As organizations seek to become increasingly competitive and innovative, knowledge management systems are emerging as critical assets. This article reviews how knowledge is portrayed in management system standards, examining the relationship and how it reflects on the governance of organizations. The framework of ISO standards mentioned in this article is useful for organizations that aim to develop a mature roadmap to business resilience and continuity.
{"title":"Governance of Knowledge in Management Systems Applications","authors":"Tolga Atkas","doi":"10.55459/ijca/v1i1/ta","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55459/ijca/v1i1/ta","url":null,"abstract":"As organizations seek to become increasingly competitive and innovative, knowledge management systems are emerging as critical assets. This article reviews how knowledge is portrayed in management system standards, examining the relationship and how it reflects on the governance of organizations. The framework of ISO standards mentioned in this article is useful for organizations that aim to develop a mature roadmap to business resilience and continuity.","PeriodicalId":376674,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Conformity Assessment","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126567465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-30DOI: 10.55459/ijca/v1i1/ov.dn.ia
Osman Vural, David Nelson, Ioannis Anastasopoulos
Validating the examinations provided by conformity assessment bodies for personnel certification purposes is a requirement of the international standard ISO/IEC 17024 “Conformity assessment—General requirements for bodies operating certification of persons.” A fundamental requirement for each examination developer is to achieve a reliable and fair examination process. The validity of a test paper depends on the quality of the sections that constitute the examination. Considering that the examination must measure the competencies derived by the relevant job/task analysis, there is a direct connection between the job/task analysis outputs and the respective examination. There are prescribed steps in linking the relatedness of the examination to the knowledge and skills required for a job. These steps lead to an examination that has been “validated” in that its content accurately measures the necessary knowledge and skills required for the job. This paper describes the steps to design the ideal examination (personnel evaluation) system, as well as some of the statistical techniques that can be used to analyze items that are necessary to establish question banks. The scope of this paper is limited to the “job analysis” component of certification schemes and does not extend to requirements for administration of examinations, including performance-based assessments, oral examinations, and remote assessments.
{"title":"Mathematical Models Used to Affirm Fairness, Validity, Reliability, and General Performance of Examinations Used for Personnel Certification Complying to ISO/IEC 17024 Standard Requirements","authors":"Osman Vural, David Nelson, Ioannis Anastasopoulos","doi":"10.55459/ijca/v1i1/ov.dn.ia","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55459/ijca/v1i1/ov.dn.ia","url":null,"abstract":"Validating the examinations provided by conformity assessment bodies for personnel certification purposes is a requirement of the international standard ISO/IEC 17024 “Conformity assessment—General requirements for bodies operating certification of persons.” A fundamental requirement for each examination developer is to achieve a reliable and fair examination process. The validity of a test paper depends on the quality of the sections that constitute the examination. Considering that the examination must measure the competencies derived by the relevant job/task analysis, there is a direct connection between the job/task analysis outputs and the respective examination. There are prescribed steps in linking the relatedness of the examination to the knowledge and skills required for a job. These steps lead to an examination that has been “validated” in that its content accurately measures the necessary knowledge and skills required for the job. This paper describes the steps to design the ideal examination (personnel evaluation) system, as well as some of the statistical techniques that can be used to analyze items that are necessary to establish question banks. The scope of this paper is limited to the “job analysis” component of certification schemes and does not extend to requirements for administration of examinations, including performance-based assessments, oral examinations, and remote assessments.","PeriodicalId":376674,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Conformity Assessment","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114843612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The nature of conformity assessment (i.e., testing, inspection, and certification) has evolved throughout the 20th and 21st centuries. This article reviews the major changes that have taken place over the more recent half-century, the current situation, and ways in which those changes have led to safer, higher-quality, and less costly electrical and electronic equipment and systems. The author concludes that further internationalization of standards and conformity assessment is both necessary and desirable.
{"title":"Historical Understandings of International Conformity Assessment Systems","authors":"W. Fiske","doi":"10.55459/ijca/v1i1/wf","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55459/ijca/v1i1/wf","url":null,"abstract":"The nature of conformity assessment (i.e., testing, inspection, and certification) has evolved throughout the 20th and 21st centuries. This article reviews the major changes that have taken place over the more recent half-century, the current situation, and ways in which those changes have led to safer, higher-quality, and less costly electrical and electronic equipment and systems. The author concludes that further internationalization of standards and conformity assessment is both necessary and desirable.","PeriodicalId":376674,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Conformity Assessment","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114593321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Worldwide, the negative impacts of fire on cladding materials has increased over the years as buildings grow taller and the complexities of ownership, liability, and responsibilities increase. This paper discusses how the UAE fire code (UAE Fire and Life Safety Code of Practice) has effectively utilized proven conformity assessment standards—specifically ISO/IEC 17025, ISO/IEC 17065, and ISO/IEC 17020—to create robust mechanisms that drastically reduce fire safety hazards for building envelopes.
