Nowadays, simulative approaches are mandatory to analyze, design, evaluate, and to prepare real test-runs during the development of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) like advanced driver assistant system or health-monitor equipment for example. Simulations enable riskless and resource-efficient experiments to validate system functions and product families. For example, complex simulations of sensors and the environment are required during the development and validation of self-driving vehicles to safely test the sensor data fusion and algorithms for situation-adaptive driving decisions. The models, which are utilized in these simulations, are continuously improved and enable in the foreseeable future complex analyses of the simulated system, its behavior, and its context.
{"title":"Proceedings of International Workshop on Engineering Simulations for Cyber-Physical Systems","authors":"C. Berger, I. Schaefer","doi":"10.1145/2589650","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2589650","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays, simulative approaches are mandatory to analyze, design, evaluate, and to prepare real test-runs during the development of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) like advanced driver assistant system or health-monitor equipment for example. Simulations enable riskless and resource-efficient experiments to validate system functions and product families. For example, complex simulations of sensors and the environment are required during the development and validation of self-driving vehicles to safely test the sensor data fusion and algorithms for situation-adaptive driving decisions. The models, which are utilized in these simulations, are continuously improved and enable in the foreseeable future complex analyses of the simulated system, its behavior, and its context.","PeriodicalId":394553,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of International Workshop on Engineering Simulations for Cyber-Physical Systems","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121104315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents our approach to Cyber-physical System (CPS) simulation including a number of embedded nodes that form a wireless network. On one hand, we use the NS-2 discrete-event simulator as a C++ kernel for running network simulation scenarios, while on the other hand, a combination of components written using standard Scheme as well as a number of Domain-Specific Language (DSL) instances embedded into Scheme (implementing pattern-matching, logic-relational models, and Web programming) are used in a cloud-based tool-set that supports research exploration cycle where variation in network parameters is compared to the resulting CPS performance. These components cooperate to provide an intuitive Web-based user interface, analysis tools and a seamless work-flow including visualization.
{"title":"DSL methods for CPS simulation in the cloud: Experience report","authors":"P. Kourzanov","doi":"10.1145/2589650.2559634","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2589650.2559634","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents our approach to Cyber-physical System (CPS) simulation including a number of embedded nodes that form a wireless network. On one hand, we use the NS-2 discrete-event simulator as a C++ kernel for running network simulation scenarios, while on the other hand, a combination of components written using standard Scheme as well as a number of Domain-Specific Language (DSL) instances embedded into Scheme (implementing pattern-matching, logic-relational models, and Web programming) are used in a cloud-based tool-set that supports research exploration cycle where variation in network parameters is compared to the resulting CPS performance. These components cooperate to provide an intuitive Web-based user interface, analysis tools and a seamless work-flow including visualization.","PeriodicalId":394553,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of International Workshop on Engineering Simulations for Cyber-Physical Systems","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114622659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The automotive industry is going through a major transition where all of the main car OEMs (original equipment manufacturer) are putting serious efforts toward self-driving vehicles, and some of the OEMs have the vision to sell fully functional driver-less car by 2020. Software is the primary driving force for implementing different functionalities of today's cyber-physical systems. Being a safety critical system, functionalities of an autonomous vehicle need to be rigorously tested in different driving conditions, for example, weather, traffic, road markings, etc. In order to get early feedback on the implemented functionalities, testing in the simulation environment has become common before testing them on the prototype vehicle. This paper presents an approach to reduce the testing time in the simulation environment by parallelly executing the loosely coupled segments of a test scenario. Reducing simulation testing time is also substantial when we need to run regression test scenarios following changes in the implementation. The preliminary investigation shows that by applying the proposed concept, we can significantly reduce the simulation testing time both in the cases of successful and failed run.
