{"title":"Introducing STEREOID: the first multimodal radar and optical tool for Earth, ocean, ice, and land dynamics (Conference Presentation)","authors":"L. Iannini, P. López-Dekker, Yuanhao Li","doi":"10.1117/12.2533333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2533333","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":412082,"journal":{"name":"Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites XXIII","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129858422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A new satellite mission called Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) is being developed jointly by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration and France’s Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales. Based on the success of conventional nadir-looking altimetry missions in the past, SWOT will utilize the technique of radar interferometry for making wide-swath altimetric measurements of the elevation of surface water on land and the ocean’s surface topography. The new measurements will provide information on the changing ocean currents that are key to the prediction of climate change, as well as the shifting fresh water resources resulting from the dynamic water cycle. The noise level of conventional radar altimeters limits the along-track spatial resolution to 50-100 km over the oceans. The large spacing between the satellite ground tracks limits the resolution of two-dimensional gridded data to 200 km. Yet most of the kinetic energy of ocean circulation takes place at the scales unresolved by conventional altimetry. SWOT observations will provide the critical new information at these scales for developing and testing ocean models that are designed for predicting future climate change. In contrast to ocean observations, land surface water measurements are limited mostly to in situ networks of gauges. While radar altimetry over surface waters has demonstrated the potential of this technique in land hydrology, a number of limitations exist. Raw radar altimetry echoes reflected from land surface are complex, with multiple peaks caused by multiple reflections from water, vegetation canopy and rough topography, resulting in much less valid data over land than over the ocean. Yet one of the most threatening consequences of a warming climate is the shifting water resources. Monitoring the global water on land is critical for assessing the storage and discharge of lakes and rivers. The technology of SWOT is based on the heritage of the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) that successfully mapped the elevation of global land topography from a 10-day space shuttle mission. A higher frequency at Ka band (~35 GHz) is chosen for the radar to achieve high precision with a much shorter inteferometry baseline of 10 m. Small near-nadir look angles (~ 4 degrees), required for minimizing elevation errors, limit the swath width to 120 km. An orbit with inclination of 78 degrees and 22 day repeat period was chosen for gapless coverage and good tidal aliasing properties. With this configuration, SWOT is expected to achieve 1 cm precision at 1 km x 1 km pixels over the ocean and 10 cm precision over 50 m x 50 m pixels over land waters. Other payloads of the mission include a conventional dual-frequency altimeter for calibration to large-scale ocean topography, a water-vapor radiometer for correcting range delay caused by water vapor over the ocean, and precision orbit determination package (GPS, DORIS, and laser retroreflector). SWOT is currently being de
美国国家航空航天局(nasa)和法国国家空间研究中心(Centre National d’etudes Spatiales)正在联合开发一项名为地表水和海洋地形(SWOT)的新卫星任务。基于过去传统最低点测高任务的成功，SWOT将利用雷达干涉测量技术对陆地和海洋表面地形的地表水高度进行大面积测高。新的测量将提供关于洋流变化的信息，这是预测气候变化的关键，以及动态水循环导致的淡水资源的变化。传统雷达高度计的噪声水平限制了海洋上空沿航迹空间分辨率为50-100公里。卫星地面轨道之间的大间距限制了二维网格数据的分辨率为200公里。然而，海洋环流的大部分动能发生在传统测高法无法解决的尺度上。SWOT观测将在这些尺度上为开发和测试用于预测未来气候变化的海洋模型提供关键的新信息。与海洋观测相反，陆地地表水的测量主要限于现场测量网。虽然对地表水进行雷达测高已经证明了这种技术在陆地水文学方面的潜力，但仍存在一些限制。从陆地表面反射的原始雷达测高回波非常复杂，由于水、植被冠层和粗糙地形的多重反射而产生多个峰值，导致陆地上的有效数据远低于海洋。然而，气候变暖最具威胁性的后果之一是水资源的变化。监测全球陆地上的水对于评估湖泊和河流的储水量和排放量至关重要。SWOT技术基于航天飞机雷达地形任务(SRTM)的传统，该任务成功地绘制了为期10天的航天飞机任务中全球陆地地形的高程。在Ka波段选择一个更高的频率(~35 GHz)用于雷达，以实现高精度与更短的干涉基线10米。小的近最低点视角(~ 4度)，需要最小化仰角误差，限制带状宽度为120公里。选择倾角为78度、重复周期为22天的轨道进行无间隙覆盖，具有良好的潮汐混叠特性。通过这种配置，SWOT有望在海洋上空1公里× 1公里像素处实现1厘米的精度，在陆地水域上空50米× 50米像素处实现10厘米的精度。该任务的其他有效载荷包括用于校准大尺度海洋地形的传统双频高度计，用于校正海洋上空水蒸气引起的距离延迟的水蒸气辐射计，以及精确轨道确定包(GPS, DORIS和激光后向反射器)。SWOT目前正在开发中，计划于2021年推出。本报告将描述当前的SWOT任务状态，包括有关有效载荷仪器、航天器、地面数据系统和校准/验证计划的技术开发挑战。
{"title":"SWOT: development of the wide-swath surface water altimetry mission for oceanography and hydrology (Conference Presentation)","authors":"P. Vaze","doi":"10.1117/12.2537017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2537017","url":null,"abstract":"A new satellite mission called Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) is being developed jointly by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration and France’s Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales. Based on the success of conventional nadir-looking altimetry missions in the past, SWOT will utilize the technique of radar interferometry for making wide-swath altimetric measurements of the elevation of surface water on land and the ocean’s surface topography. The new measurements will provide information on the changing ocean currents that are key to the prediction of climate change, as well as the shifting fresh water resources resulting from the dynamic water cycle.