改变，允许陪审团在定罪后正式建议宽恕，这意味着法官不再需要作出强制性的死刑判决。强制性死刑判决的结束结束了1961年停止并直到1984年才恢复的处决。

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