Pub Date : 2018-12-19DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198830399.003.0008
J. Lighton
This chapter describes the basic theory behind the most widely used method for measuring metabolic rates: flow-through or open-system respirometry. The advantages and disadvantages of the technique are summarized and the two major types of flow-through respirometry systems are described. Recommendations are given on choosing an appropriate flow rate to compromise between speed of response and signal amplitude; on the nature and importance of the cage time-constant; on using mathematical techniques for response correction by compensating for first-order wash-out kinetics and avoiding mixing errors; the essential differences between oxygen and carbon dioxide analysis; choosing a data acquisition system; generating and measuring flow rates; removing or mathematically compensating for water vapor; important tools; and checklists for deciding on system configuration for a given investigation.
{"title":"Flow-through Respirometry: The Basics","authors":"J. Lighton","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198830399.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198830399.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes the basic theory behind the most widely used method for measuring metabolic rates: flow-through or open-system respirometry. The advantages and disadvantages of the technique are summarized and the two major types of flow-through respirometry systems are described. Recommendations are given on choosing an appropriate flow rate to compromise between speed of response and signal amplitude; on the nature and importance of the cage time-constant; on using mathematical techniques for response correction by compensating for first-order wash-out kinetics and avoiding mixing errors; the essential differences between oxygen and carbon dioxide analysis; choosing a data acquisition system; generating and measuring flow rates; removing or mathematically compensating for water vapor; important tools; and checklists for deciding on system configuration for a given investigation.","PeriodicalId":405909,"journal":{"name":"Measuring Metabolic Rates","volume":"2013 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122548378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-19DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198830399.003.0012
J. Lighton
This chapter describes two approaches to human metabolic measurement: room calorimetry and dilution mode mask (or hood, or canopy) respirometry. For room calorimetry, where the EE of a subject is typically monitored for 24 h, strategies for arranging air flow systems and the convective air movement required for effective time constant compensation are described, together with evaluation of push, pull, and push–pull flow and pressure regulation, with an emphasis on demystifying the technology. Methods for correcting the huge time constant of such rooms are described. For human metabolic measurement using a mask, hood, or canopy, common methodologies are summarized, and the advantages of dilution mode measurement over spirometry are discussed.
{"title":"Room Calorimetry and Mask Respirometry","authors":"J. Lighton","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198830399.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830399.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes two approaches to human metabolic measurement: room calorimetry and dilution mode mask (or hood, or canopy) respirometry. For room calorimetry, where the EE of a subject is typically monitored for 24 h, strategies for arranging air flow systems and the convective air movement required for effective time constant compensation are described, together with evaluation of push, pull, and push–pull flow and pressure regulation, with an emphasis on demystifying the technology. Methods for correcting the huge time constant of such rooms are described. For human metabolic measurement using a mask, hood, or canopy, common methodologies are summarized, and the advantages of dilution mode measurement over spirometry are discussed.","PeriodicalId":405909,"journal":{"name":"Measuring Metabolic Rates","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124306319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-19DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198830399.003.0010
J. Lighton
This chapter describes the setup, plumbing, and equations required for applying a respirometry system wherein the flow rate of the air entering the animal chamber is known. Such systems are usually referred to as push systems, because the air is usually pushed into a sealed respirometer chamber at a known rate, and the concentrations of incurrent and excurrent gases are alternately measured. Setups and equations for oxygen-only, carbon dioxide-only, and combined oxygen and carbon dioxide systems are described. Methods for creating multiple-animal push mode respirometry systems and for the automatic baselining (that is to say, measuring incurrent gas concentrations) of respirometry systems are also discussed.
{"title":"Flow-through Respirometry: Incurrent Flow Measurement","authors":"J. Lighton","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198830399.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830399.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes the setup, plumbing, and equations required for applying a respirometry system wherein the flow rate of the air entering the animal chamber is known. Such systems are usually referred to as push systems, because the air is usually pushed into a sealed respirometer chamber at a known rate, and the concentrations of incurrent and excurrent gases are alternately measured. Setups and equations for oxygen-only, carbon dioxide-only, and combined oxygen and carbon dioxide systems are described. Methods for creating multiple-animal push mode respirometry systems and for the automatic baselining (that is to say, measuring incurrent gas concentrations) of respirometry systems are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":405909,"journal":{"name":"Measuring Metabolic Rates","volume":"176 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128246641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-19DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198830399.003.0015
J. Lighton
This chapter discusses ways of analyzing and presenting metabolic data while avoiding common mistakes. Topics covered include vital information often omitted from manuscripts; how to analyze the allometry of metabolic rate on mass; the mistake of reporting mass-specific or “mass-independent” metabolic rates; methods for quantifying differences between treatment groups by analysis of covariance; the importance of phylogeny in interspecific comparisons; the importance of the temperature at which measurements are made, including mammals (the thermal neutral zone); the necessity of leaving an “audit trail” from raw data through to final analysis; analyzing temperature effects such as Q10 correctly; and the proper selection of metabolic data.