{"title":"Reducing Simulation Testing Time by Parallel Execution of Loosely Coupled Segments of a Test Scenario","authors":"M. Mamun, J. Hansson","doi":"10.1145/2589650.2559635","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2589650.2559635","url":null,"abstract":"The automotive industry is going through a major transition where all of the main car OEMs (original equipment manufacturer) are putting serious efforts toward self-driving vehicles, and some of the OEMs have the vision to sell fully functional driver-less car by 2020. Software is the primary driving force for implementing different functionalities of today's cyber-physical systems. Being a safety critical system, functionalities of an autonomous vehicle need to be rigorously tested in different driving conditions, for example, weather, traffic, road markings, etc. In order to get early feedback on the implemented functionalities, testing in the simulation environment has become common before testing them on the prototype vehicle. This paper presents an approach to reduce the testing time in the simulation environment by parallelly executing the loosely coupled segments of a test scenario. Reducing simulation testing time is also substantial when we need to run regression test scenarios following changes in the implementation. The preliminary investigation shows that by applying the proposed concept, we can significantly reduce the simulation testing time both in the cases of successful and failed run.","PeriodicalId":394553,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of International Workshop on Engineering Simulations for Cyber-Physical Systems","volume":"11249 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115728682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Home Energy Management (HEM) is a vital component of smart grid, which can be considered as a distributed cyber physical system. HEM involves appropriate management of home appliance usage through deliberate efforts from the end-user. This can enable a stable operation of the grid as well as reduce energy usage and bills for the end-user. The installation of smart meter has led to a number of analytics and applications developed on top of its data. However, the algorithms are evaluated over a very small subset of experimental or open dataset. To mitigate this problem, a bottom-up data generation approach is proposed in this paper. The appliances are considered as combination of fundamental electrical components. The appliance characteristics and operations are modeled through stochastic parameters, which are available as prior information or through learning from existing meter data. Preliminary results of generating data for the application of Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring is presented.
{"title":"Home Energy Simulation for Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring Applications","authors":"K. Srinivasarengan, Y. G. Goutam, M. Chandra","doi":"10.1145/2589650.2559630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2589650.2559630","url":null,"abstract":"Home Energy Management (HEM) is a vital component of smart grid, which can be considered as a distributed cyber physical system. HEM involves appropriate management of home appliance usage through deliberate efforts from the end-user. This can enable a stable operation of the grid as well as reduce energy usage and bills for the end-user. The installation of smart meter has led to a number of analytics and applications developed on top of its data. However, the algorithms are evaluated over a very small subset of experimental or open dataset. To mitigate this problem, a bottom-up data generation approach is proposed in this paper. The appliances are considered as combination of fundamental electrical components. The appliance characteristics and operations are modeled through stochastic parameters, which are available as prior information or through learning from existing meter data. Preliminary results of generating data for the application of Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring is presented.","PeriodicalId":394553,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of International Workshop on Engineering Simulations for Cyber-Physical Systems","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126383591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Block, Sönke Heeren, Stefan Kühnel, André Leschke, Bernhard Rumpe, Vladislavs Serebro
This article discusses new challenges for series development regarding the vehicle safety that arise from the recently published AEB test protocol by the consumer-test-organisation EuroNCAP for driver assistance systems [6]. The tests from the test protocol are of great significance for an OEM that sells millions of cars each year, due to the fact that a positive rating of the vehicle-under-test (VUT) in safety relevant aspects is important for the reputation of a car manufacturer. The further intensification and aggravation of the test requirements for those systems is one of the challenges, that has to be mastered in order to continuously make significant contributions to safety for high-volume cars. Therefore, it is to be shown how a simulation approach may support the development process, especially with tolerance analysis. This article discusses the current stage of work, steps that are planned for the future and results that can be expected at the end of such an analysis.
{"title":"Simulations on Consumer Tests: A Perspective for Driver Assistance Systems","authors":"D. Block, Sönke Heeren, Stefan Kühnel, André Leschke, Bernhard Rumpe, Vladislavs Serebro","doi":"10.1145/2589650.2559633","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2589650.2559633","url":null,"abstract":"This article discusses new challenges for series development regarding the vehicle safety that arise from the recently published AEB test protocol by the consumer-test-organisation EuroNCAP for driver assistance systems [6]. The tests from the test protocol are of great significance for an OEM that sells millions of cars each year, due to the fact that a positive rating of the vehicle-under-test (VUT) in safety relevant aspects is important for the reputation of a car manufacturer. The further intensification and aggravation of the test requirements for those systems is one of the challenges, that has to be mastered in order to continuously make significant contributions to safety for high-volume cars. Therefore, it is to be shown how a simulation approach may support the development process, especially with tolerance analysis. This article discusses the current stage of work, steps that are planned for the future and results that can be expected at the end of such an analysis.","PeriodicalId":394553,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of International Workshop on Engineering Simulations for Cyber-Physical Systems","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123812644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daniel Cesarini, Luca Cassano, Alessio Fagioli, M. Avvenuti
In this paper we present a methodology to model and analyse from the energetic point of view energy-aware adaptive applications for sensing and communication running on top of an Automatic Weather Station (AWS). Applications are modeled as a suite of independent policies, one for each sensing or transmission device. A policy is a set of rules that describe the behaviour of applications. Policies are modeled independently of the actual application implementation, so that designers could evaluate the energetic feasibility of the application early in the design process of the AWS. Policies dynamically modify the sampling frequency of sensors and the transmission starting time according to the amount of energy that could be harvested from the environment and to the amount of energy stored in the battery. In order to assess the effectiveness of the modeled policies we simulated them through an energy-aware simulator for AWS systems.