\u0000\u0000The noise level of conventional radar altimeters limits the along-track spatial resolution to 50-100 km over the oceans. The large spacing between the satellite ground tracks limits the resolution of two-dimensional gridded data to 200 km. Yet most of the kinetic energy of ocean circulation takes place at the scales unresolved by conventional altimetry. SWOT observations will provide the critical new information at these scales for developing and testing ocean models that are designed for predicting future climate change.\u0000\u0000In contrast to ocean observations, land surface water measurements are limited mostly to in situ networks of gauges. While radar altimetry over surface waters has demonstrated the potential of this technique in land hydrology, a number of limitations exist. Raw radar altimetry echoes reflected from land surface are complex, with multiple peaks caused by multiple reflections from water, vegetation canopy and rough topography, resulting in much less valid data over land than over the ocean. Yet one of the most threatening consequences of a warming climate is the shifting water resources. Monitoring the global water on land is critical for assessing the storage and discharge of lakes and rivers. \u0000\u0000The technology of SWOT is based on the heritage of the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) that successfully mapped the elevation of global land topography from a 10-day space shuttle mission. A higher frequency at Ka band (~35 GHz) is chosen for the radar to achieve high precision with a much shorter inteferometry baseline of 10 m. Small near-nadir look angles (~ 4 degrees), required for minimizing elevation errors, limit the swath width to 120 km. An orbit with inclination of 78 degrees and 22 day repeat period was chosen for gapless coverage and good tidal aliasing properties. With this configuration, SWOT is expected to achieve 1 cm precision at 1 km x 1 km pixels over the ocean and 10 cm precision over 50 m x 50 m pixels over land waters. Other payloads of the mission include a conventional dual-frequency altimeter for calibration to large-scale ocean topography, a water-vapor radiometer for correcting range delay caused by water vapor over the ocean, and precision orbit determination package (GPS, DORIS, and laser retroreflector). SWOT is currently being de","PeriodicalId":412082,"journal":{"name":"Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites XXIII","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127574083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
NASA’s Earth Science Division (ESD) advances our scientific understanding of the Earth as a system and its response to natural and human-induced changes in order to improve our ability to predict climate, weather, and natural hazards, and to meet the challenges of environmental change. Our planet is changing on all spatial and temporal scales and studying the Earth as a complex system is essential to understanding the causes and consequences of global to local environmental changes. ESD addresses the issues and opportunities of environmental changes and climate risks by answering the following key science questions through its program elements: • How is the global Earth system changing? • What causes these changes in the Earth system? • How will the Earth system change in the future? • How can Earth system science provide societal benefit? One of the key elements ESD uses to address these science questions is the Flight Program. Its Flight Program consists of a coordinated series of satellite and airborne missions for long-term global observations of the land surface, biosphere, solid Earth, atmosphere, and oceans. The Flight Program also includes infrastructure for operating these missions, processing their scientific data, and distributing them on a free and open basis to researchers, operational users, and the public. The Flight Program currently has 25 operating Earth observing space missions. There are 16 more missions and instruments planned for launch over the next five years. These comprise missions recommended by the National Academies 2017 Earth Science Decadal Survey, missions and selected instruments to ensure availability of key climate data sets, operational missions to sustain land imaging provided by the Landsat system, and small-sized competitively selected orbital and instrument missions of opportunity belonging to the Earth Venture (EV) program. Recently launched missions include the ICESat-2 spacecraft and two International Space Station (ISS) hosted instruments, the Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI) LIDAR and the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-3 (OCO-3) spectrometer. Projects in development include the Sentinel-6A/B dual satellite altimetry mission; Landsat 9; the Pre-Aerosol, Cloud, and ocean Ecosystem (PACE) mission; the NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR); the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission; Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution (TEMPO); the Timed-Resolved Observations of Precipitation structure and storm Intensity with a Constellation of Smallsats (TROPICS) CubeSat constellation mission; the Multi-angle Imager for Aerosols (MAIA) pollution monitoring instrument; the Geostationary Carbon Cycle Observatory (GeoCARB); the Earth surface Mineral dust source InvesTigation (EMIT) spectrometer hosted on ISS; and the Polar Radiant Energy in the Far InfraRed Experiment (PREFIRE) CubeSat constellation mission. The 2017 Earth Science Decadal Survey recommends four new Flight Program
