Pub Date : 2019-06-07DOI: 10.1163/9789004406421_006
S. Podolsky
{"title":"From Global Recognition to Global Health: Antimicrobials and the Nobel Prize, 1901–2015","authors":"S. Podolsky","doi":"10.1163/9789004406421_006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004406421_006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":379777,"journal":{"name":"Attributing Excellence in Medicine","volume":"109 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121122103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-07DOI: 10.1163/9789004406421_010
M. Bucchi
{"title":"The Laureate in the Spotlight: Renato Dulbecco and the Public Image of Science","authors":"M. Bucchi","doi":"10.1163/9789004406421_010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004406421_010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":379777,"journal":{"name":"Attributing Excellence in Medicine","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115225216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-07DOI: 10.1163/9789004406421_004
Gustav Källstrand
{"title":"More Than a Prize: The Creation of the Nobel System","authors":"Gustav Källstrand","doi":"10.1163/9789004406421_004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004406421_004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":379777,"journal":{"name":"Attributing Excellence in Medicine","volume":"215 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131963318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-07DOI: 10.1163/9789004406421_005
S. Widmalm
{"title":"Hitler’s Boycott: Cultural Politics and the Rhetoric of Neutrality","authors":"S. Widmalm","doi":"10.1163/9789004406421_005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004406421_005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":379777,"journal":{"name":"Attributing Excellence in Medicine","volume":"31 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128592894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-07DOI: 10.1163/9789004406421_009
F. Sio, N. Hansson, Ulrich Koppitz
Robert K. Merton’s tentative taxonomy of the ‘instructively ambiguous’ categories of ‘excellence’ and ‘recognition’ features the Nobel Prize as an example of the couple ‘excellence as performance/recognition as honorific’.1 In this connection, Merton raises the problem of what the performance to be recognised should look like. In the sciences, he concludes, the single achievement (as opposed to ‘life-work’2) seems to be the standard, although what this means is far from self-evident. Alfred Nobel’s three famous criteria for a prize-worthy achievement (‘recency’, ‘benefit to mankind’ and ‘discovery’) have equally proven difficult to handle, requiring progressive adjustments (see the Introduction to this volume). In situations of real-life complexity, Merton’s taxonomy of ‘recognition’ and ‘excellence as performance’ shows its analytical limit, as do Nobel’s criteria. Even in early, apparently simple, cases of undivided awards, the stumbling block of the ‘individual discovery’ had made itself perspicuous, as shown by the lengthy debate over Ivan Pavlov’s3 or Paul Ehrlich’s award,4 demonstrating how problematic the ‘snapshot’ conception of discovery can be. One is here reminded of Roland Barthes’ concept of ‘punctum’,5 ‘[the] element which rises from the scene, shoots out of it like an arrow, and pierces [us]’. The ‘punctum’ is what commands our attention and makes us notice an image. This event, however, can only be perceived as such within the less perspicuous framework of an educated and idiosyncratic approach, which he calls ‘studium’, and is the ‘application to a thing [...] a kind of general, enthusiastic commitment, but without special acuity’.6 Transposed to the problem at hand, the ‘punctum’ can be abruptly translated as ‘(beneficial) discovery’, whereas ‘studium’ becomes the set of conditions that makes the achievement recognised as a great
罗伯特·默顿(Robert K. Merton)对“卓越”和“认可”这两个“具有指导意义的模糊”类别进行了尝试性分类，并将诺贝尔奖作为这对夫妇“卓越作为表现/认可作为荣誉”的一个例子在这方面，默顿提出了一个问题，即要得到认可的业绩应该是什么样的。他总结道，在科学领域，单一成就(与“终生工作”相反)似乎是标准，尽管这意味着什么远非不言而喻。阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔的三个著名的获奖标准(“最近”，“造福人类”和“发现”)同样证明难以处理，需要逐步调整(见本卷的介绍)。在现实生活的复杂情况下，默顿的“认可”和“卓越表现”分类法显示出其分析局限性，诺贝尔的标准也是如此。即使在早期的、看似简单的、未分割奖项的案例中，“个人发现”的绊脚石也已经显露出来，就像伊凡·巴甫洛夫(Ivan Pavlov)和保罗·埃利希(Paul Ehrlich)的奖项所引发的长时间争论所表明的那样，这表明了发现的“快照”概念是多么有问题。这里让人想起罗兰·巴特(Roland Barthes)的“点状物”(punctum)概念，即“从场景中升起的元素，像箭一样射出，刺穿(我们)”。“点”是控制我们的注意力，让我们注意到图像的东西。然而，这个事件只能在一个受过教育的和特殊的方法的不太明显的框架内被感知，他称之为“studium”，是“对事物的应用[…][5]一种一般的、热情的承诺，但没有特别的敏锐性转到手头的问题上，“punctum”可以突然翻译成“(有益的)发现”，而“studium”则变成了一组使成就被认为是伟大的条件
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Pub Date : 2019-06-07DOI: 10.1163/9789004406421_007
H. Fangerau, T. Halling, N. Hansson
