This paper investigates whether political orientation influences residential real estate prices and returns during COVID-19 pandemic. Using county level housing data from January to June 2020, we document that Democratic counties, politically aligned counties, counties with higher prosocial scores and greater liberal news viewership experience a significant decline in house prices and returns in response to COVID-19 cases and deaths. Overall, our findings suggest that political orientation is an important dimension that affect asset prices.
{"title":"COVID-19, Political Orientation and Residential Real Estate Prices","authors":"Zinat S. Alam, M. Hossain","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3702589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3702589","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates whether political orientation influences residential real estate prices and returns during COVID-19 pandemic. Using county level housing data from January to June 2020, we document that Democratic counties, politically aligned counties, counties with higher prosocial scores and greater liberal news viewership experience a significant decline in house prices and returns in response to COVID-19 cases and deaths. Overall, our findings suggest that political orientation is an important dimension that affect asset prices.","PeriodicalId":391479,"journal":{"name":"Climate & Environmental Psychology eJournal","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122476330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.5709/ce.1897-9254.407
R. Štefko, J. Džuka, Eva Litavcová, Darina Ňakatová, M. Lačný
Tourism plays an important role in the economies of countries, which is evidenced by macroeconomic studies. However, analyses highlighted the need to do research on tourist expenditure and to identify factors at the microeconomic level. The article presents an overview of the extensively investigated and validated predictors of tourist expenditure and microeconomic modeling procedures used in their analysis. While two large sets of factors, i.e. economic and sociodemographic variables, have often been the subject of microeconomic modeling of tourist expenditures, variables which are related to the subject of expenditure have been taken into account insufficiently. The overview reveals the incompleteness of the tested models and in the literature the repeated recommendations to take into account the psychological variables which are missing in the models. The study describes the current state of defining and measuring psychological variables in tourism. Terms „psychographic variables“ and „psychological characteristics of a tourist“ are used for psychological variables in tourism research however, these were generally understood as respondents' current views on travel aspects, subjective evaluation of travel satisfaction, or as reasons for travel. As psychological variables in this study were considered the complex and relatively stable psychological characteristics of the person – personal values, personality and motivational system of the person as defined and measured in psychological science. Based on this, a conceptual model is developed which integrates economic, sociodemographic and psychological variables of expenditure and recommends procedures of its testing.
{"title":"Psychological Characteristics of a Tourist as Predictors of Expenditures: An Analytical Review and Proposal of the Predictive Model","authors":"R. Štefko, J. Džuka, Eva Litavcová, Darina Ňakatová, M. Lačný","doi":"10.5709/ce.1897-9254.407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5709/ce.1897-9254.407","url":null,"abstract":"Tourism plays an important role in the economies of countries, which is evidenced by macroeconomic studies. However, analyses highlighted the need to do research on tourist expenditure and to identify factors at the microeconomic level. The article presents an overview of the extensively investigated and validated predictors of tourist expenditure and microeconomic modeling procedures used in their analysis. While two large sets of factors, i.e. economic and sociodemographic variables, have often been the subject of microeconomic modeling of tourist expenditures, variables which are related to the subject of expenditure have been taken into account insufficiently. The overview reveals the incompleteness of the tested models and in the literature the repeated recommendations to take into account the psychological variables which are missing in the models. The study describes the current state of defining and measuring psychological variables in tourism. Terms „psychographic variables“ and „psychological characteristics of a tourist“ are used for psychological variables in tourism research however, these were generally understood as respondents' current views on travel aspects, subjective evaluation of travel satisfaction, or as reasons for travel. As psychological variables in this study were considered the complex and relatively stable psychological characteristics of the person – personal values, personality and motivational system of the person as defined and measured in psychological science. Based on this, a conceptual model is developed which integrates economic, sociodemographic and psychological variables of expenditure and recommends procedures of its testing.","PeriodicalId":391479,"journal":{"name":"Climate & Environmental Psychology eJournal","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131710057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stringent restrictions were adopted in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) following the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). In this article, we summarize the socio-economic and elections impacts following stringent restrictions. Pub Med and Google Scholar were used for the literature review. Additionally, existent instructions in conjunction with those of Ministries of health of the West African states, and papers and reports for various non-academic sources (e.g. Website and news) were obtained. Whilst stringent restrictions have to lead to a turmoil repercussions on all aspects of the economy, affecting all segments of the population, and disturbing electoral calendar, the consequence of health and food sectors could likely submerge the existing extremely and weak vulnerable health system and create an acute food security crisis. Besides a comprehensive socio-economic master plan in all sectors, strong and resilient supervision is required in expanded society, trade, healthcare, and government. Also, instantaneous programs should be enforced and adapted for vulnerable groups. Rejuvenate and equilibrate the economy after this pandemic is required through mid-and long term programs.