{"title":"The NASA Earth Science Flight Program: an update (Conference Presentation)","authors":"S. Neeck","doi":"10.1117/12.2536702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2536702","url":null,"abstract":"NASA’s Earth Science Division (ESD) advances our scientific understanding of the Earth as a system and its response to natural and human-induced changes in order to improve our ability to predict climate, weather, and natural hazards, and to meet the challenges of environmental change. Our planet is changing on all spatial and temporal scales and studying the Earth as a complex system is essential to understanding the causes and consequences of global to local environmental changes. ESD addresses the issues and opportunities of environmental changes and climate risks by answering the following key science questions through its program elements:\u0000\u0000• How is the global Earth system changing? \u0000• What causes these changes in the Earth system? \u0000• How will the Earth system change in the future? \u0000• How can Earth system science provide societal benefit?\u0000\u0000One of the key elements ESD uses to address these science questions is the Flight Program. Its Flight Program consists of a coordinated series of satellite and airborne missions for long-term global observations of the land surface, biosphere, solid Earth, atmosphere, and oceans. The Flight Program also includes infrastructure for operating these missions, processing their scientific data, and distributing them on a free and open basis to researchers, operational users, and the public. The Flight Program currently has 25 operating Earth observing space missions. There are 16 more missions and instruments planned for launch over the next five years. These comprise missions recommended by the National Academies 2017 Earth Science Decadal Survey, missions and selected instruments to ensure availability of key climate data sets, operational missions to sustain land imaging provided by the Landsat system, and small-sized competitively selected orbital and instrument missions of opportunity belonging to the Earth Venture (EV) program. Recently launched missions include the ICESat-2 spacecraft and two International Space Station (ISS) hosted instruments, the Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI) LIDAR and the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-3 (OCO-3) spectrometer. Projects in development include the Sentinel-6A/B dual satellite altimetry mission; Landsat 9; the Pre-Aerosol, Cloud, and ocean Ecosystem (PACE) mission; the NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR); the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission; Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution (TEMPO); the Timed-Resolved Observations of Precipitation structure and storm Intensity with a Constellation of Smallsats (TROPICS) CubeSat constellation mission; the Multi-angle Imager for Aerosols (MAIA) pollution monitoring instrument; the Geostationary Carbon Cycle Observatory (GeoCARB); the Earth surface Mineral dust source InvesTigation (EMIT) spectrometer hosted on ISS; and the Polar Radiant Energy in the Far InfraRed Experiment (PREFIRE) CubeSat constellation mission. The 2017 Earth Science Decadal Survey recommends four new Flight Program ","PeriodicalId":412082,"journal":{"name":"Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites XXIII","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128318117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
EarthCARE is the sixth Earth Explorer mission of the European Space Agency's (ESA) Living Planet Program. It is being developed in collaboration with the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). It has the fundamental objective of improving understanding of the processes involving clouds, aerosols and radiation in the Earth’s atmosphere. The payload of EarthCARE consists of two active and two passive instruments. ESA is developing three of the instruments, an ATmospheric LIDar (ATLID), a Multi-Spectral Imager (MSI) and a Broad-Band Radiometer (BBR). JAXA is developing the Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR). The four instruments will provide co-located data from a single platform, which may be processed individually and in a synergistic manner, to provide a range of products, such as the vertical structure of aerosols and clouds, the corresponding broad-band and narrow-band radiances at the top of the atmosphere, and complementary information for scene identification. ATLID is a backscatter LIDAR, operating at a wavelength of 355 nm, that will record atmospheric echoes from an altitude of 40 km to ground. It incorporates a high resolution spectral filter, which enables the relative separation of aerosol and molecular backscatter. It also measures cross and co-polar components of the Mie backscatter on separate channels. The BBR instrument will make separate measurements of reflected solar radiation and radiated thermal emission from the scene. The MSI instrument will make measurements in seven bands ranging from the visible spectrum, near infrared, short wave infrared, down to thermal infrared, across a 150 km swath. This will aid in scene identification and provide some aerosol information. This paper will provide an overview of the design and function of the instruments and a description of the current progress achieved in their integration and characterization.
