Colonial powers typically organized economic activity in the colonies to maximize their economic returns. While the literature has emphasized long-run negative economic impacts via institutional quality, the changes in economic organization implemented to spur production historically could also directly influence economic organization in the long-run, exerting countervailing effects. We examine these in the context of the Dutch Cultivation System, the integrated industrial and agricultural system for producing sugar that formed the core of the Dutch colonial enterprise in 19th century Java. We show that areas close to where the Dutch established sugar factories in the mid-19th century are today more industrialized, have better infrastructure, are more educated, and are richer than nearby counterfactual locations that would have been similarly suitable for colonial sugar factories. We also show, using a spatial regression discontinuity design on the catchment areas around each factory, that villages forced to grow sugar cane have more village-owned land and also have more schools and substantially higher education levels, both historically and today. The results suggest that the economic structures implemented by colonizers to facilitate production can continue to promote economic activity in the long run, and we discuss the contexts where such effects are most likely to be important.
{"title":"The Development Effects of the Extractive Colonial Economy: The Dutch Cultivation System in Java","authors":"Melissa Dell, B. Olken","doi":"10.3386/W24009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W24009","url":null,"abstract":"Colonial powers typically organized economic activity in the colonies to maximize their economic returns. While the literature has emphasized long-run negative economic impacts via institutional quality, the changes in economic organization implemented to spur production historically could also directly influence economic organization in the long-run, exerting countervailing effects. We examine these in the context of the Dutch Cultivation System, the integrated industrial and agricultural system for producing sugar that formed the core of the Dutch colonial enterprise in 19th century Java. We show that areas close to where the Dutch established sugar factories in the mid-19th century are today more industrialized, have better infrastructure, are more educated, and are richer than nearby counterfactual locations that would have been similarly suitable for colonial sugar factories. We also show, using a spatial regression discontinuity design on the catchment areas around each factory, that villages forced to grow sugar cane have more village-owned land and also have more schools and substantially higher education levels, both historically and today. The results suggest that the economic structures implemented by colonizers to facilitate production can continue to promote economic activity in the long run, and we discuss the contexts where such effects are most likely to be important.","PeriodicalId":422448,"journal":{"name":"PSN: North/South Relations (Topic)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132789462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper provides an overview of the small but growing literature on the bilateral foreign aid activities carried out by the five BRICS countries. While these so-called emerging donors are steadily gaining prominence in international development, they are certainly not new to the field, with foreign aid programs dating back as far as the 1950s. The recent increase in both the size and scope of their development activities around the globe is regarded by some as a threat to the international aid architecture dominated by the United States and its allies in Western Europe and Japan. What do we know about the size, scope and institutional design of the BRICS countries’ aid activities? What can we learn about these donors’ aid motives by analyzing the pattern of their aid recipients and focal sectors? Does the existing qualitative and quantitative literature allow us to draw conclusions about the effects of BRICS aid on economic growth, other development outcomes, governance and conflict in recipient countries? Moreover, how will BRICS aid affect the DAC-centered international aid architecture and the way the so-called traditional donors provide aid? While our examination of existing scholarly work allows us to draw some tentative conclusions, it also underscores the considerable variation BRICS donors show in their aid approaches; they rarely act as a group in international development cooperation. We also highlight the major avenues and challenges for future research.
{"title":"BRICS and Foreign Aid","authors":"Gerda Asmus, A. Fuchs, Angelika Müller","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3027620","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3027620","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides an overview of the small but growing literature on the bilateral foreign aid activities carried out by the five BRICS countries. While these so-called emerging donors are steadily gaining prominence in international development, they are certainly not new to the field, with foreign aid programs dating back as far as the 1950s. The recent increase in both the size and scope of their development activities around the globe is regarded by some as a threat to the international aid architecture dominated by the United States and its allies in Western Europe and Japan. What do we know about the size, scope and institutional design of the BRICS countries’ aid activities? What can we learn about these donors’ aid motives by analyzing the pattern of their aid recipients and focal sectors? Does the existing qualitative and quantitative literature allow us to draw conclusions about the effects of BRICS aid on economic growth, other development outcomes, governance and conflict in recipient countries? Moreover, how will BRICS aid affect the DAC-centered international aid architecture and the way the so-called traditional donors provide aid? While our examination of existing scholarly work allows us to draw some tentative conclusions, it also underscores the considerable variation BRICS donors show in their aid approaches; they rarely act as a group in international development cooperation. We also highlight the major avenues and challenges for future research.","PeriodicalId":422448,"journal":{"name":"PSN: North/South Relations (Topic)","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124669304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
South Sudan becomes independent in a world where states are interconnected and interdependent on one another. Its history and current challenges make it the most vulnerable country in the world. The country is very rich in natural resources, has fertile land, shares the different fish varieties of the River Nile and has a government that wants to be different from that of the North. However, it has a limited market and its agricultural sector is archaic. Can a WTO membership help? This presentation aims to stimulate a debate that will help the people of South Sudan to see the benefits and challenges of being a sovereign state in a globalized world.
{"title":"South Sudan: Too Young to Consider a WTO Membership?","authors":"H. Nkuepo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1949854","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1949854","url":null,"abstract":"South Sudan becomes independent in a world where states are interconnected and interdependent on one another. Its history and current challenges make it the most vulnerable country in the world. The country is very rich in natural resources, has fertile land, shares the different fish varieties of the River Nile and has a government that wants to be different from that of the North. However, it has a limited market and its agricultural sector is archaic. Can a WTO membership help? This presentation aims to stimulate a debate that will help the people of South Sudan to see the benefits and challenges of being a sovereign state in a globalized world.","PeriodicalId":422448,"journal":{"name":"PSN: North/South Relations (Topic)","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133481285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article attempts to look at the role of various aspects of the issue - such as the distinction between invention and discovery, the question of patents over genes, and the non-recognition of indigenous knowledge about the use of medicinal plants that has led to pillaging of bio-resources from the South. Part A of the article looks at the question of whether or not the patent protection provided to micro-organisms has broadened the scope of patents to such an extent that even discoveries that do not qualify as inventions have been patented. Part B evaluates the efficacy of TRIPS as an instrument that can be used to provide protection to the traditional knowledge base of the South.
{"title":"TRIPS, Indigenous Knowledge and the Bio-Rush","authors":"Vishwas H. Devaiah","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2312322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2312322","url":null,"abstract":"This article attempts to look at the role of various aspects of the issue - such as the distinction between invention and discovery, the question of patents over genes, and the non-recognition of indigenous knowledge about the use of medicinal plants that has led to pillaging of bio-resources from the South. Part A of the article looks at the question of whether or not the patent protection provided to micro-organisms has broadened the scope of patents to such an extent that even discoveries that do not qualify as inventions have been patented. Part B evaluates the efficacy of TRIPS as an instrument that can be used to provide protection to the traditional knowledge base of the South.","PeriodicalId":422448,"journal":{"name":"PSN: North/South Relations (Topic)","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116003474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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