The study assesses the vulnerability and the contribution of fisheries as a livelihood strategy in Zimbabwean households as a way of their survival, with particular reference to Kani ward, Binga, Zimbabwe. The specific objectives of this study were to assess the contribution of fisheries to household livelihood sustainability and the vulnerability of this livelihood strategy in households. The study findings were analyzed using a sustainable livelihood theoretical framework using a qualitative research approach. The research findings were presented under themes that were obtained during the in-depth interviews. The research indicated that fisheries have been an essential livelihood strategy for household in Kani ward as it has enabled them to own a diverse of assets which among others are livestock, houses, refrigerators, cars and fishing rigs. While some alluded that fisheries have enabled them to raise household incomes, contributed to household food production and availability, improved could development in households through improved nutritional status, access to education and anatal care(health) and lastly in women empowerment. However, this livelihood strategy remains vulnerable to a number of factors such as government policies, expensive fishing permits and hawk licenses, poor infrastructure, Covid-19, climate change and high rates of STIs in fishing camps.
{"title":"Vulnerability and Contribution of Fisheries as a Livelihood Strategy in Kani Ward, Binga, Zimbabwe","authors":"Prince Mathe","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3901301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3901301","url":null,"abstract":"The study assesses the vulnerability and the contribution of fisheries as a livelihood strategy in Zimbabwean households as a way of their survival, with particular reference to Kani ward, Binga, Zimbabwe. The specific objectives of this study were to assess the contribution of fisheries to household livelihood sustainability and the vulnerability of this livelihood strategy in households. The study findings were analyzed using a sustainable livelihood theoretical framework using a qualitative research approach. The research findings were presented under themes that were obtained during the in-depth interviews. The research indicated that fisheries have been an essential livelihood strategy for household in Kani ward as it has enabled them to own a diverse of assets which among others are livestock, houses, refrigerators, cars and fishing rigs. While some alluded that fisheries have enabled them to raise household incomes, contributed to household food production and availability, improved could development in households through improved nutritional status, access to education and anatal care(health) and lastly in women empowerment. However, this livelihood strategy remains vulnerable to a number of factors such as government policies, expensive fishing permits and hawk licenses, poor infrastructure, Covid-19, climate change and high rates of STIs in fishing camps.","PeriodicalId":422725,"journal":{"name":"WGSRN: Agriculture","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116007839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In developing countries in Asia and Africa average size of landholdings are generally less than 2 hectares compared to about 300-400 hectare in developed countries. Small landholding farmers are facing different constraints due to their small size of cultivatable lands. The problems are ranging from lack of economies of scale in field operations, small size of production and marketable surplus, which are uneconomical to market, less scope for farm mechanisation and value addition, less scope for investments in large machinery. All these resulted in higher costs per unit area and low profitability. Hence, developing countries across the world are encouraging Farmers Producer Organisations (FPOs) to overcome small size of landholdings and to increase scale economies.
{"title":"Scaling up of Farmer Producer Organizations in India","authors":"A. Reddy","doi":"10.20935/al2607","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20935/al2607","url":null,"abstract":"In developing countries in Asia and Africa average size of landholdings are generally less than 2 hectares compared to about 300-400 hectare in developed countries. Small landholding farmers are facing different constraints due to their small size of cultivatable lands. The problems are ranging from lack of economies of scale in field operations, small size of production and marketable surplus, which are uneconomical to market, less scope for farm mechanisation and value addition, less scope for investments in large machinery. All these resulted in higher costs per unit area and low profitability. Hence, developing countries across the world are encouraging Farmers Producer Organisations (FPOs) to overcome small size of landholdings and to increase scale economies.","PeriodicalId":422725,"journal":{"name":"WGSRN: Agriculture","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125878567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In India, the new farm laws are intended to opening up agricultural economy and exposing farmers to free market opportunities. On the fear of exposing to market volatility, farmers are agitating for guaranteed minimum support price. The paper analysed the farm laws by using secondary data collated from various government reports and literature. Although, MSP policy achieved its objective of providing assured prices for paddy and wheat farmers and also abundant supply of food grains, it neglected other crops like pulses, oilseeds, fruits and vegetables, resulted mass undernourishment among children and women. Under the existing MSP policy with complete focus on paddy and wheat with utter neglect of other crops, farmers of pulses and oilseeds are exposed to market vagaries and volatility, resulted in low production, low profitability and excessive dependence on imports. The paper suggested a modified MSP policy as price insurance. Although the new farm laws will help in encouraging much needed private investments in agricultural infrastructure like cold chains, warehouses, collection centres and aggregation centres, they cannot ensure stable and remunerative prices to farmers. Hence, there is a need for modifying the past MSP policy to safeguard the farmers from high volatility and also low prices. Although crop insurance schemes like Prime Minister Fasal Bhima Yojana (PMFBY) was in implementation, it covers only production risk with complete neglect of price risk. Under the new farm laws, the role of the MSP policy should be altered in such a way that (i) Procurement of paddy and wheat to meets the needs of procurement for food security, (ii) Price Deficiency Payment Scheme (PDPS) for remaining 21 crops and (iii) Provide signal price for crops with fragmented markets.