{"title":"Status of the optical payloads development for the Earth Cloud Aerosol and Radiation Explorer (Conference Presentation)","authors":"K. Ghose, K. Wallace, J. P. D. Carmo, A. Lefebvre","doi":"10.1117/12.2533118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2533118","url":null,"abstract":"EarthCARE is the sixth Earth Explorer mission of the European Space Agency's (ESA) Living Planet Program. It is being developed in collaboration with the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). It has the fundamental objective of improving understanding of the processes involving clouds, aerosols and radiation in the Earth’s atmosphere.\u0000\u0000The payload of EarthCARE consists of two active and two passive instruments. ESA is developing three of the instruments, an ATmospheric LIDar (ATLID), a Multi-Spectral Imager (MSI) and a Broad-Band Radiometer (BBR). JAXA is developing the Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR).\u0000\u0000The four instruments will provide co-located data from a single platform, which may be processed individually and in a synergistic manner, to provide a range of products, such as the vertical structure of aerosols and clouds, the corresponding broad-band and narrow-band radiances at the top of the atmosphere, and complementary information for scene identification. \u0000\u0000ATLID is a backscatter LIDAR, operating at a wavelength of 355 nm, that will record atmospheric echoes from an altitude of 40 km to ground. It incorporates a high resolution spectral filter, which enables the relative separation of aerosol and molecular backscatter. It also measures cross and co-polar components of the Mie backscatter on separate channels. The BBR instrument will make separate measurements of reflected solar radiation and radiated thermal emission from the scene. The MSI instrument will make measurements in seven bands ranging from the visible spectrum, near infrared, short wave infrared, down to thermal infrared, across a 150 km swath. This will aid in scene identification and provide some aerosol information.\u0000\u0000This paper will provide an overview of the design and function of the instruments and a description of the current progress achieved in their integration and characterization.","PeriodicalId":412082,"journal":{"name":"Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites XXIII","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126266076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Sentinel-6 (S6) Mission will provide continuity of ocean topography measurements beyond TOPEX-Poseidon (launched in 1992), Jason-1 (2001), OSTM/Jason-2 (2008), and Jason-3 (2016) for determining ocean circulation, climate change and sea level rise. Unlike past Jason missions, S6 will also contribute atmospheric temperature and humidity profile measurement in near real time to support operational weather forecasting. The S6 mission consists of two satellites to be launched approximately 5 years apart to extend measurement continuity for at least another decade. This mission will serve both the operational user community and also enable the continuation of multi-decadal ocean topography measurements for ocean circulation and climate studies. The first S6 satellite is planned to launch by the end of 2020 with a suite of instruments similar to the prior Jason series missions. Sentinel-6 is a cooperative mission with contributions from NASA, NOAA, ESA, and EUMETSAT. The ocean altimetry science payload is similar to the prior Jason missions, including a nadir altimeter, water vapor radiometer and precision orbit determination system instruments. The nadir altimeter is contributed by ESA and EUMETSAT and comprises a new dual-frequency (C and Ku band) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) altimeter (Poseidon-4). The NASA-provided payload is managed and developed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). It consists of the Advanced Microwave Radiometer for Climate (AMR-C) instrument that includes a new on-board absolute Supplemental Calibration Subsystem (SCS). The SCS is a key evolution of the radiometer instrument that will enable a significant improvement in the sea surface height measurement stability. The AMR-C provides the water vapor path delay correction to the ocean height measurement from the Poseidon-4 Radar Altimeter. The AMR-C is further enhanced by an experimental High-Resolution Microwave Radiometer (HRMR) that will demonstrate the capability of high frequency (90, 130, 166 GHz) radiometer channels for extending the wet path delay measurements into the coastal zone with ~5x finer spatial resolution compared with the traditional low-frequency AMR channels. The NASA payload also contains a Laser Retroflector Array (LRA) that supports ground-based laser tracking for precise orbit determination validation. As a secondary mission objective, S6 will also characterize atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles by measuring bending angles of GNSS signals occulted by the Earth’s atmosphere. These measurement products will be ground-processed within three hours of acquisition on board the satellite and made available for ingestion into national weather service models to support weather forecasting capabilities. This measurement is provided by the NASA-provided Global Navigation Satellite System for Radio Occultation (GNSS-RO) instrument. We present a description of the overall mission and focus on the NASA payload architecture, development status an
