Fatigue is a common experience for adults with chronic health conditions. Less is understood about the prevalence of fatigue in the paediatric population. This review aimed to synthesise what is known about the point prevalence of fatigue across chronic health conditions within children and young people. Three databases were searched, from January 2000 to July 2021, to identify studies reporting prevalence rates in chronic health conditions in under 18s. Methodological quality was assessed with a modified version of the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for Cross-Sectional Studies. Twenty-five studies were included. Variations in the assessment of fatigue, across a range of conditions, and heterogenous reporting of prevalence precluded meaningful meta-analysis and so narrative synthesis was completed. Discrepancies in prevalence reports were noted within and across conditions and between child and parent reports but showed fatigue to be more prevalent in those with chronic health conditions compared to healthy peers. Despite discrepancy in prevalence rates of fatigue, some level of fatigue is present across chronic health conditions and tends to be higher in this population compared to healthy peers. Limitations alongside clinical implications and recommendations for future research are discussed.
{"title":"How common is fatigue across chronic health conditions in children and young people? A systematic review","authors":"Kiesha Kiesha, M. Loades","doi":"10.47967/torcol","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47967/torcol","url":null,"abstract":"Fatigue is a common experience for adults with chronic health conditions. Less is understood about the prevalence of fatigue in the paediatric population. This review aimed to synthesise what is known about the point prevalence of fatigue across chronic health conditions within children and young people. Three databases were searched, from January 2000 to July 2021, to identify studies reporting prevalence rates in chronic health conditions in under 18s. Methodological quality was assessed with a modified version of the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for Cross-Sectional Studies. Twenty-five studies were included. Variations in the assessment of fatigue, across a range of conditions, and heterogenous reporting of prevalence precluded meaningful meta-analysis and so narrative synthesis was completed. Discrepancies in prevalence reports were noted within and across conditions and between child and parent reports but showed fatigue to be more prevalent in those with chronic health conditions compared to healthy peers. Despite discrepancy in prevalence rates of fatigue, some level of fatigue is present across chronic health conditions and tends to be higher in this population compared to healthy peers. Limitations alongside clinical implications and recommendations for future research are discussed.","PeriodicalId":403303,"journal":{"name":"The Open Review","volume":"124 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128174989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
STEPS MATERIALS N AM E CATAL OG # VEN DOR LB Broth J106-2KG Transformation V.4 Rengin Yamur Akbiyik , Sevval Uysalcan Istanbul Bilgi University Works for me dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.2nwgdfe Rengin Yamur Akbiyik Istanbul Bilgi University May 07, 2019 1 1 1 Transformation is a direct modification of the genotype of a cell from a different one by extracellular applications using recombinant DNA techniques. Transformation refers generally to the integration of exogenous DNA into the cell and its integration into the genome. Before starting the transformation process, the gene of interest is ligated with the plasmid vector via the ligase enzyme. This process is called ligation. Generally, nucleic acids or plasmids cannot enter into bacterial cells by themselves. The stimulatory effect is required for that purpose. This means that the cell membranes to be transformed must be pre-arranged. Bacteria that can contain free DNA are called competent bacteria. Some bacteria are highly competitive in normal growth conditions; but some must be treated with chemical or physical methods to gain competitive properties. Competent cells which are cells are generally stimulated with calcium chloride about chemically and the cell membranes are arranged such that the plasmid vector containing the gene of interest can harbor the vector. Some bacterial cells are lasting competent, however; most of them need to be influenced for being competent. There are two ways about this transformation process that; • Chemical Transformation • Electrical Transformation (Electroporation) In general, chemical transformation is used. In chemical way, some special chemicals are used to open the pores which are found in cell membrane. This is because, opening the pores represents the availability of being permeable. Most of the time, divalent ions like Ca++ are used with assistance of heat-shock.
步骤材料N AM E CATAL OG # VEN DOR LB Broth J106-2KG Transformation V.4 Rengin Yamur Akbiyik, Sevval Uysalcan伊斯坦布尔比尔吉大学为我工作dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.2nwgdfe Rengin Yamur Akbiyik伊斯坦布尔比尔吉大学2019年5月7日11 11转化是利用重组DNA技术通过细胞外应用直接对不同细胞的基因型进行修饰。转化一般是指将外源DNA整合到细胞中并整合到基因组中。在开始转化过程之前，目标基因通过连接酶与质粒载体连接。这个过程称为结扎。一般来说，核酸或质粒不能自行进入细菌细胞。刺激作用是达到这个目的所必需的。这意味着要转化的细胞膜必须预先安排好。能含有游离DNA的细菌称为能态细菌。有些细菌在正常生长条件下具有很强的竞争力;但有些必须用化学或物理方法处理才能获得具有竞争力的性能。受感细胞通常是用氯化钙进行化学刺激的细胞，细胞膜的排列使得含有感兴趣基因的质粒载体可以容纳载体。然而，有些细菌细胞具有持久能力;他们中的大多数人需要受到影响才能胜任。这个转变过程有两种方式;•化学转化•电转化(Electroporation)通常使用化学转化。在化学方面，一些特殊的化学物质被用来打开细胞膜上的毛孔。这是因为，打开毛孔代表可渗透的可用性。大多数时候，像Ca++这样的二价离子是在热休克的帮助下使用的。
{"title":"TRANSFORMATION","authors":"Rengin Yamur Akbiyik","doi":"10.47967/tor2022trans","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47967/tor2022trans","url":null,"abstract":"STEPS MATERIALS N AM E CATAL OG # VEN DOR LB Broth J106-2KG Transformation V.4 Rengin Yamur Akbiyik , Sevval Uysalcan Istanbul Bilgi University Works for me dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.2nwgdfe Rengin Yamur Akbiyik Istanbul Bilgi University May 07, 2019 1 1 1 Transformation is a direct modification of the genotype of a cell from a different one by extracellular applications using recombinant DNA techniques. Transformation refers generally to the integration of exogenous DNA into the cell and its integration into the genome. Before starting the transformation process, the gene of interest is ligated with the plasmid vector via the ligase enzyme. This process is called ligation. Generally, nucleic acids or plasmids cannot enter into bacterial cells by themselves. The stimulatory effect is required for that purpose. This means that the cell membranes to be transformed must be pre-arranged. Bacteria that can contain free DNA are called competent bacteria. Some bacteria are highly competitive in normal growth conditions; but some must be treated with chemical or physical methods to gain competitive properties. Competent cells which are cells are generally stimulated with calcium chloride about chemically and the cell membranes are arranged such that the plasmid vector containing the gene of interest can harbor the vector. Some bacterial cells are lasting competent, however; most of them need to be influenced for being competent. There are two ways about this transformation process that; • Chemical Transformation • Electrical Transformation (Electroporation) In general, chemical transformation is used. In chemical way, some special chemicals are used to open the pores which are found in cell membrane. This is because, opening the pores represents the availability of being permeable. Most of the time, divalent ions like Ca++ are used with assistance of heat-shock.","PeriodicalId":403303,"journal":{"name":"The Open Review","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123542654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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