{"title":"Assuring Farmers Income in the Context of New Farm Laws: Issues and the Way Forward","authors":"A. Reddy","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3810479","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3810479","url":null,"abstract":"In India, the new farm laws are intended to opening up agricultural economy and exposing farmers to free market opportunities. On the fear of exposing to market volatility, farmers are agitating for guaranteed minimum support price. The paper analysed the farm laws by using secondary data collated from various government reports and literature. Although, MSP policy achieved its objective of providing assured prices for paddy and wheat farmers and also abundant supply of food grains, it neglected other crops like pulses, oilseeds, fruits and vegetables, resulted mass undernourishment among children and women. Under the existing MSP policy with complete focus on paddy and wheat with utter neglect of other crops, farmers of pulses and oilseeds are exposed to market vagaries and volatility, resulted in low production, low profitability and excessive dependence on imports. The paper suggested a modified MSP policy as price insurance. Although the new farm laws will help in encouraging much needed private investments in agricultural infrastructure like cold chains, warehouses, collection centres and aggregation centres, they cannot ensure stable and remunerative prices to farmers. Hence, there is a need for modifying the past MSP policy to safeguard the farmers from high volatility and also low prices. Although crop insurance schemes like Prime Minister Fasal Bhima Yojana (PMFBY) was in implementation, it covers only production risk with complete neglect of price risk. Under the new farm laws, the role of the MSP policy should be altered in such a way that (i) Procurement of paddy and wheat to meets the needs of procurement for food security, (ii) Price Deficiency Payment Scheme (PDPS) for remaining 21 crops and (iii) Provide signal price for crops with fragmented markets.","PeriodicalId":422725,"journal":{"name":"WGSRN: Agriculture","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122729117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-19DOI: 10.2499/p15738coll2.133772
C. Ragasa, Agyakwah Seth Koranteng, R. Asmah, E. D. Mensah, S. Amewu
Over the past decade, the aquaculture sector in Ghana has experienced tremendous growth—driven mainly by large-scale cage farms—but it has been unclear how the rural poor have shared in this growth. A research project has been initiated to help diagnose, design, and test interventions for better inclusion of the rural poor, women, and youth in the tilapia value chain. This report describes the baseline data on 603 small-scale tilapia farmers in Ghana. The data collected during two-hour face-to-face interviews during May–July 2019 are disaggregated by socioeconomic indicators, gender, and age group. Baseline data show that 9 percent of farm managers and owners were women, and an additional 9 percent of farms engaged women in some decision-making. Moreover, women contributed 16 percent of family labor and 5 percent of hired labor on farms. Youth represented 14 and 24 percent of owners and managers, respectively, but contributed 68 percent of the total family and hired labor on farms. A large majority of managers and owners had at least high school education, with a third of owners and a quarter of managers attaining at least a college degree. In Brong Ahafo and Ashanti regions especially, most farmers engaged mainly in crop farming and non-farm businesses as their main livelihood, with fish farming as a small contributor to overall household income and livelihood. Farmers in all regions had poor record-keeping and management practices and low compliance with sanitation, fish health, and food safety standards. A wide variety of input usage, management practices, and performance was observed among fish farms. As a result, the profitability of fish farms was also wide-ranging, between –12.00 and 46.00 cedi per m2, with an average of 8.82 cedi per m2. Despite wide variability in production and profits, the majority of farmers experienced positive profits. On average, a farmer received a profit of 2.4 cedi per kilogram of tilapia produced or a 27 percent profit margin. These encouraging figures indicate that farmers who adopt good aquaculture practices can achieve respectable profits.