{"title":"Development status and performance of the NASA payload for the Sentinel-6 mission (Conference Presentation)","authors":"P. Vaze","doi":"10.1117/12.2537016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2537016","url":null,"abstract":"The Sentinel-6 (S6) Mission will provide continuity of ocean topography measurements beyond TOPEX-Poseidon (launched in 1992), Jason-1 (2001), OSTM/Jason-2 (2008), and Jason-3 (2016) for determining ocean circulation, climate change and sea level rise. Unlike past Jason missions, S6 will also contribute atmospheric temperature and humidity profile measurement in near real time to support operational weather forecasting. The S6 mission consists of two satellites to be launched approximately 5 years apart to extend measurement continuity for at least another decade. This mission will serve both the operational user community and also enable the continuation of multi-decadal ocean topography measurements for ocean circulation and climate studies. The first S6 satellite is planned to launch by the end of 2020 with a suite of instruments similar to the prior Jason series missions. Sentinel-6 is a cooperative mission with contributions from NASA, NOAA, ESA, and EUMETSAT.\u0000\u0000The ocean altimetry science payload is similar to the prior Jason missions, including a nadir altimeter, water vapor radiometer and precision orbit determination system instruments. The nadir altimeter is contributed by ESA and EUMETSAT and comprises a new dual-frequency (C and Ku band) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) altimeter (Poseidon-4). The NASA-provided payload is managed and developed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). It consists of the Advanced Microwave Radiometer for Climate (AMR-C) instrument that includes a new on-board absolute Supplemental Calibration Subsystem (SCS). The SCS is a key evolution of the radiometer instrument that will enable a significant improvement in the sea surface height measurement stability. The AMR-C provides the water vapor path delay correction to the ocean height measurement from the Poseidon-4 Radar Altimeter. The AMR-C is further enhanced by an experimental High-Resolution Microwave Radiometer (HRMR) that will demonstrate the capability of high frequency (90, 130, 166 GHz) radiometer channels for extending the wet path delay measurements into the coastal zone with ~5x finer spatial resolution compared with the traditional low-frequency AMR channels. The NASA payload also contains a Laser Retroflector Array (LRA) that supports ground-based laser tracking for precise orbit determination validation.\u0000\u0000As a secondary mission objective, S6 will also characterize atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles by measuring bending angles of GNSS signals occulted by the Earth’s atmosphere. These measurement products will be ground-processed within three hours of acquisition on board the satellite and made available for ingestion into national weather service models to support weather forecasting capabilities. This measurement is provided by the NASA-provided Global Navigation Satellite System for Radio Occultation (GNSS-RO) instrument.\u0000\u0000We present a description of the overall mission and focus on the NASA payload architecture, development status an","PeriodicalId":412082,"journal":{"name":"Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites XXIII","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114186436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shannon T. Brown, W. Berg, T. Gaier, P. Kangaslahti, A. Kitiyakara, B. Lim, S. Padmanabhan, S. Reising, C. Venkatachalam
The advent of small satellites and miniaturized instrument technology enables a new paradigm for observation from Low Earth Orbit (LEO). Passive microwave radiometer systems, such as SSM/I, AMSR-E, AMSU, ATMS, WindSat and GMI, have been providing important Earth observations for over 30 years, including but not limited to surface wind vector, atmospheric and surface temperature, water vapor, clouds, precipitation, snow and sea ice. Over the past several years, there has been a push to develop small satellite solutions for these critical measurements. The lower deployment cost of small satellites allows us to consider new ways to use these systems for Earth observation. Specifically, we may consider homogenous or heterogeneous constellations with the sensor elements either distributed in several orbit planes to improve revisit time, or as closely spaced trains to resolved short time scale processes, such as developing convection. In this presentation, we will discuss three recently developed, complementary small satellite technology demonstration sensors that span the capability currently offered by the existing fleet of microwave environmental sensors. These systems are COWVR, a low-frequency fully-polarimetric conical imager, TEMPEST-D, a mm-wave cross-track imager/sounder and TWICE, a conical sub-mm wave imager/sounder. COWVR is a technology demonstration sensor for the US Air Force designed to be a small-satellite equivalent to sensors such as SSM/I, AMSR, WindSat and GMI. TEMPEST-D is a NASA Earth Ventures technology demonstration project and has equivalence with cross-track sounders such as AMSU, ATMS and MHS. TWICE, built under a NASA technology project, covers frequencies band not yet flown in space. Combined, these systems offer the potential to image the Earth from 6-800 GHz. When deployed in a constellation, they enable new observations of dynamic physical processes and coupling between land, ocean, atmosphere and cryosphere. In this presentation, we will highlight the sensor design and status of each of the three radiometer technology demonstration projects. TEMPEST-D has been continuously operating on-orbit since September 2018 and COWVR is due to launch no earlier than January 2021. We will describe unique observations enabled by these systems when used in constellations, including time resolved measurements of dynamic atmospheric processes (e.g. developing convection) simultaneously with surface and atmospheric fluxes. We will show measured performance comparisons between these new small-sat sensors to the equivalent operational sensor, giving examples of on-orbit comparisons for TEMPEST-D and pre-launch measured data from COWVR and TWICE. Finally, we will discuss new mission concepts enabled by constellation sensor trains and distributed constellations, particularly as it relates to the observation goals identified in the US NRC Decadal Survey. We will highlight the potential for multi-sensor small-satellite constellations, sho
