Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81981
Ning Wang, Ting Wang
Immunization plays a key role in maintaining human health as it saves millions of lives in the most economical way from lethal pathogens and other fatal diseases each year, thanks to the advanced development of model vaccines, which are biological preparations containing an antigenic agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism to stimulate the host’s immune system, thus providing active acquired immunity to a particular disease and destroying it [1, 2]. Since Jenner’s pioneering inoculations in the late eighteenth century, vaccines have been successfully developed to combat various diseases and each year saved numerous lives from, mostly, lethal infections and now also certain cancers [3, 4]. Especially, taking advantage of the tools discovered in microbiology and immunology, vaccines have recently obtained great achievements as demonstrated by their successful performances in conquering some formidable pathogens, such as smallpox and rabies, which are used to claim many lives. However, the list of pathogens for which there exist no vaccines is still long, and, in particular, many pathogens, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), and Ebola virus (EBV), are still posing a big threat to human life, therefore needing urgently the effective products to cope with their infections [5].
{"title":"Introductory Chapter: Immunization - Vaccine Adjuvant Delivery System and Strategies","authors":"Ning Wang, Ting Wang","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81981","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81981","url":null,"abstract":"Immunization plays a key role in maintaining human health as it saves millions of lives in the most economical way from lethal pathogens and other fatal diseases each year, thanks to the advanced development of model vaccines, which are biological preparations containing an antigenic agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism to stimulate the host’s immune system, thus providing active acquired immunity to a particular disease and destroying it [1, 2]. Since Jenner’s pioneering inoculations in the late eighteenth century, vaccines have been successfully developed to combat various diseases and each year saved numerous lives from, mostly, lethal infections and now also certain cancers [3, 4]. Especially, taking advantage of the tools discovered in microbiology and immunology, vaccines have recently obtained great achievements as demonstrated by their successful performances in conquering some formidable pathogens, such as smallpox and rabies, which are used to claim many lives. However, the list of pathogens for which there exist no vaccines is still long, and, in particular, many pathogens, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), and Ebola virus (EBV), are still posing a big threat to human life, therefore needing urgently the effective products to cope with their infections [5].","PeriodicalId":405804,"journal":{"name":"Immunization - Vaccine Adjuvant Delivery System and Strategies","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123355384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78719
L. Zaremba
My first goal is to present the basic immunization problem (BIP) as it is understood in finance. BIP relies on a construction of such a bond portfolio (BP), meaning a selection of individual bonds, that the single liability to pay L dollars q years from now will be discharged by means of BP (a patient will return to health at time q ), no matter what random shift a(t) (a particular disease) will occur in the future. What kind of a function is a shift of interest rates is critically important because both present and future values of BP depend solely on underlying interest rates. Having identified shifts (diseases) against which a BP is immunized, the natural question arises how to find among such immunized (immune) portfolios the best ones. In the context of finance, it means bond portfolios with maximal unanticipated rate of return. My second goal is to trigger interest among medical scientists by suggesting that certain finance notions, such as duration and convexity of a bond portfolio, might give extra insight to medical researchers working in the immunization area both into BIP and into similar problems in medicine. A considerable attention is also paid to certain mathematical notions (base of a linear space, a Hilbert space, triangular functions) because of their successful applications to problem-solving occurring in bond portfolio immunization.