{"title":"Characterization of Fish Farming Practices and Performance: Baseline Study and Implications for Accelerating Aquaculture Development in Ghana","authors":"C. Ragasa, Agyakwah Seth Koranteng, R. Asmah, E. D. Mensah, S. Amewu","doi":"10.2499/p15738coll2.133772","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.133772","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past decade, the aquaculture sector in Ghana has experienced tremendous growth—driven mainly by large-scale cage farms—but it has been unclear how the rural poor have shared in this growth. A research project has been initiated to help diagnose, design, and test interventions for better inclusion of the rural poor, women, and youth in the tilapia value chain. This report describes the baseline data on 603 small-scale tilapia farmers in Ghana. The data collected during two-hour face-to-face interviews during May–July 2019 are disaggregated by socioeconomic indicators, gender, and age group. Baseline data show that 9 percent of farm managers and owners were women, and an additional 9 percent of farms engaged women in some decision-making. Moreover, women contributed 16 percent of family labor and 5 percent of hired labor on farms. Youth represented 14 and 24 percent of owners and managers, respectively, but contributed 68 percent of the total family and hired labor on farms. A large majority of managers and owners had at least high school education, with a third of owners and a quarter of managers attaining at least a college degree. In Brong Ahafo and Ashanti regions especially, most farmers engaged mainly in crop farming and non-farm businesses as their main livelihood, with fish farming as a small contributor to overall household income and livelihood. Farmers in all regions had poor record-keeping and management practices and low compliance with sanitation, fish health, and food safety standards. A wide variety of input usage, management practices, and performance was observed among fish farms. As a result, the profitability of fish farms was also wide-ranging, between –12.00 and 46.00 cedi per m2, with an average of 8.82 cedi per m2. Despite wide variability in production and profits, the majority of farmers experienced positive profits. On average, a farmer received a profit of 2.4 cedi per kilogram of tilapia produced or a 27 percent profit margin. These encouraging figures indicate that farmers who adopt good aquaculture practices can achieve respectable profits.","PeriodicalId":422725,"journal":{"name":"WGSRN: Agriculture","volume":"690 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116113740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Agriculture in Arunachal Pradesh, a state located in the eastern Himalayas, used to be primarily need-based. Slash and burn agriculture, locally called jhum, was the foundation of the traditional economy. In the past decades, agriculture in the mountain areas has undergone significant change. This shift from need-based to commercial agriculture has been accompanied by a shift from collective to private rights over land. This paper argues that such changes in the mountain agriculture systems are better understood as a gendered process of social and economic transformation. Agrarian change has affected men and women in Arunachal Pradesh in different ways. Women farmers continue to work in agriculture, but their rights are gradually getting eroded as a result of the commercialisation of the economy.