{"title":"New small satellite passive microwave radiometer rechnology for future constellation missions (Conference Presentation)","authors":"Shannon T. Brown, W. Berg, T. Gaier, P. Kangaslahti, A. Kitiyakara, B. Lim, S. Padmanabhan, S. Reising, C. Venkatachalam","doi":"10.1117/12.2533341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2533341","url":null,"abstract":"The advent of small satellites and miniaturized instrument technology enables a new paradigm for observation from Low Earth Orbit (LEO). Passive microwave radiometer systems, such as SSM/I, AMSR-E, AMSU, ATMS, WindSat and GMI, have been providing important Earth observations for over 30 years, including but not limited to surface wind vector, atmospheric and surface temperature, water vapor, clouds, precipitation, snow and sea ice. Over the past several years, there has been a push to develop small satellite solutions for these critical measurements. The lower deployment cost of small satellites allows us to consider new ways to use these systems for Earth observation. Specifically, we may consider homogenous or heterogeneous constellations with the sensor elements either distributed in several orbit planes to improve revisit time, or as closely spaced trains to resolved short time scale processes, such as developing convection. \u0000\u0000In this presentation, we will discuss three recently developed, complementary small satellite technology demonstration sensors that span the capability currently offered by the existing fleet of microwave environmental sensors. These systems are COWVR, a low-frequency fully-polarimetric conical imager, TEMPEST-D, a mm-wave cross-track imager/sounder and TWICE, a conical sub-mm wave imager/sounder. COWVR is a technology demonstration sensor for the US Air Force designed to be a small-satellite equivalent to sensors such as SSM/I, AMSR, WindSat and GMI. TEMPEST-D is a NASA Earth Ventures technology demonstration project and has equivalence with cross-track sounders such as AMSU, ATMS and MHS. TWICE, built under a NASA technology project, covers frequencies band not yet flown in space. Combined, these systems offer the potential to image the Earth from 6-800 GHz. When deployed in a constellation, they enable new observations of dynamic physical processes and coupling between land, ocean, atmosphere and cryosphere. \u0000\u0000In this presentation, we will highlight the sensor design and status of each of the three radiometer technology demonstration projects. TEMPEST-D has been continuously operating on-orbit since September 2018 and COWVR is due to launch no earlier than January 2021. We will describe unique observations enabled by these systems when used in constellations, including time resolved measurements of dynamic atmospheric processes (e.g. developing convection) simultaneously with surface and atmospheric fluxes. We will show measured performance comparisons between these new small-sat sensors to the equivalent operational sensor, giving examples of on-orbit comparisons for TEMPEST-D and pre-launch measured data from COWVR and TWICE. Finally, we will discuss new mission concepts enabled by constellation sensor trains and distributed constellations, particularly as it relates to the observation goals identified in the US NRC Decadal Survey. We will highlight the potential for multi-sensor small-satellite constellations, sho","PeriodicalId":412082,"journal":{"name":"Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites XXIII","volume":"250 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116799567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) aboard Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership satellite performs radiometric calibrations of its reflective solar bands through an onboard sunlit solar diffuser (SD). On orbit, the bidirectional reflectance distribution function of the SD changes over time. The change factor, known as the H-factor, is determined by an onboard solar diffuser stability monitor (SDSM) using the signal strength ratio determined by observing the Sun through an attenuation screen and the sunlit SD. The sunlight goes through another attenuation screen before striking the SD. The screen relative transmittances can be accurately characterized with on-orbit data, except for the regions where the solar azimuth angles are at or close to the extremes. It is unfortunate that over the initial orbits (< orbit 154) of the SNPP, the solar azimuth angle is at one of the extreme regions. Since there are no SDSM data over the initial orbits, the measured H-factors from late orbits are extrapolated to orbit zero to find a scale factor that yields, at orbit zero, the final H-factor of a value of one. The accuracy of the extrapolation depends on the quality of the transmittances of the screens. Due to inaccuracy of the transmittances over the initial orbits, the scale factor may not be accurate. Here, we use our previously developed technique to determine the H-factor without using the screen transmittances and thus are able to examine the accuracy of the scale factor and obtain the H-factor time change rate at early satellite orbits.