{"title":"COVID-19 Pandemic and Socio-Economic and Elections Implications in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)","authors":"Mouhamed Bayane Bouraima, Ifred Zonon","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3683816","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3683816","url":null,"abstract":"Stringent restrictions were adopted in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) following the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). In this article, we summarize the socio-economic and elections impacts following stringent restrictions. Pub Med and Google Scholar were used for the literature review. Additionally, existent instructions in conjunction with those of Ministries of health of the West African states, and papers and reports for various non-academic sources (e.g. Website and news) were obtained. Whilst stringent restrictions have to lead to a turmoil repercussions on all aspects of the economy, affecting all segments of the population, and disturbing electoral calendar, the consequence of health and food sectors could likely submerge the existing extremely and weak vulnerable health system and create an acute food security crisis. Besides a comprehensive socio-economic master plan in all sectors, strong and resilient supervision is required in expanded society, trade, healthcare, and government. Also, instantaneous programs should be enforced and adapted for vulnerable groups. Rejuvenate and equilibrate the economy after this pandemic is required through mid-and long term programs.","PeriodicalId":391479,"journal":{"name":"Climate & Environmental Psychology eJournal","volume":"121 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124173095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We examine the role of state and local policies to encourage social distancing, including stay at home orders, public school closures, and restrictions on restaurants, entertainment, and large social gatherings. Outcomes come from cell phone records and include foot traffic in six industries (essential and nonessential retail, entertainment, hotel, restaurant, and business services) plus the fraction of cell phones that are home all day. Structural break models show mobility series at the national and state levels start to change dramatically in a short window from March 8-14, well before state or local restrictions of note are in place. In difference-in-difference models, declarations of state of emergency reduce foot traffic and increase social distancing. Stay at home restrictions explain a modest fraction of the change in behavior across outcomes. Industry-specific restrictions have large impacts. For example, restrictions on dining in restaurants reduce traffic in restaurants, hotels, and nonessential retail. Private, self-regulating behavior explains more than three-quarters of the decline in foot traffic in most industries. Restrictive regulation explains half the decline in foot traffic in essential retail and 75 percent of the increase in the fraction home all day. In this latter result, public school closings have a substantial effect.
{"title":"Private Precaution and Public Restrictions: What Drives Social Distancing and Industry Foot Traffic in the Covid-19 Era?","authors":"Christopher J. Cronin, W. Evans","doi":"10.3386/w27531","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w27531","url":null,"abstract":"We examine the role of state and local policies to encourage social distancing, including stay at home orders, public school closures, and restrictions on restaurants, entertainment, and large social gatherings. Outcomes come from cell phone records and include foot traffic in six industries (essential and nonessential retail, entertainment, hotel, restaurant, and business services) plus the fraction of cell phones that are home all day. Structural break models show mobility series at the national and state levels start to change dramatically in a short window from March 8-14, well before state or local restrictions of note are in place. In difference-in-difference models, declarations of state of emergency reduce foot traffic and increase social distancing. Stay at home restrictions explain a modest fraction of the change in behavior across outcomes. Industry-specific restrictions have large impacts. For example, restrictions on dining in restaurants reduce traffic in restaurants, hotels, and nonessential retail. Private, self-regulating behavior explains more than three-quarters of the decline in foot traffic in most industries. Restrictive regulation explains half the decline in foot traffic in essential retail and 75 percent of the increase in the fraction home all day. In this latter result, public school closings have a substantial effect.","PeriodicalId":391479,"journal":{"name":"Climate & Environmental Psychology eJournal","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114849396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As the number of cases increases globally, governments and authorities have continued to use mobility restrictions that were, and still are, the only effective tool to control for the viral transmission. Yet, the relationship between public orders and behavioral parameters of social distancing observed in the community is a complex process and an important policy question. The evidence shows that adherence to public orders about the social distancing is not stable and fluctuates with degree of spatial differences in information and the level of risk aversion. This study aims to uncover the behavioural parameters of change in mobility dynamics in major Canadian cities and questions the role of people's beliefs about how contagious the disease is on the level of compliancy to public orders. Our findings reveal that the degree of social distancing under strict restrictions is bound by choice, which is affected by the departure of people's beliefs from the public order about how severe the effects of disease are. Understanding the dynamics of social distancing thus helps reduce the growth rate of the number of infections, compared to that predicted by epidemiological models.