{"title":"Gender Dimensions of Mountain Agriculture: A Note on Arunachal Pradesh, India","authors":"A. Mishra","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3861814","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3861814","url":null,"abstract":"Agriculture in Arunachal Pradesh, a state located in the eastern Himalayas, used to be primarily need-based. Slash and burn agriculture, locally called jhum, was the foundation of the traditional economy. In the past decades, agriculture in the mountain areas has undergone significant change. This shift from need-based to commercial agriculture has been accompanied by a shift from collective to private rights over land. This paper argues that such changes in the mountain agriculture systems are better understood as a gendered process of social and economic transformation. Agrarian change has affected men and women in Arunachal Pradesh in different ways. Women farmers continue to work in agriculture, but their rights are gradually getting eroded as a result of the commercialisation of the economy.","PeriodicalId":422725,"journal":{"name":"WGSRN: Agriculture","volume":"412 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127599543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigates how enhancing gender inclusion affects inequality in 42 African countries for the period 2004-2014. The empirical evidence is based on the Generalized Method of Moments. Three inequality indicators are used, namely, the: Gini coefficient, Atkinson index, and Palma ratio. The two gender inclusion measurements used include female labour force participation and female employment. The following main findings are established. There are positive net effects on inequality from the enhancement of gender inclusion dynamics. An extended threshold analysis is used to assess critical masses at which further increasing gender inclusion enhances inequality. The established thresholds are: (i) 55.555 “employment to population ratio, 15+, female (%)”for the nexus with the Gini coefficient. (ii) 50 “labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15+)” and between 50 to 55 “employment to population ratio, 15+, female (%)”, for the Atkinson index. (iii) 61.87 “labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15+)” for the Palma ratio.These established thresholds are worthwhile for sustainable development because, beyond the critical masses, policy makers should complement the gender inclusion policy with other measures designed to reduce income inequality. Some complementary measures that can be taken on board beyond the established thresholds could focus on enhancing, inter alia: information and communication technology, infrastructural development; financial inclusion and inclusive education.
{"title":"How Enhancing Gender Inclusion Affects Inequality: Thresholds of Complementary Policies for Sustainable Development","authors":"S. Asongu, N. Odhiambo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3401734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3401734","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates how enhancing gender inclusion affects inequality in 42 African countries for the period 2004-2014. The empirical evidence is based on the Generalized Method of Moments. Three inequality indicators are used, namely, the: Gini coefficient, Atkinson index, and Palma ratio. The two gender inclusion measurements used include female labour force participation and female employment. The following main findings are established. There are positive net effects on inequality from the enhancement of gender inclusion dynamics. An extended threshold analysis is used to assess critical masses at which further increasing gender inclusion enhances inequality. The established thresholds are: (i) 55.555 “employment to population ratio, 15+, female (%)”for the nexus with the Gini coefficient. (ii) 50 “labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15+)” and between 50 to 55 “employment to population ratio, 15+, female (%)”, for the Atkinson index. (iii) 61.87 “labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15+)” for the Palma ratio.These established thresholds are worthwhile for sustainable development because, beyond the critical masses, policy makers should complement the gender inclusion policy with other measures designed to reduce income inequality. Some complementary measures that can be taken on board beyond the established thresholds could focus on enhancing, inter alia: information and communication technology, infrastructural development; financial inclusion and inclusive education.","PeriodicalId":422725,"journal":{"name":"WGSRN: Agriculture","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123517022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Murshidabad is the second largest traditional silk producing district in West Bengal, which bears a golden legacy of producing superlative silk in India since seventeenth century. Kassimbazar was one of the major hubs of silk purchase for the British silk merchants. The industry went into great decline as the Industrial Revolution in West set in. In the post Independence period attempts were made to revive this home-based artisanal industry in India to expand employment and income opportunities in the rural economy. However, during 2002-2012, there was an exodus of more than 23 thousand silk farmers and 10 thousand silk weavers from the industry. This paper delves into issues related with income determinants of the household silk industry in Murshidabad. The primary data analysis exposes that ‘language efficiency’, ‘number of family members’, ‘ownership of bicycle/motorbike and television’, ‘male labour force’ and ‘women autonomy’ are positively influencing the income of the silk producing households, while the significant factors which inversely influences the level of annual income of the silk producing households are ‘age of the household head’, ‘female workers’, ‘cost of production’, ‘male family members’, ‘morbidity of female’ and ‘expenditure autonomy of female in the family’. The government should adopt pro-active measures like subsidizing the cost of silk weavers, revamp the health insurance scheme of the silk manufacturing women and increase the language efficiency to enhance the silk manufacturers’ income earning capacity. The government should also raise the level of sanitation facility of the silk reelers and weavers and communication goods like bicycle, television to be provided.