{"title":"SNPP VIIRS solar diffuser on-orbit change factor determination without the screens (Conference Presentation)","authors":"N. Lei, Q. Ji, X. Xiong","doi":"10.1117/12.2533482","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2533482","url":null,"abstract":"The Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) aboard Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership satellite performs radiometric calibrations of its reflective solar bands through an onboard sunlit solar diffuser (SD). On orbit, the bidirectional reflectance distribution function of the SD changes over time. The change factor, known as the H-factor, is determined by an onboard solar diffuser stability monitor (SDSM) using the signal strength ratio determined by observing the Sun through an attenuation screen and the sunlit SD. The sunlight goes through another attenuation screen before striking the SD. The screen relative transmittances can be accurately characterized with on-orbit data, except for the regions where the solar azimuth angles are at or close to the extremes. It is unfortunate that over the initial orbits (< orbit 154) of the SNPP, the solar azimuth angle is at one of the extreme regions. Since there are no SDSM data over the initial orbits, the measured H-factors from late orbits are extrapolated to orbit zero to find a scale factor that yields, at orbit zero, the final H-factor of a value of one. The accuracy of the extrapolation depends on the quality of the transmittances of the screens. Due to inaccuracy of the transmittances over the initial orbits, the scale factor may not be accurate. Here, we use our previously developed technique to determine the H-factor without using the screen transmittances and thus are able to examine the accuracy of the scale factor and obtain the H-factor time change rate at early satellite orbits.","PeriodicalId":412082,"journal":{"name":"Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites XXIII","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128937219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Lin, Q. Min, S. Harrah, Yongxiang Hu, R. Lawrence
Surface air pressure is the most important atmospheric variable for atmospheric dynamics. It is regularly measured by in-situ meteorological sensors, and there are no operational capabilities that could remotely sense the pressure over the globe. The poor spatiotemporal coverage of this dynamically crucial variable is a significant observational gap in weather predictions. To improve forecasts of severe weather conditions, especially the intensity and track of tropical storms, large spatial coverage and frequent sampling of surface barometry are critically needed for numerical weather forecast models. Recent development in remote sensing techniques provides a great hope of atmospheric barometry in large spatiotemporal scales. Currently, NASA Langley Research Center tries to use the concept of Differential-absorption Barometric Radar (DiBAR) working at the 50-56 GHz O2 absorption bands to fill the observational gap. The numerical simulation shows that with this DiBAR remote sensing system, the uncertainty in instantaneous radar surface air pressure estimates can be as low as ~1 mb. Prototype instrumentation and its related laboratory, ground and airborne experiments indicate that satellite DiBAR remote sensing systems will obtain needed air pressure observations and meet or exceed the science requirements for surface air pressure fields. Observational system simulation experiments (OSSEs) for space DiBAR performance based on the existing DiBAR technology and capability show substantial improvements in tropical storm predictions, not only for the typhoon track and position but also for the typhoon intensity. Satellite DiBAR measurements will provide an unprecedented level of the prediction and knowledge on global extreme weather conditions. A space multi-frequency differential oxygen absorption radar system will fill the gap in the global observations of atmospheric air pressure, increase our knowledge in the dynamics, and significantly improve weather, especially severe weather such as typhoon and hurricane, predictions. Advanced tropical storm forecasts are expected with the studied capability. The development of the DiBAR system and associated OSSE results will be presented.
