Small scale urban green infrastructure projects can provide local ecological services that should be accounted for in project assessment. Benefits assessment can be expensive and time consuming; benefit transfer provides an economical alternative, but the quality of the analysis depends upon available data. The best-case scenario for benefit transfer is to utilize a meta-analysis. In this paper, we use the meta-analysis of Bockarjova, et al. (2020) to predict ecological benefits of small scale urban green infrastructure investments in Hinesville, GA. In doing so, we implement a censoring procedure on the benefit transfer function to permit analysis of small-scale (less than one-hectare) projects. We find evidence of substantial net economic benefits, with estimates ranging from $657,000 to over $5million.
{"title":"Using Meta-Analysis to Assess Benefits of Green Infrastructure Investments: Application to Small Urban Projects in Hinesville, GA","authors":"C. Landry, J. Pippin, R. Zarei","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3724449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3724449","url":null,"abstract":"Small scale urban green infrastructure projects can provide local ecological services that should be accounted for in project assessment. Benefits assessment can be expensive and time consuming; benefit transfer provides an economical alternative, but the quality of the analysis depends upon available data. The best-case scenario for benefit transfer is to utilize a meta-analysis. In this paper, we use the meta-analysis of Bockarjova, et al. (2020) to predict ecological benefits of small scale urban green infrastructure investments in Hinesville, GA. In doing so, we implement a censoring procedure on the benefit transfer function to permit analysis of small-scale (less than one-hectare) projects. We find evidence of substantial net economic benefits, with estimates ranging from $657,000 to over $5million.","PeriodicalId":375465,"journal":{"name":"Ecosystem Ecology eJournal","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114693209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The instrumental value of biodiversity has been the cornerstone of major debates over its loss, which, without doubt, will negatively impact our environment by either reducing or doing away with ecosystems services that most of us relish, so much so that our well-being depends on it. Nevertheless, all living things on this planet have been subject to an unprecedented assault at the hand of humanity. The assault is both direct and indirect. Direct because we drive vulnerable species to the brink of extinction by overhunting and overfishing them. Indirect because some of our activities causes the climate to change, thus affecting both land and marine flora and fauna. And this has been going on for centuries – at least since the start of the Industrial Revolution. Added to our insatiable desire to continuously alter the environment, is population growth, which has been a catalyst in the degradation of the environment for more people means more food, thus, more land for agricultural use and more land needed for accommodation and to build cities. The past century was marked by population size increase and technological capabilities of our species, two factors that put the extinction of other species on the fast track. That has prompted scientists to talk about the sixth great extinction wave, which is, of course, different from the first five because they were caused by natural events and not by intelligent species’ activities. This report has for goal to consider the chances that our environment will be sustainable or viable in the future and the potential obstacles it might encounter at three different levels: social, economic, and political.
{"title":"Opportunities and Challenges for Environmental Sustainability: A Socioeconomic and Political Analysis","authors":"F. Dufour","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3394456","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3394456","url":null,"abstract":"The instrumental value of biodiversity has been the cornerstone of major debates over its loss, which, without doubt, will negatively impact our environment by either reducing or doing away with ecosystems services that most of us relish, so much so that our well-being depends on it. Nevertheless, all living things on this planet have been subject to an unprecedented assault at the hand of humanity. The assault is both direct and indirect. Direct because we drive vulnerable species to the brink of extinction by overhunting and overfishing them. Indirect because some of our activities causes the climate to change, thus affecting both land and marine flora and fauna. And this has been going on for centuries – at least since the start of the Industrial Revolution. Added to our insatiable desire to continuously alter the environment, is population growth, which has been a catalyst in the degradation of the environment for more people means more food, thus, more land for agricultural use and more land needed for accommodation and to build cities. The past century was marked by population size increase and technological capabilities of our species, two factors that put the extinction of other species on the fast track. That has prompted scientists to talk about the sixth great extinction wave, which is, of course, different from the first five because they were caused by natural events and not by intelligent species’ activities. This report has for goal to consider the chances that our environment will be sustainable or viable in the future and the potential obstacles it might encounter at three different levels: social, economic, and political.","PeriodicalId":375465,"journal":{"name":"Ecosystem Ecology eJournal","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128536230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fines migration has not been widely considered during CO2 injection into water-saturated rocks. Mineral dissolution effects are only considered in long-term experiments (weeks to months scale). This study conducts a series of short (few hours) dynamic experiments to study the effect of dissolution and fines migration on CO2 injectivity in cores. Three coreflooding experiments were performed using Berea sandstone at difference salinity brine (0, 10, 30 and 60 g/L NaCl). First, the core plugs were subjected to brine injection. Then, CO2-saturated brine was injected to displace unsaturated brine from the core. Afterward, brine saturated supercritical CO2 (scCO2) was injected into the core. The Pressure drop across the core was monitored and produced water samples were collected continuously during the experiments. To characterize the core sample, X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRD), X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analyses were performed. After the experiment, SEM-EDS analysis was run and registered with the pre-injection images to visualize fines migration. Fines concentration was measured, and ionic chromatography analysis was performed to characterize produced water samples. Numerical simulations were performed to model the experiment geochemical reactions. The permeability of the core sample is significantly reduced after the experiment due to pore blockage. SEM-EDS analysis of the blocked pores and produced fines show blockage is mostly caused by clay, quartz and cement. Numerical simulations showed that the reaction rate; hence, cement dissolution is faster at higher salinity.