A 2015 contribution to the Journal of the American Medical Association (jama) raised the question of why American Nobel Laureates outnumber those of any other nativity.1 Times are changing. About 100 years ago, when the Prize was quite new, the same journal asked why only European scientists were acknowledged.2 At that time, U.S. medical journals praised the Nobel Prize as ‘the ideal method of encouraging the best scientific research’3 and used it as a yardstick for other medical honours. Commentators repeatedly bemoaned that American research ‘of fundamental importance’4 had been disregarded. Whether for the prize money (corresponding to about one million usd) or the international competition in science and medicine, the Prize was perceived as a coveted trophy right from its inception.5 It is not as if Americans did not nominate domestic candidates. In fact, jama even published calls to name Walter Reed and James Carrol for their investigations into yellow fever.6 However, another American candidate would eventually come to play a larger role in the nomination cycle. The physiologist Jacques Loeb (1859–1924) was, according to the Nomination Database of the Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine, nominated 78 times between 1901 and his death,7 which makes him one of the most nominated scholars in the first half of the 20th century.8 Nevertheless, Loeb was, as Robert Merton phrased it in his classical paper on the Matthew effect, an occupant of the ‘41st chair’.9
{"title":"Discovery or Reputation? Jacques Loeb and the Role of Nomination Networks","authors":"H. Fangerau, T. Halling, N. Hansson","doi":"10.1163/9789004406421_007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004406421_007","url":null,"abstract":"A 2015 contribution to the Journal of the American Medical Association (jama) raised the question of why American Nobel Laureates outnumber those of any other nativity.1 Times are changing. About 100 years ago, when the Prize was quite new, the same journal asked why only European scientists were acknowledged.2 At that time, U.S. medical journals praised the Nobel Prize as ‘the ideal method of encouraging the best scientific research’3 and used it as a yardstick for other medical honours. Commentators repeatedly bemoaned that American research ‘of fundamental importance’4 had been disregarded. Whether for the prize money (corresponding to about one million usd) or the international competition in science and medicine, the Prize was perceived as a coveted trophy right from its inception.5 It is not as if Americans did not nominate domestic candidates. In fact, jama even published calls to name Walter Reed and James Carrol for their investigations into yellow fever.6 However, another American candidate would eventually come to play a larger role in the nomination cycle. The physiologist Jacques Loeb (1859–1924) was, according to the Nomination Database of the Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine, nominated 78 times between 1901 and his death,7 which makes him one of the most nominated scholars in the first half of the 20th century.8 Nevertheless, Loeb was, as Robert Merton phrased it in his classical paper on the Matthew effect, an occupant of the ‘41st chair’.9","PeriodicalId":379777,"journal":{"name":"Attributing Excellence in Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129276721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-07DOI: 10.1163/9789004406421_008
N. Hansson, David S. Jones, T. Schlich
[T]he Nobel award casts a glow of pride over all those associated with the recipient, through their field of science, their professions, or their institutions.1 As I walked across the stage to meet King Gustav iv as he approached me from the opposite side, the whole experience seemed like a fairy tale. Here I was – a clinical doctor, a surgeon whose professional life was devoted primarily to taking care of patients – receiving the world’s most prestigious scientific prize.2
{"title":"Defining ‘Cutting-edge’ Excellence: Awarding Nobel Prizes (or not) to Surgeons","authors":"N. Hansson, David S. Jones, T. Schlich","doi":"10.1163/9789004406421_008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004406421_008","url":null,"abstract":"[T]he Nobel award casts a glow of pride over all those associated with the recipient, through their field of science, their professions, or their institutions.1 As I walked across the stage to meet King Gustav iv as he approached me from the opposite side, the whole experience seemed like a fairy tale. Here I was – a clinical doctor, a surgeon whose professional life was devoted primarily to taking care of patients – receiving the world’s most prestigious scientific prize.2","PeriodicalId":379777,"journal":{"name":"Attributing Excellence in Medicine","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124237811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-07DOI: 10.1163/9789004406421_003
J. Duffin
{"title":"Commemorating Excellence: The Nobel Prize and the Secular Religion of Science","authors":"J. Duffin","doi":"10.1163/9789004406421_003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004406421_003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":379777,"journal":{"name":"Attributing Excellence in Medicine","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126998087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1163/9789004406421_011
P. Mattsson, Katarina Nordqvist
{"title":"Nobel Prize Awarded Discoveries and Commercialization: The Role of the Laureates","authors":"P. Mattsson, Katarina Nordqvist","doi":"10.1163/9789004406421_011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004406421_011","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":379777,"journal":{"name":"Attributing Excellence in Medicine","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133149828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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