{"title":"Modeling and Simulation of Energy-Aware Adaptive Policies for Automatic Weather Stations","authors":"Daniel Cesarini, Luca Cassano, Alessio Fagioli, M. Avvenuti","doi":"10.1145/2589650.2559631","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2589650.2559631","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we present a methodology to model and analyse from the energetic point of view energy-aware adaptive applications for sensing and communication running on top of an Automatic Weather Station (AWS). Applications are modeled as a suite of independent policies, one for each sensing or transmission device. A policy is a set of rules that describe the behaviour of applications. Policies are modeled independently of the actual application implementation, so that designers could evaluate the energetic feasibility of the application early in the design process of the AWS. Policies dynamically modify the sampling frequency of sensors and the transmission starting time according to the amount of energy that could be harvested from the environment and to the amount of energy stored in the battery. In order to assess the effectiveness of the modeled policies we simulated them through an energy-aware simulator for AWS systems.","PeriodicalId":394553,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of International Workshop on Engineering Simulations for Cyber-Physical Systems","volume":"266 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114335715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper we present a methodology and a platform using Fault Injection (FI) and Property-Based Testing (PBT). PBT is a technique in which test cases are automatically generated from a specification of a system property. The generated test cases vary input stimuli as well as the sequence in which commands are executed. FI is used to accelerate the occurrences of faults in a system to exercise and evaluate fault handling mechanisms and e.g. calculate error detection coverage. By combining the two we have achieved a way of randomly injecting different faults at arbitrary moments in the execution sequence while checking whether certain properties still hold. We use the commercially available tool QuickCheck for generating the test cases and developed FaultCheck for FI. FaultCheck enables the user to utilize fault models, commonly used during FI, from PBT tools like QuickCheck. We demonstrate our method and tools on a simplified example of two Airbag systems that should meet safety requirements. We can easily find a safety violation in one of the examples, whereas by using the AUTOSAR E2E-library implementation, exhaustive testing cannot reveal any such safety violation. This demonstrates that our approach on testing can reveal certain safety violations in a cost-effective way.
{"title":"Combining Fault-Injection with Property-Based Testing","authors":"Benjamin Vedder, T. Arts, J. Vinter, M. Jonsson","doi":"10.1145/2589650.2559629","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2589650.2559629","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we present a methodology and a platform using Fault Injection (FI) and Property-Based Testing (PBT). PBT is a technique in which test cases are automatically generated from a specification of a system property. The generated test cases vary input stimuli as well as the sequence in which commands are executed. FI is used to accelerate the occurrences of faults in a system to exercise and evaluate fault handling mechanisms and e.g. calculate error detection coverage. By combining the two we have achieved a way of randomly injecting different faults at arbitrary moments in the execution sequence while checking whether certain properties still hold. We use the commercially available tool QuickCheck for generating the test cases and developed FaultCheck for FI. FaultCheck enables the user to utilize fault models, commonly used during FI, from PBT tools like QuickCheck. We demonstrate our method and tools on a simplified example of two Airbag systems that should meet safety requirements. We can easily find a safety violation in one of the examples, whereas by using the AUTOSAR E2E-library implementation, exhaustive testing cannot reveal any such safety violation. This demonstrates that our approach on testing can reveal certain safety violations in a cost-effective way.","PeriodicalId":394553,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of International Workshop on Engineering Simulations for Cyber-Physical Systems","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129732784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Rafiev, A. Iliasov, A. Romanovsky, A. Mokhov, F. Xia, A. Yakovlev
This paper describes the first steps towards the development of a modelling method for large complex computing systems focusing on many-core types and concentrating on the cross-layer aspects. The models resulting from this method will help system designers reason about, analyse, and ultimately design such systems across all conventional computing and communication layers, from application, operating system, down to the finest hardware details. The main points of concern are energy and power and the physical parameters related to them, such as supply voltages and temperature, among other things, and how these impact on and relate to system"performance" metrics, including speed, throughput, and crucially, reliability. In this paper, we will first establish our outlook for the general modelling method, and then develop an initial system simulator based on this methodological outlook. The simulator will then be demonstrated with an example case study.