{"title":"Permeability Damage Due to Fines Migration During CO2 Sequestration","authors":"F. Othman, M. Arif, F. Hussain","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3365877","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3365877","url":null,"abstract":"Fines migration has not been widely considered during CO2 injection into water-saturated rocks. Mineral dissolution effects are only considered in long-term experiments (weeks to months scale). This study conducts a series of short (few hours) dynamic experiments to study the effect of dissolution and fines migration on CO2 injectivity in cores. Three coreflooding experiments were performed using Berea sandstone at difference salinity brine (0, 10, 30 and 60 g/L NaCl). First, the core plugs were subjected to brine injection. Then, CO2-saturated brine was injected to displace unsaturated brine from the core. Afterward, brine saturated supercritical CO2 (scCO2) was injected into the core. The Pressure drop across the core was monitored and produced water samples were collected continuously during the experiments. To characterize the core sample, X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRD), X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analyses were performed. After the experiment, SEM-EDS analysis was run and registered with the pre-injection images to visualize fines migration. Fines concentration was measured, and ionic chromatography analysis was performed to characterize produced water samples. Numerical simulations were performed to model the experiment geochemical reactions. The permeability of the core sample is significantly reduced after the experiment due to pore blockage. SEM-EDS analysis of the blocked pores and produced fines show blockage is mostly caused by clay, quartz and cement. Numerical simulations showed that the reaction rate; hence, cement dissolution is faster at higher salinity.","PeriodicalId":375465,"journal":{"name":"Ecosystem Ecology eJournal","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117158968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Under scenarios of increasing unplanned urban expansion, environmental degradation and hazard exposure, the vulnerability of urban populations, especially of their poorer segments, needs to be tackled through integrated economic, social and environmental solutions. Basing our analysis on the concept of ecosystem services, we suggest that urban areas would benefit from a shift in perspective towards a more regional approach, which recognizes them as one of many interconnected elements that interact at the watershed level. By integrating an ecosystem approach into the management of water-related services, urban management policies can take a first step towards fostering an improvement of the health of upstream and downstream areas of the watershed, activating environmentally sound practices which aim at guaranteeing the sustainable and cost effective supply of services. These strategies can for instance be supported by using payment schemes for ecosystem services or similar strategies, allowing for the redistribution of resources among communities in the watershed. From our analysis it results that, through the recognition of the primary role played by watershed ecosystems, cities can benefit from an enlarged set of policies, which can help strengthen the supply of essential environmental services, while reducing the vulnerability of its population and contributing to the maintenance of healthy ecosystems.
{"title":"Urban Watershed Services for Improved Ecosystem Management and Risk Reduction, Assessment Methods and Policy Instruments: State of the Art","authors":"Y. Depietri, L. Guadagno, M. Breil","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2377329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2377329","url":null,"abstract":"Under scenarios of increasing unplanned urban expansion, environmental degradation and hazard exposure, the vulnerability of urban populations, especially of their poorer segments, needs to be tackled through integrated economic, social and environmental solutions. Basing our analysis on the concept of ecosystem services, we suggest that urban areas would benefit from a shift in perspective towards a more regional approach, which recognizes them as one of many interconnected elements that interact at the watershed level. By integrating an ecosystem approach into the management of water-related services, urban management policies can take a first step towards fostering an improvement of the health of upstream and downstream areas of the watershed, activating environmentally sound practices which aim at guaranteeing the sustainable and cost effective supply of services. These strategies can for instance be supported by using payment schemes for ecosystem services or similar strategies, allowing for the redistribution of resources among communities in the watershed. From our analysis it results that, through the recognition of the primary role played by watershed ecosystems, cities can benefit from an enlarged set of policies, which can help strengthen the supply of essential environmental services, while reducing the vulnerability of its population and contributing to the maintenance of healthy ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":375465,"journal":{"name":"Ecosystem Ecology eJournal","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114383378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Environmental sensitivity index (ESI) defined by multiplying vulnerability index (VI), ecological index (EI) and socio-economic index (SI). Each components consist of a few vulnerability value (percentage number of houses near to the shoreline/riverine), ecological value (the capacity of the area supply freshwater to the community), and social value (number of population, toddlers, education, percentage access using waters to the settlement area) and economic value (income per capita per year).