{"title":"Dynamics of Social Mobility During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Canada","authors":"Mutlu Yuksel, Yigit Aydede, Francisko Begolli","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3631586","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3631586","url":null,"abstract":"As the number of cases increases globally, governments and authorities have continued to use mobility restrictions that were, and still are, the only effective tool to control for the viral transmission. Yet, the relationship between public orders and behavioral parameters of social distancing observed in the community is a complex process and an important policy question. The evidence shows that adherence to public orders about the social distancing is not stable and fluctuates with degree of spatial differences in information and the level of risk aversion. This study aims to uncover the behavioural parameters of change in mobility dynamics in major Canadian cities and questions the role of people's beliefs about how contagious the disease is on the level of compliancy to public orders. Our findings reveal that the degree of social distancing under strict restrictions is bound by choice, which is affected by the departure of people's beliefs from the public order about how severe the effects of disease are. Understanding the dynamics of social distancing thus helps reduce the growth rate of the number of infections, compared to that predicted by epidemiological models.","PeriodicalId":391479,"journal":{"name":"Climate & Environmental Psychology eJournal","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130083881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present study emphasizes the global impact of the e-learning process during COVID 19. The implementation of lockdown and social distancing has been enforced as one of the preventive measures to spread the coronavirus infection which has resulted in complete paralysis of global activities. Especially the education system which is completely shut and to proceed with the academic curriculum, there is a shift from the regular learning process to electronic learning. This can be cited with an increased number of online classes, conferences, meetings, etc. It can be noted that the world is completely dependent on information technologies during this crisis. Hence, the present study provides an insight into the process of electronic learning and its advantages along with the updated version of its usage. To best of our knowledge, there have been scanty scientific reports on this particular situation of the impact of e-learning during COVID 19. The present study is a compilation of the components of e-learning tools along with the future perspective on education using information science.
{"title":"Global Impact of E-learning during COVID 19","authors":"V. Soni","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3630073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3630073","url":null,"abstract":"The present study emphasizes the global impact of the e-learning process during COVID 19. The implementation of lockdown and social distancing has been enforced as one of the preventive measures to spread the coronavirus infection which has resulted in complete paralysis of global activities. Especially the education system which is completely shut and to proceed with the academic curriculum, there is a shift from the regular learning process to electronic learning. This can be cited with an increased number of online classes, conferences, meetings, etc. It can be noted that the world is completely dependent on information technologies during this crisis. Hence, the present study provides an insight into the process of electronic learning and its advantages along with the updated version of its usage. To best of our knowledge, there have been scanty scientific reports on this particular situation of the impact of e-learning during COVID 19. The present study is a compilation of the components of e-learning tools along with the future perspective on education using information science.","PeriodicalId":391479,"journal":{"name":"Climate & Environmental Psychology eJournal","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115770290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During a pandemic, an individual's choices can determine outcomes not only for the individual but also for the entire community. Beliefs, constraints and preferences may shape behavior. This paper documents demographic differences in behaviors, beliefs, constraints and risk preferences across gender, income and political affiliation lines during the new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Our main analyses are based on data from an original nationally representative survey covering 5,500 adult respondents in the U.S. We find substantial gaps in behaviors and beliefs across gender, income and partisanship lines; in constraints across income levels; and in risk tolerance among men and women. Based on location data from a large sample of smartphones, we also document significant differences in mobility across demographics, which are consistent with our findings based on the survey data.