{"title":"Practical Finance Strategies in Immunization","authors":"L. Zaremba","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78719","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78719","url":null,"abstract":"My first goal is to present the basic immunization problem (BIP) as it is understood in finance. BIP relies on a construction of such a bond portfolio (BP), meaning a selection of individual bonds, that the single liability to pay L dollars q years from now will be discharged by means of BP (a patient will return to health at time q ), no matter what random shift a(t) (a particular disease) will occur in the future. What kind of a function is a shift of interest rates is critically important because both present and future values of BP depend solely on underlying interest rates. Having identified shifts (diseases) against which a BP is immunized, the natural question arises how to find among such immunized (immune) portfolios the best ones. In the context of finance, it means bond portfolios with maximal unanticipated rate of return. My second goal is to trigger interest among medical scientists by suggesting that certain finance notions, such as duration and convexity of a bond portfolio, might give extra insight to medical researchers working in the immunization area both into BIP and into similar problems in medicine. A considerable attention is also paid to certain mathematical notions (base of a linear space, a Hilbert space, triangular functions) because of their successful applications to problem-solving occurring in bond portfolio immunization.","PeriodicalId":405804,"journal":{"name":"Immunization - Vaccine Adjuvant Delivery System and Strategies","volume":"108 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125049596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Global immunization saves millions of human lives each year through using vaccines, which include whole microbe-based products and the subunit ones formulated with just the components of antigens able to stimulate immune system to establish specific immunity against diseases. Subunit vaccines show numerous advantages, such as defined components, high safety profile, and production without the use of dangerous pathogens, but also limited capacity in eliciting immunity due to the lack of other components than antigens, including the immunostimulatory elements of pathogen- associated molecular patterns which are able to activate the innate immunoreponses. Recently, nanoparticles (NPs) formulated with polymeric materials, such as poly(lactic- co-glycolic acid), viral proteins, chitosan, hyaluronic acid, and polystyrene, with some bearing intrinsic adjuvanticity, are widely employed as vaccine adjuvant-delivery sys- tems (VADSs) and show great potential in developing subunit vaccines. Particularly, the polymeric NPs engineered with functional materials possess many features, such as targeting delivery, lysosome escape, anti-damaging protection, and ability to guide immune reactions toward a Th1 (T helper type 1) and Th2 pathway, which are crucial for establishing humoral and cellular immunity. This chapter describes polymeric NP-based VADSs designed for developing subunit vaccines able to elicit Ag-specific immunity at both systemic and mucosal levels via different vaccination routes. cell line expression system [28]. The researchers demonstrated that mice vaccinated by intranasal prime followed by two sub-cheek boosts with VLPs adjuvanted with liposomes entrapping TLR3 ligand dsRNA were stimulated to secrete high titers of Abs against the Ags, with predominant IgG2c over IgG and produce a significantly increased germinal center B cells and T follicular cells, suggesting that the VLP-based VADS is superior for induction of a Th1-biased immune response, while prolonging lymph node germinal centers, T follicular cells, and generating neutralizing antibodies, and thus is rather suitable for making HIV vaccines [26].
{"title":"Polymeric Nanoparticles Engineered as a Vaccine Adjuvant-Delivery System","authors":"B. Liu, Zhangbao Wu, Ting Liu, Ruifeng Qian, Tingni Wu, Qingchuan Liu, Aizong Shen","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81084","url":null,"abstract":"Global immunization saves millions of human lives each year through using vaccines, which include whole microbe-based products and the subunit ones formulated with just the components of antigens able to stimulate immune system to establish specific immunity against diseases. Subunit vaccines show numerous advantages, such as defined components, high safety profile, and production without the use of dangerous pathogens, but also limited capacity in eliciting immunity due to the lack of other components than antigens, including the immunostimulatory elements of pathogen- associated molecular patterns which are able to activate the innate immunoreponses. Recently, nanoparticles (NPs) formulated with polymeric materials, such as poly(lactic- co-glycolic acid), viral proteins, chitosan, hyaluronic acid, and polystyrene, with some bearing intrinsic adjuvanticity, are widely employed as vaccine adjuvant-delivery sys- tems (VADSs) and show great potential in developing subunit vaccines. Particularly, the polymeric NPs engineered with functional materials possess many features, such as targeting delivery, lysosome escape, anti-damaging protection, and ability to guide immune reactions toward a Th1 (T helper type 1) and Th2 pathway, which are crucial for establishing humoral and cellular immunity. This chapter describes polymeric NP-based VADSs designed for developing subunit vaccines able to elicit Ag-specific immunity at both systemic and mucosal levels via different vaccination routes. cell line expression system [28]. The researchers demonstrated that mice vaccinated by intranasal prime followed by two sub-cheek boosts with VLPs adjuvanted with liposomes entrapping TLR3 ligand dsRNA were stimulated to secrete high titers of Abs against the Ags, with predominant IgG2c over IgG and produce a significantly increased germinal center B cells and T follicular cells, suggesting that the VLP-based VADS is superior for induction of a Th1-biased immune response, while prolonging lymph node germinal centers, T follicular cells, and generating neutralizing antibodies, and thus is rather suitable for making HIV vaccines [26].","PeriodicalId":405804,"journal":{"name":"Immunization - Vaccine Adjuvant Delivery