{"title":"Methodology on Defining Environmental Sensitivity Index for Settlement Area in the River-Basin, Coastal and Small Island","authors":"Y. Wahyudin","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2320733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2320733","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental sensitivity index (ESI) defined by multiplying vulnerability index (VI), ecological index (EI) and socio-economic index (SI). Each components consist of a few vulnerability value (percentage number of houses near to the shoreline/riverine), ecological value (the capacity of the area supply freshwater to the community), and social value (number of population, toddlers, education, percentage access using waters to the settlement area) and economic value (income per capita per year).","PeriodicalId":375465,"journal":{"name":"Ecosystem Ecology eJournal","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114755302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We have calculated the economic value of forest hydrological services for Hoa Binh Hydroelectric Plant in Vietnam, which is a major power supplier for the capital Hanoi. Our valuation is based on measurements over a six-year period from 2001 to 2006 in 240 permanent sample plots in different vegetation types distributed throughout the watershed. We have synthesized the information with GIS, and carried out simulations with derived empirical models for different land use, electricity price and payment proportion scenarios. Our findings indicate that the economic value of forest hydrological services for electricity production ranges from 26.3 million USD to 85.5 million USD per year; and that the longevity of the hydroelectric plant can be prolonged by about 35-80 years, depending on the state of forest cover in the watershed.
{"title":"Linking Regional Land Use and Payments for Forest Hydrological Services: A Case Study of Hoa Binh Reservoir in Vietnam","authors":"Trung-Thanh Nguyen, V. D. Pham, J. Tenhunen","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2777985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2777985","url":null,"abstract":"We have calculated the economic value of forest hydrological services for Hoa Binh Hydroelectric Plant in Vietnam, which is a major power supplier for the capital Hanoi. Our valuation is based on measurements over a six-year period from 2001 to 2006 in 240 permanent sample plots in different vegetation types distributed throughout the watershed. We have synthesized the information with GIS, and carried out simulations with derived empirical models for different land use, electricity price and payment proportion scenarios. Our findings indicate that the economic value of forest hydrological services for electricity production ranges from 26.3 million USD to 85.5 million USD per year; and that the longevity of the hydroelectric plant can be prolonged by about 35-80 years, depending on the state of forest cover in the watershed.","PeriodicalId":375465,"journal":{"name":"Ecosystem Ecology eJournal","volume":"90 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124387794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Honey as a natural product, through interaction of complex botanical and zoological species, generates a unique market with huge information asymmetry. It is ethnic communities, living closely with the nature, which depend on honey for their livelihood. Power dynamics in the trading scenario works unfavourably for the ethnic communities. In this paper we are documenting the intervention by Keystone Foundation that has changed the value chains in honey trade in Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (NBR) which is spread in three south Indian states. We also compare impact of different types of traders on the income for honey hunters by presenting one value chain in a local community.
{"title":"Interventions in Honey Value Chains: Making Difference for Indigenous Communities","authors":"S. Pellissery, Snehlata Nath","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2260600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2260600","url":null,"abstract":"Honey as a natural product, through interaction of complex botanical and zoological species, generates a unique market with huge information asymmetry. It is ethnic communities, living closely with the nature, which depend on honey for their livelihood. Power dynamics in the trading scenario works unfavourably for the ethnic communities. In this paper we are documenting the intervention by Keystone Foundation that has changed the value chains in honey trade in Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (NBR) which is spread in three south Indian states. We also compare impact of different types of traders on the income for honey hunters by presenting one value chain in a local community.","PeriodicalId":375465,"journal":{"name":"Ecosystem Ecology eJournal","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115432123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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