{"title":"Heterogeneous Actions, Beliefs, Constraints and Risk Tolerance During the Covid-19 Pandemic","authors":"","doi":"10.3386/w27211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w27211","url":null,"abstract":"During a pandemic, an individual's choices can determine outcomes not only for the individual but also for the entire community. Beliefs, constraints and preferences may shape behavior. This paper documents demographic differences in behaviors, beliefs, constraints and risk preferences across gender, income and political affiliation lines during the new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Our main analyses are based on data from an original nationally representative survey covering 5,500 adult respondents in the U.S. We find substantial gaps in behaviors and beliefs across gender, income and partisanship lines; in constraints across income levels; and in risk tolerance among men and women. Based on location data from a large sample of smartphones, we also document significant differences in mobility across demographics, which are consistent with our findings based on the survey data.","PeriodicalId":391479,"journal":{"name":"Climate & Environmental Psychology eJournal","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130839115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Kazenin, V. Kozlov, Ekaterina Mitrofanova, E. Varshaver, A. Rocheva
Russian Abstract: В статье исследуются факторы, влияющие на рождаемость среди трудовых мигрантов в РФ из двух стран Средней Азии – Киргизии и Таджикистана. Исследование основано на онлайн-опросе женщин – трудовых мигрантов или членов семей трудовых мигрантов из этих двух стран, проведенном в 2018 г. Показано, что различия в режиме пребывания в РФ для граждан Киргизии и Таджикистана, введенные после вступления Киргизии в Евразийский экономический союз, пока, вопреки ожиданиям, не привели к значимым различиям по рождаемости между трудовыми мигрантами из двух стран. Авторы предлагают возможные объяснения этого результата. Одновременно полученные данные о рождаемости среди трудовых мигрантов и о влияющих на нее факторах обсуждаются в свете существующих гипотез о влиянии миграции на рождаемость.
English Abstract: The paper deals with birth rate among labor migrants from two countries, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, in Russia. The study is based on an online survey of women migrants from those countries, held in 2018. It is argued that differences in regulation of stay of labor migrants from the two countries in Russia which emerged after Kyrgyzstan had joined the Eurasian Economic Union in 2015, didn’t have a significant effect upon birth rate so far, contrary to expectations. Possible explanation of this is suggested. The results of analysis also are considered against the background of key hypotheses about migration-to-birth-rate relation, currently present in demography.
俄罗斯Abstract:这篇文章探讨了来自中亚两个国家吉尔吉斯斯坦和塔吉克斯坦的劳动力移民生育率的因素。研究基于在线调查女性农民工或这两个国家劳工移民的家庭成员,开展2018年表明,差异在吉尔吉斯斯坦和塔吉克斯坦公民rf模式引入后,吉尔吉斯斯坦加入欧亚经济联盟,直到,出乎意料的是,重要的差异导致两国根据劳工移民的生育率之间。作者提供了可能的解释。与此同时，根据移民对生育率的影响的假设，正在讨论劳动力移民生育率的生育率。英语Abstract:来自俄罗斯的kyrgyzan和Tajikistan的两国报纸《第一天的交易》。这是2018年由这些人组成的数字移民网络的基础。这是俄罗斯境内两国移民名单上的一个重要数字，2015年俄罗斯经济联盟后，didn 't have a signifect upon生物体如此遥远，控制着探索。这是suggested。《解剖学家》中的“解剖学家”是《解剖学家》中的“解剖学家”。
{"title":"Рождаемость среди иностранных трудовых мигрантов в России и влияющие на нее факторы (анализ данных опроса) (The Birth Rate among Foreign Migrants in Russia and the Factors Affacting It (Analysis of Survey Date))","authors":"K. Kazenin, V. Kozlov, Ekaterina Mitrofanova, E. Varshaver, A. Rocheva","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3502768","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3502768","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Russian Abstract:</b> В статье исследуются факторы, влияющие на рождаемость среди трудовых мигрантов в РФ из двух стран Средней Азии – Киргизии и Таджикистана. Исследование основано на онлайн-опросе женщин – трудовых мигрантов или членов семей трудовых мигрантов из этих двух стран, проведенном в 2018 г. Показано, что различия в режиме пребывания в РФ для граждан Киргизии и Таджикистана, введенные после вступления Киргизии в Евразийский экономический союз, пока, вопреки ожиданиям, не привели к значимым различиям по рождаемости между трудовыми мигрантами из двух стран. Авторы предлагают возможные объяснения этого результата. Одновременно полученные данные о рождаемости среди трудовых мигрантов и о влияющих на нее факторах обсуждаются в свете существующих гипотез о влиянии миграции на рождаемость.<br><br><b>English Abstract:</b> The paper deals with birth rate among labor migrants from two countries, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, in Russia. The study is based on an online survey of women migrants from those countries, held in 2018. It is argued that differences in regulation of stay of labor migrants from the two countries in Russia which emerged after Kyrgyzstan had joined the Eurasian Economic Union in 2015, didn’t have a significant effect upon birth rate so far, contrary to expectations. Possible explanation of this is suggested. The results of analysis also are considered against the background of key hypotheses about migration-to-birth-rate relation, currently present in demography.","PeriodicalId":391479,"journal":{"name":"Climate & Environmental Psychology eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122371734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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