Pub Date : 2020-09-09DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198852711.003.0007
Peter Hägel
Chapter 7 examines two cases of how billionaires use philanthropy to promote social change in foreign countries. Through the massive funding of research and public–private partnerships, Bill Gates, via the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, has advanced international vaccination programs to fight communicable diseases. His influence on agenda-setting and policy implementation in the governance of global health can be seen in the World Health Organization’s declaration of a “Decade of Vaccines.” The second case is George Soros, whose attempts to build open societies as a “stateless statesman” are extremely wide-ranging. The chapter focuses on his efforts to promote human rights and democracy, putting the spotlight on his role in regime change during the so-called “Rose Revolution” in Georgia (2002–4).
{"title":"Social Entrepreneurship","authors":"Peter Hägel","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198852711.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198852711.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 7 examines two cases of how billionaires use philanthropy to promote social change in foreign countries. Through the massive funding of research and public–private partnerships, Bill Gates, via the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, has advanced international vaccination programs to fight communicable diseases. His influence on agenda-setting and policy implementation in the governance of global health can be seen in the World Health Organization’s declaration of a “Decade of Vaccines.” The second case is George Soros, whose attempts to build open societies as a “stateless statesman” are extremely wide-ranging. The chapter focuses on his efforts to promote human rights and democracy, putting the spotlight on his role in regime change during the so-called “Rose Revolution” in Georgia (2002–4).","PeriodicalId":375549,"journal":{"name":"Billionaires in World Politics","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114995051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-09DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198852711.003.0008
Peter Hägel
Chapter 8 evaluates the prior findings in order to address three major questions. First, is it more appropriate to see billionaires as “super-actors,” or as a global “super-class”? It finds limited applicability of the “transnational capitalist class” concept, and substantial evidence of individual agency. Institutional logics also appear as relatively weak within the political organizations created by billionaires, because these institutions are so dependent on the volatile resources provided by their sponsors. Second, what is the relative power of billionaires within the international system? States continue to set the legal framework for transnational politics. Yet, as outsiders coming from abroad and from business, billionaires can gain power via disruptive innovation and flexible alliance-building, using their wealth and their entrepreneurial skills. Counterfactual reasoning identifies substantial capacities for “making a difference” in world politics to most of the billionaires in the book’s case studies. Finally, what does the power of billionaires mean for the liberal norms of legitimate political order? With billionaires as transnational actors, the tensions inherent in modern liberalism get magnified: individual freedom clashes with collective self-determination, private property subverts the public sphere, and territorially bounded conceptions of the demos conflict with cosmopolitan ideals. Billionaires like to see their actions in terms of output legitimacy, but this cannot make up for a basic lack of accountability.
{"title":"Analytical Conclusion","authors":"Peter Hägel","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198852711.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198852711.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 8 evaluates the prior findings in order to address three major questions. First, is it more appropriate to see billionaires as “super-actors,” or as a global “super-class”? It finds limited applicability of the “transnational capitalist class” concept, and substantial evidence of individual agency. Institutional logics also appear as relatively weak within the political organizations created by billionaires, because these institutions are so dependent on the volatile resources provided by their sponsors. Second, what is the relative power of billionaires within the international system? States continue to set the legal framework for transnational politics. Yet, as outsiders coming from abroad and from business, billionaires can gain power via disruptive innovation and flexible alliance-building, using their wealth and their entrepreneurial skills. Counterfactual reasoning identifies substantial capacities for “making a difference” in world politics to most of the billionaires in the book’s case studies. Finally, what does the power of billionaires mean for the liberal norms of legitimate political order? With billionaires as transnational actors, the tensions inherent in modern liberalism get magnified: individual freedom clashes with collective self-determination, private property subverts the public sphere, and territorially bounded conceptions of the demos conflict with cosmopolitan ideals. Billionaires like to see their actions in terms of output legitimacy, but this cannot make up for a basic lack of accountability.","PeriodicalId":375549,"journal":{"name":"Billionaires in World Politics","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126965548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-09DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198852711.003.0005
Peter Hägel
Chapter 5 analyzes two billionaires within transnational diaspora politics, whose ethnonational identity generates security concerns for communities abroad. The Jewish-American casino mogul Sheldon Adelson has been financing a free newspaper, Israel Hayom, which has become the most widely read daily in Israel, staunchly supporting Benjamin Netanyahu and the “entrenchment–expansionism” position vis-à-vis Palestine. His interventions in the Israel–Palestine conflict ran counter to the majority views of American Jewry and undermined President Obama’s foreign policy. The second case examines whether the hedge fund billionaire Raj Rajaratnam helped to fund the insurgency of the LTTE (“Tamil Tigers”) in his former home state Sri Lanka. While the case once produced spectacular headlines, upon closer inspection the political agency of Rajaratnam appears as very limited. He seems to have largely conformed to the demands put on the Tamil diaspora by the LTTE, and the U.S. government’s anti-terrorism policies restricted his options severely.
{"title":"Security","authors":"Peter Hägel","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198852711.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198852711.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 5 analyzes two billionaires within transnational diaspora politics, whose ethnonational identity generates security concerns for communities abroad. The Jewish-American casino mogul Sheldon Adelson has been financing a free newspaper, Israel Hayom, which has become the most widely read daily in Israel, staunchly supporting Benjamin Netanyahu and the “entrenchment–expansionism” position vis-à-vis Palestine. His interventions in the Israel–Palestine conflict ran counter to the majority views of American Jewry and undermined President Obama’s foreign policy. The second case examines whether the hedge fund billionaire Raj Rajaratnam helped to fund the insurgency of the LTTE (“Tamil Tigers”) in his former home state Sri Lanka. While the case once produced spectacular headlines, upon closer inspection the political agency of Rajaratnam appears as very limited. He seems to have largely conformed to the demands put on the Tamil diaspora by the LTTE, and the U.S. government’s anti-terrorism policies restricted his options severely.","PeriodicalId":375549,"journal":{"name":"Billionaires in World Politics","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132003883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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