{"title":"Potential satellite mission on atmospheric dynamics for severe weather forecasts (Conference Presentation)","authors":"B. Lin, Q. Min, S. Harrah, Yongxiang Hu, R. Lawrence","doi":"10.1117/12.2531710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2531710","url":null,"abstract":"Surface air pressure is the most important atmospheric variable for atmospheric dynamics. It is regularly measured by in-situ meteorological sensors, and there are no operational capabilities that could remotely sense the pressure over the globe. The poor spatiotemporal coverage of this dynamically crucial variable is a significant observational gap in weather predictions. To improve forecasts of severe weather conditions, especially the intensity and track of tropical storms, large spatial coverage and frequent sampling of surface barometry are critically needed for numerical weather forecast models. Recent development in remote sensing techniques provides a great hope of atmospheric barometry in large spatiotemporal scales.\u0000Currently, NASA Langley Research Center tries to use the concept of Differential-absorption Barometric Radar (DiBAR) working at the 50-56 GHz O2 absorption bands to fill the observational gap. The numerical simulation shows that with this DiBAR remote sensing system, the uncertainty in instantaneous radar surface air pressure estimates can be as low as ~1 mb. Prototype instrumentation and its related laboratory, ground and airborne experiments indicate that satellite DiBAR remote sensing systems will obtain needed air pressure observations and meet or exceed the science requirements for surface air pressure fields. Observational system simulation experiments (OSSEs) for space DiBAR performance based on the existing DiBAR technology and capability show substantial improvements in tropical storm predictions, not only for the typhoon track and position but also for the typhoon intensity. Satellite DiBAR measurements will provide an unprecedented level of the prediction and knowledge on global extreme weather conditions. \u0000A space multi-frequency differential oxygen absorption radar system will fill the gap in the global observations of atmospheric air pressure, increase our knowledge in the dynamics, and significantly improve weather, especially severe weather such as typhoon and hurricane, predictions. Advanced tropical storm forecasts are expected with the studied capability. The development of the DiBAR system and associated OSSE results will be presented.","PeriodicalId":412082,"journal":{"name":"Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites XXIII","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129516651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) and Japan Space Systems (JSS) are operating major Earth Observation Satellites. Ibuki (GOSAT) carrying TANSO-CAI and -FTS, GOSAT-2 carrying TANSO-CAI2 / -FTS2, Shizuku (GCOM-W) carrying AMSR2, Daichi-2 (ALOS-2) carrying PALSAR-2, DPR on GPM-core satellite of NASA and Shikisai (GCOM-C) carrying SGLI, are being operated by JAXA under cooperation with some domestic agencies, such as Ministry of Environment (MoE), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT). JMA is operating weather satellite Himawari-8 and -9 on geostationary orbit. JSS are operating ASTER on EOS-Terra satellite of NASA. For coming satellites or instruments, JAXA is going to operate CPR on EarthCARE satellite of ESA, ALOS-3 carrying the “wide-swath and high-resolution optical imager” and ALOS-4 carrying PALSAR-3. JSS is going to have HISUI on ISS. JAXA proposed to Japanese government, its Earth Observation program along with new mid-term plan which started from April 2018 for seven years. In addition to follow-on mission studies, several new studies are underway for near future missions, such as Lidar missions, Super low orbit missions and new geostationary missions with large segmented telescope for land observation.
{"title":"Overview of Japanese Earth observation programs (Conference Presentation)","authors":"T. Kimura","doi":"10.1117/12.2501867","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2501867","url":null,"abstract":"Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) and Japan Space Systems (JSS) are operating major Earth Observation Satellites. Ibuki (GOSAT) carrying TANSO-CAI and -FTS, GOSAT-2 carrying TANSO-CAI2 / -FTS2, Shizuku (GCOM-W) carrying AMSR2, Daichi-2 (ALOS-2) carrying PALSAR-2, DPR on GPM-core satellite of NASA and Shikisai (GCOM-C) carrying SGLI, are being operated by JAXA under cooperation with some domestic agencies, such as Ministry of Environment (MoE), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT). JMA is operating weather satellite Himawari-8 and -9 on geostationary orbit. JSS are operating ASTER on EOS-Terra satellite of NASA. For coming satellites or instruments, JAXA is going to operate CPR on EarthCARE satellite of ESA, ALOS-3 carrying the “wide-swath and high-resolution optical imager” and ALOS-4 carrying PALSAR-3. JSS is going to have HISUI on ISS. JAXA proposed to Japanese government, its Earth Observation program along with new mid-term plan which started from April 2018 for seven years. In addition to follow-on mission studies, several new studies are underway for near future missions, such as Lidar missions, Super low orbit missions and new geostationary missions with large segmented telescope for land observation.","PeriodicalId":412082,"journal":{"name":"Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites XXIII","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125262752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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