{"title":"The Cladding Problem: Establishing and Assessing Safe Building Envelopes","authors":"Abhishek Chhabra","doi":"10.55459/ijca/v1i1/ac","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55459/ijca/v1i1/ac","url":null,"abstract":"Worldwide, the negative impacts of fire on cladding materials has increased over the years as buildings grow taller and the complexities of ownership, liability, and responsibilities increase. This paper discusses how the UAE fire code (UAE Fire and Life Safety Code of Practice) has effectively utilized proven conformity assessment standards—specifically ISO/IEC 17025, ISO/IEC 17065, and ISO/IEC 17020—to create robust mechanisms that drastically reduce fire safety hazards for building envelopes.","PeriodicalId":376674,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Conformity Assessment","volume":"98 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114423629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Manufacturing companies should consider the liabilities for their products because the Product Liability Act is recognized as a global standard and, as such, is an inevitable reality in our industrial world. Accidents, incidents, and failures of products will inevitably occur in the system of mass production, mass distribution, and mass consumption. However, companies should not have to be afraid of incidents developing into lawsuits when distributing products to the market. The premise of this paper is to share how proactive companies can prepare countermeasures to prevent product liability accidents from happening and/or effectively address any accidents, incidents, or product failures that do occur. At the management level, the top priority should be to prepare Product Liability Prevention (PLP) and Product Liability Defense (PLD) systems. Implementing an effective quality management can be a good control method to prevent and defend against product liabilities. To maximize the quality management system’s capabilities, an organization should be restructured and given more opportunities for training as well as expanded manpower. (All activity results should be recorded for evidentiary purposes in case of a lawsuit.) To enhance product control measures, a testing and measurement system should be introduced under the concept of state-ofthe-art technology. If a company cannot handle the testing and measurement of products in-house, it can enlist the help of an external organization. With effective prevention and defense systems in place for product liability matters, manufacturing organizations stand a better chance of being successful and long-lasting in the global marketplace.
{"title":"Leveraging Quality Management Systems to Prevent Product Liabilities","authors":"Gilbert Gong","doi":"10.55459/ijca/v1i1/gg","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55459/ijca/v1i1/gg","url":null,"abstract":"Manufacturing companies should consider the liabilities for their products because the Product Liability Act is recognized as a global standard and, as such, is an inevitable reality in our industrial world. Accidents, incidents, and failures of products will inevitably occur in the system of mass production, mass distribution, and mass consumption. However, companies should not have to be afraid of incidents developing into lawsuits when distributing products to the market. The premise of this paper is to share how proactive companies can prepare countermeasures to prevent product liability accidents from happening and/or effectively address any accidents, incidents, or product failures that do occur. At the management level, the top priority should be to prepare Product Liability Prevention (PLP) and Product Liability Defense (PLD) systems. Implementing an effective quality management can be a good control method to prevent and defend against product liabilities. To maximize the quality management system’s capabilities, an organization should be restructured and given more opportunities for training as well as expanded manpower. (All activity results should be recorded for evidentiary purposes in case of a lawsuit.) To enhance product control measures, a testing and measurement system should be introduced under the concept of state-ofthe-art technology. If a company cannot handle the testing and measurement of products in-house, it can enlist the help of an external organization. With effective prevention and defense systems in place for product liability matters, manufacturing organizations stand a better chance of being successful and long-lasting in the global marketplace.","PeriodicalId":376674,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Conformity Assessment","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114668785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Biodegradable packaging has the potential to reduce water usage, solid waste, electricity, and emissions compared to conventional packaging processes. Biodegradable plastics created from renewable sources (cellulose or starch) have novel functionalities and processibilities. The European Union standard EN 13432:2006, “Requirements for packaging recoverable through composting and biodegradation – Test scheme and evaluation criteria for the final acceptance of packaging,” solves this issue by explaining clearly how a material becomes biodegradable as well as compostable. The present work is a verification study of EN 13432:2006 using food packaging materials, which were categorized as biodegradable. Spectroscopic analysis of the samples, inoculum, and compost were performed used Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. The aerobic and anaerobic degradation of the samples was conducted in accordance with ISO 14855-1 and ASTM D5511, respectively. An ecotoxicity study using the compost of the samples was performed as per OECD 208 guidelines. The nature of carbon dioxide evolution and biogas accumulation in biodegradability studies was on par with the ISO as well as ASTM standards. The quality of the compost and the ecotoxicity studies using the samples meet the requirements as stipulated by OECD 208 guidelines. The results proved the material possesses the characteristics recommended by EN 13432:2006; so, the material is undoubtedly biodegradable plastic.
{"title":"Verification Study of Food Packaging Materials Recoverable Through Composting and Biodegradation","authors":"A.V. Chandrajith","doi":"10.55459/ijca/v1i1/av","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55459/ijca/v1i1/av","url":null,"abstract":"Biodegradable packaging has the potential to reduce water usage, solid waste, electricity, and emissions compared to conventional packaging processes. Biodegradable plastics created from renewable sources (cellulose or starch) have novel functionalities and processibilities. The European Union standard EN 13432:2006, “Requirements for packaging recoverable through composting and biodegradation – Test scheme and evaluation criteria for the final acceptance of packaging,” solves this issue by explaining clearly how a material becomes biodegradable as well as compostable. The present work is a verification study of EN 13432:2006 using food packaging materials, which were categorized as biodegradable. Spectroscopic analysis of the samples, inoculum, and compost were performed used Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. The aerobic and anaerobic degradation of the samples was conducted in accordance with ISO 14855-1 and ASTM D5511, respectively. An ecotoxicity study using the compost of the samples was performed as per OECD 208 guidelines. The nature of carbon dioxide evolution and biogas accumulation in biodegradability studies was on par with the ISO as well as ASTM standards. The quality of the compost and the ecotoxicity studies using the samples meet the requirements as stipulated by OECD 208 guidelines. The results proved the material possesses the characteristics recommended by EN 13432:2006; so, the material is undoubtedly biodegradable plastic.","PeriodicalId":376674,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Conformity Assessment","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116950572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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