System and Strategies","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121273711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Subunit vaccines are playing a critical role in controlling numerous diseases and attract - ing more and more research interests due to their numerous advantages over conventional whole microbe-based vaccines. However, subunit vaccines are weak immunogens and thus have limited capacity in eliciting the humoral and cellular immunity against pathogens. Recently, nanoparticles (NPs) formed with certain small molecules through self-assembly have been employed as an effective carrier for subunit vaccines to play roles of adjuvant, delivery and stabilization of antigens, thus engendering a vaccine adjuvant-delivery system (VADS), which shows promises to overcome the hurdles in developing subunit vaccines. In particular, the small molecule-self-assembled NPs as a VADS can not only deliver vaccine ingredients to immune cells but also influence the immunoresponse toward a Th1 (type 1 T helper cell) and Th2 balanced pathway to establish both humoral and cellular immunity. This chapter describes the innovative VADSs based on the small molecule-self-assembled NPs, such as metal NPs (mNPs), emulsions, liposomes, and ISCOMs, which are elaborately designed for the development of subunit vaccines. interfacial Emulsions, based on structural of three classical types of single emulsions, double emulsions and Pickering emulsions: single emulsions oil-in-water (O/W) type denoting oil droplets emulsified in a bulk aqueous phase, vice versa, the (W/O) emulsions O/W/O
{"title":"Vaccine Adjuvant Delivery Systems Constructed Using Biocompatible Nanoparticles Formed through Self-Assembly of Small Molecules","authors":"Ting Liu, Ruifeng Qian, Qingchuan Liu, Tingni Wu, Jia-Li Chen","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79905","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79905","url":null,"abstract":"Subunit vaccines are playing a critical role in controlling numerous diseases and attract - ing more and more research interests due to their numerous advantages over conventional whole microbe-based vaccines. However, subunit vaccines are weak immunogens and thus have limited capacity in eliciting the humoral and cellular immunity against pathogens. Recently, nanoparticles (NPs) formed with certain small molecules through self-assembly have been employed as an effective carrier for subunit vaccines to play roles of adjuvant, delivery and stabilization of antigens, thus engendering a vaccine adjuvant-delivery system (VADS), which shows promises to overcome the hurdles in developing subunit vaccines. In particular, the small molecule-self-assembled NPs as a VADS can not only deliver vaccine ingredients to immune cells but also influence the immunoresponse toward a Th1 (type 1 T helper cell) and Th2 balanced pathway to establish both humoral and cellular immunity. This chapter describes the innovative VADSs based on the small molecule-self-assembled NPs, such as metal NPs (mNPs), emulsions, liposomes, and ISCOMs, which are elaborately designed for the development of subunit vaccines. interfacial Emulsions, based on structural of three classical types of single emulsions, double emulsions and Pickering emulsions: single emulsions oil-in-water (O/W) type denoting oil droplets emulsified in a bulk aqueous phase, vice versa, the (W/O) emulsions O/W/O","PeriodicalId":405804,"journal":{"name":"Immunization - Vaccine Adjuvant Delivery System and Strategies","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122315808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79330
A. Sharif, T. Ahmad
Poultry sector is very useful for humans in terms of production of food items like meat and eggs. Pakistan has a developing poultry sector and is the second important sector after the textile industry. The poultry sector is encountered with many challenges; among them is the high incidence of disease outbreaks that result in colossal economic losses. The diseases of commercial and rural poultry include Newcastle disease (ND), infec- tious bursal disease (IBD), fowl pox, Marek’s disease, infectious bronchitis (IB), avian influenza, hydropericardium syndrome, etc. The disease outbreaks have also occurred in vaccinated flocks. Better understanding of the causes of vaccine failure will result in iden tifying prophylactic measures regarding disease outbreaks in poultry flocks. This chapter overviews the common causes of vaccine failure and further highlights the procedures for successful immunization.
{"title":"Preventing Vaccine Failure in Poultry Flocks","authors":"A. Sharif, T. Ahmad","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79330","url":null,"abstract":"Poultry sector is very useful for humans in terms of production of food items like meat and eggs. Pakistan has a developing poultry sector and is the second important sector after the textile industry. The poultry sector is encountered with many challenges; among them is the high incidence of disease outbreaks that result in colossal economic losses. The diseases of commercial and rural poultry include Newcastle disease (ND), infec- tious bursal disease (IBD), fowl pox, Marek’s disease, infectious bronchitis (IB), avian influenza, hydropericardium syndrome, etc. The disease outbreaks have also occurred in vaccinated flocks. Better understanding of the causes of vaccine failure will result in iden tifying prophylactic measures regarding disease outbreaks in poultry flocks. This chapter overviews the common causes of vaccine failure and further highlights the procedures for successful immunization.","PeriodicalId":405804,"journal":{"name":"Immunization - Vaccine Adjuvant Delivery System and Strategies","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131763333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Vaccines Developed for Cancer Immunotherapy","authors":"Aizong Shen, Ruifeng Qian, Ting Liu, Qingchuan Liu, Bin Liu, Zhangbao Wu","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80889","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80889","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":405804,"journal":{"name":"Immunization - Vaccine Adjuvant Delivery System and Strategies","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115208456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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