{"title":"Data Analysis and Presentation","authors":"J. Lighton","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198830399.003.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198830399.003.0015","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses ways of analyzing and presenting metabolic data while avoiding common mistakes. Topics covered include vital information often omitted from manuscripts; how to analyze the allometry of metabolic rate on mass; the mistake of reporting mass-specific or “mass-independent” metabolic rates; methods for quantifying differences between treatment groups by analysis of covariance; the importance of phylogeny in interspecific comparisons; the importance of the temperature at which measurements are made, including mammals (the thermal neutral zone); the necessity of leaving an “audit trail” from raw data through to final analysis; analyzing temperature effects such as Q10 correctly; and the proper selection of metabolic data.","PeriodicalId":405909,"journal":{"name":"Measuring Metabolic Rates","volume":"48 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125559964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-19DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198830399.003.0020
J. Lighton
This chapter discusses useful skills and tools that can extend and amplify the reach of innovative researchers. These include programming languages; statistical packages; microcontrollers and single board computers; researcher-friendly electronic resources; circuit capture and printed circuit design packages and resources; 3D design and printing packages and resources; and laser-cutting resources. The emphasis is on open source solutions applicable to scientific research.
{"title":"Acquiring Useful Tools and Skills","authors":"J. Lighton","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198830399.003.0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830399.003.0020","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses useful skills and tools that can extend and amplify the reach of innovative researchers. These include programming languages; statistical packages; microcontrollers and single board computers; researcher-friendly electronic resources; circuit capture and printed circuit design packages and resources; 3D design and printing packages and resources; and laser-cutting resources. The emphasis is on open source solutions applicable to scientific research.","PeriodicalId":405909,"journal":{"name":"Measuring Metabolic Rates","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126514651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-19DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198830399.003.0001
J. Lighton
This chapter describes the evolution of respirometry from Leonardo da Vinci’s musings onwards. The works of Boyle, the brilliant and prophetic Mayow, and the well-intentioned but misguided Priestley are described. The bizarre dead-end theory of phlogiston and its apparent validity to the scientists of the day are explained in historical context. The breakthroughs of Lavoisier and Paulze, who realized the central role of oxygen and pioneered the quantitative measurement of metabolism, end the conventional historical part of the chapter, which concludes with a brief description of the deep history of the molecules most important to respirometry.
{"title":"Measuring the Fire of Life: A Brief History of Metabolic Measurement","authors":"J. Lighton","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198830399.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198830399.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes the evolution of respirometry from Leonardo da Vinci’s musings onwards. The works of Boyle, the brilliant and prophetic Mayow, and the well-intentioned but misguided Priestley are described. The bizarre dead-end theory of phlogiston and its apparent validity to the scientists of the day are explained in historical context. The breakthroughs of Lavoisier and Paulze, who realized the central role of oxygen and pioneered the quantitative measurement of metabolism, end the conventional historical part of the chapter, which concludes with a brief description of the deep history of the molecules most important to respirometry.","PeriodicalId":405909,"journal":{"name":"Measuring Metabolic Rates","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127717928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-19DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198830399.003.0013
J. Lighton
This chapter describes the development of metabolic phenotyping in biomedical research, providing a critical review of methodologies for air flow management, multiplexed versus continuous sampling, and the interaction between the cage time constant and sampling interval. The fact that the temporal resolution of a system is generally limited primarily by the cage time constant rather than the sampling interval is validated and emphasized. Sensor technologies and their associated analytical approaches for food and water intake, body mass, wheel running, and position/activity measurement are described with examples. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the synergistic role of behavior analysis in metabolic phenotyping.
{"title":"Metabolic Phenotyping","authors":"J. Lighton","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198830399.003.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830399.003.0013","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes the development of metabolic phenotyping in biomedical research, providing a critical review of methodologies for air flow management, multiplexed versus continuous sampling, and the interaction between the cage time constant and sampling interval. The fact that the temporal resolution of a system is generally limited primarily by the cage time constant rather than the sampling interval is validated and emphasized. Sensor technologies and their associated analytical approaches for food and water intake, body mass, wheel running, and position/activity measurement are described with examples. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the synergistic role of behavior analysis in metabolic phenotyping.","PeriodicalId":405909,"journal":{"name":"Measuring Metabolic Rates","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131226423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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