{"title":"Murshidabad Silk Industry in West Bengal: A Study of Its Glorious Past & Present Crisis","authors":"C. Roy, Arindam Dey","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3357589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3357589","url":null,"abstract":"Murshidabad is the second largest traditional silk producing district in West Bengal, which bears a golden legacy of producing superlative silk in India since seventeenth century. Kassimbazar was one of the major hubs of silk purchase for the British silk merchants. The industry went into great decline as the Industrial Revolution in West set in. In the post Independence period attempts were made to revive this home-based artisanal industry in India to expand employment and income opportunities in the rural economy. However, during 2002-2012, there was an exodus of more than 23 thousand silk farmers and 10 thousand silk weavers from the industry. This paper delves into issues related with income determinants of the household silk industry in Murshidabad. The primary data analysis exposes that ‘language efficiency’, ‘number of family members’, ‘ownership of bicycle/motorbike and television’, ‘male labour force’ and ‘women autonomy’ are positively influencing the income of the silk producing households, while the significant factors which inversely influences the level of annual income of the silk producing households are ‘age of the household head’, ‘female workers’, ‘cost of production’, ‘male family members’, ‘morbidity of female’ and ‘expenditure autonomy of female in the family’. The government should adopt pro-active measures like subsidizing the cost of silk weavers, revamp the health insurance scheme of the silk manufacturing women and increase the language efficiency to enhance the silk manufacturers’ income earning capacity. The government should also raise the level of sanitation facility of the silk reelers and weavers and communication goods like bicycle, television to be provided.","PeriodicalId":422725,"journal":{"name":"WGSRN: Agriculture","volume":"195 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124925758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study was conducted to determine the relationship between the living condition and life chances of women farmers in Barangay Labney, Munoz, Nueva Ecija. Factors such as education level attained, type of work, time allocation, technology used and owned, income generated from work, expenditures, and health condition, collectively known as living condition, of the women farmers as well as their feelings and attitudes towards their life chances and their coping strategies were taken into account. The study was presented in six case studies; the data were gathered through semi-structured interviews and unobtrusive observation of the women farmers, the primary respondents. Results showed that lack of education is the primary factor which leads the women into their consequent working condition; types of work, time allocation, technology use and ownership, income generated from work, and expenditure; and life chances. Furthermore, types of work of the women affect their time allocation and income thus affecting their expenditure. Time allocation also affects the income and expenditure of the women. Technology use and ownership is not usual for the women farmers. Their working condition worsens because of the health problems those women farmers can acquire from working in the field and the women’s lack of access to health services. Also, women’s living condition; their education level, working condition, and health condition; is another factor that affects the attitudes and feelings of the women farmers towards their life chances. But this study showed that the attitudes and feelings of the women farmers towards their life chances is not the primary factor which affects their living condition represented by their coping strategies. This is due to the effects of other factors like the issues within their community.
{"title":"Living Condition and Life Chances: A Case Study of Women Farmers in Barangay Labney, Munoz, Nueva Ecija","authors":"May Angelica Saludez","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2116177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2116177","url":null,"abstract":"The study was conducted to determine the relationship between the living condition and life chances of women farmers in Barangay Labney, Munoz, Nueva Ecija. Factors such as education level attained, type of work, time allocation, technology used and owned, income generated from work, expenditures, and health condition, collectively known as living condition, of the women farmers as well as their feelings and attitudes towards their life chances and their coping strategies were taken into account. The study was presented in six case studies; the data were gathered through semi-structured interviews and unobtrusive observation of the women farmers, the primary respondents. Results showed that lack of education is the primary factor which leads the women into their consequent working condition; types of work, time allocation, technology use and ownership, income generated from work, and expenditure; and life chances. Furthermore, types of work of the women affect their time allocation and income thus affecting their expenditure. Time allocation also affects the income and expenditure of the women. Technology use and ownership is not usual for the women farmers. Their working condition worsens because of the health problems those women farmers can acquire from working in the field and the women’s lack of access to health services. Also, women’s living condition; their education level, working condition, and health condition; is another factor that affects the attitudes and feelings of the women farmers towards their life chances. But this study showed that the attitudes and feelings of the women farmers towards their life chances is not the primary factor which affects their living condition represented by their coping strategies. This is due to the effects of other factors like the issues within their community.","PeriodicalId":422725,"journal":{"name":"WGSRN: Agriculture","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133411813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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