{"title":"ArchOn: Architecture-open Resource-driven Cross-layer Modelling Framework","authors":"A. Rafiev, A. Iliasov, A. Romanovsky, A. Mokhov, F. Xia, A. Yakovlev","doi":"10.1145/2589650.2559632","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2589650.2559632","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the first steps towards the development of a modelling method for large complex computing systems focusing on many-core types and concentrating on the cross-layer aspects. The models resulting from this method will help system designers reason about, analyse, and ultimately design such systems across all conventional computing and communication layers, from application, operating system, down to the finest hardware details. The main points of concern are energy and power and the physical parameters related to them, such as supply voltages and temperature, among other things, and how these impact on and relate to system\"performance\" metrics, including speed, throughput, and crucially, reliability. In this paper, we will first establish our outlook for the general modelling method, and then develop an initial system simulator based on this methodological outlook. The simulator will then be demonstrated with an example case study.","PeriodicalId":394553,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of International Workshop on Engineering Simulations for Cyber-Physical Systems","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122601637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Bhasin, J. Danger, T. Graba, Y. Mathieu, Daisuke Fujimoto, M. Nagata
Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) are often deployed in critical domains like health, traffic management etc. Therefore security is one of the major driving factor in development of CPS. In this paper, we focus on cryptographic hardware embedded in CPS and propose a simulation methodology to evaluate the security of these cryptographic hardware cores. Designers are often concerned about attacks like Side-Channel Analysis (SCA) which target the physical implementation of cryptography to compromise its security. SCA considers the physical "leakage" of a well chosen intermediate variable correlated with the secret. Certain countermeasures can be deployed, like dual-rail logic or masking, to resist SCA. However to design an effective countermeasure or to fix the vulnerable sources in a circuit, it is of prime importance for a designer to know the main leaking sources in the device. In practice, security of a circuit is evaluated only after the chip is fabricated followed by a certification process. If the circuit has security concerns, it should pass through all the design phases right from RTL to fabrication which increases time-to-market. In such a scenario, it is very helpful if a designer can determine the vulnerabilities early in the design cycle and fix them. In this paper, we present an evaluation of different strategies to verify the SCA robustness of a cryptographic circuit at different design steps, from the RTL to the final layout. We compare evaluation based on digital and electrical simulations in terms of speed and accuracy in a side-channel context. We show that a low-level digital simulation can be fast and sufficiently accurate for side-channel analysis.
{"title":"Physical Security Evaluation at an Early Design-Phase: A Side-Channel Aware Simulation Methodology","authors":"S. Bhasin, J. Danger, T. Graba, Y. Mathieu, Daisuke Fujimoto, M. Nagata","doi":"10.1145/2589650.2559628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2589650.2559628","url":null,"abstract":"Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) are often deployed in critical domains like health, traffic management etc. Therefore security is one of the major driving factor in development of CPS. In this paper, we focus on cryptographic hardware embedded in CPS and propose a simulation methodology to evaluate the security of these cryptographic hardware cores. Designers are often concerned about attacks like Side-Channel Analysis (SCA) which target the physical implementation of cryptography to compromise its security. SCA considers the physical \"leakage\" of a well chosen intermediate variable correlated with the secret. Certain countermeasures can be deployed, like dual-rail logic or masking, to resist SCA. However to design an effective countermeasure or to fix the vulnerable sources in a circuit, it is of prime importance for a designer to know the main leaking sources in the device. In practice, security of a circuit is evaluated only after the chip is fabricated followed by a certification process. If the circuit has security concerns, it should pass through all the design phases right from RTL to fabrication which increases time-to-market. In such a scenario, it is very helpful if a designer can determine the vulnerabilities early in the design cycle and fix them. In this paper, we present an evaluation of different strategies to verify the SCA robustness of a cryptographic circuit at different design steps, from the RTL to the final layout. We compare evaluation based on digital and electrical simulations in terms of speed and accuracy in a side-channel context. We show that a low-level digital simulation can be fast and sufficiently accurate for side-channel analysis.","PeriodicalId":394553,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of International Workshop on Engineering Simulations for Cyber-Physical Systems","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121038027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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