K. Fukuda, M. Aoki, S. Abe, Yusheng Ji, M. Koibuchi, Motonori Nakamura, S. Yamada, S. Urushidani
The Internet is one of the important infrastructures in our daily life, and its highly distributed and autonomous natures have been said to be robust against failures. This paper reports an impact of an unexpectedly large earthquake (M9.0) hit to the northern part of Japan at 14:46:18 on 11th March (UTC+9), 2011(the East Japan Earthquake) [2] on a nation-wide research and education network (SINET4 [10, 12, 13]) in Japan. We show that the network managed to run even after the earthquake thanks to two different levels of redundancies, though some physical links were damaged; consequently, the impact on the routing (both BGP and OSPF) was insignificant. At the epicenter area, some network nodes (i.e., universities) were disconnected from the network by the blackout upto 70 hours. In the view of long-term traffic trend, it took 5--6 weeks for recovery of the traffic volume there. On the other hand, in the backbone network, the rapid decrease (40--50%) in the traffic volume only lasted for a few hours due to the blackout near the epicenter, and the impact of the traffic decrease in the epicenter area on the backbone traffic is estimated to 15--25%. Furthermore, we confirmed the increases of the traffic generated by users who rushed to access to the network for obtaining up-to-date information and videostreams.
{"title":"Impact of Tohoku earthquake on R&E network in Japan","authors":"K. Fukuda, M. Aoki, S. Abe, Yusheng Ji, M. Koibuchi, Motonori Nakamura, S. Yamada, S. Urushidani","doi":"10.1145/2079360.2079361","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2079360.2079361","url":null,"abstract":"The Internet is one of the important infrastructures in our daily life, and its highly distributed and autonomous natures have been said to be robust against failures. This paper reports an impact of an unexpectedly large earthquake (M9.0) hit to the northern part of Japan at 14:46:18 on 11th March (UTC+9), 2011(the East Japan Earthquake) [2] on a nation-wide research and education network (SINET4 [10, 12, 13]) in Japan. We show that the network managed to run even after the earthquake thanks to two different levels of redundancies, though some physical links were damaged; consequently, the impact on the routing (both BGP and OSPF) was insignificant. At the epicenter area, some network nodes (i.e., universities) were disconnected from the network by the blackout upto 70 hours. In the view of long-term traffic trend, it took 5--6 weeks for recovery of the traffic volume there. On the other hand, in the backbone network, the rapid decrease (40--50%) in the traffic volume only lasted for a few hours due to the blackout near the epicenter, and the impact of the traffic decrease in the epicenter area on the backbone traffic is estimated to 15--25%. Furthermore, we confirmed the increases of the traffic generated by users who rushed to access to the network for obtaining up-to-date information and videostreams.","PeriodicalId":422910,"journal":{"name":"SWID '11","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122046235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Great Eastern Japan Earthquake, which struck Japan on March 11, catastrophically affected all aspects of life: buildings, power plants, human life, etc. Moreover, it caused severe problems related to network infrastructure. We can ascertain the degree of network disorder from network traffic logs. Although we can infer what people did when the earthquake occurred on the Web from network traffic logs, we cannot know it precisely. Social media were used effectively during and after this earthquake, and they left a partial log revealing what people did on the Web during and after the earthquake. Such a log is one of the first logs of people's actions in a time of a catastrophic disaster. As described in this paper, we analyze Twitter logs and attempt to extract what happened in the emergency situation.
{"title":"Tweet trend analysis in an emergency situation","authors":"Takeshi Sakaki, F. Toriumi, Y. Matsuo","doi":"10.1145/2079360.2079363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2079360.2079363","url":null,"abstract":"The Great Eastern Japan Earthquake, which struck Japan on March 11, catastrophically affected all aspects of life: buildings, power plants, human life, etc. Moreover, it caused severe problems related to network infrastructure. We can ascertain the degree of network disorder from network traffic logs. Although we can infer what people did when the earthquake occurred on the Web from network traffic logs, we cannot know it precisely. Social media were used effectively during and after this earthquake, and they left a partial log revealing what people did on the Web during and after the earthquake. Such a log is one of the first logs of people's actions in a time of a catastrophic disaster. As described in this paper, we analyze Twitter logs and attempt to extract what happened in the emergency situation.","PeriodicalId":422910,"journal":{"name":"SWID '11","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128691956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Hossmann, Paolo Carta, Dominik Schatzmann, F. Legendre, P. Gunningberg, C. Rohner
Recent natural disasters (earthquakes, floods, etc.) have show that people heavily use platforms like Twitter to communicate and organize in emergencies. However, the fixed infrastructure supporting such communications may be temporarily wiped out. In such situations, the phones' capabilities of infrastructure-less communication can fill in: By propagating data opportunistically (from phone to phone), tweets can still be spread, yet at the cost of delays. In this paper, we present Twimight and its network security extensions. Twimight is an open source Twitter client for Android phones featured with a "disaster mode", which users enable upon losing connectivity. In the disaster mode, tweets are not sent to the Twitter server but stored on the phone, carried around as people move, and forwarded via Bluetooth when in proximity with other phones. However, switching from an online centralized application to a distributed and delay-tolerant service relying on opportunistic communication requires rethinking the security architecture. We propose security extensions to offer comparable security in the disaster mode as in the normal mode to protect Twimight from basic attacks. We also propose a simple, yet efficient, anti-spam scheme to avoid users from being flooded with spam. Finally, we present a preliminary empirical performance evaluation of Twimight.
{"title":"Twitter in disaster mode: security architecture","authors":"T. Hossmann, Paolo Carta, Dominik Schatzmann, F. Legendre, P. Gunningberg, C. Rohner","doi":"10.1145/2079360.2079367","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2079360.2079367","url":null,"abstract":"Recent natural disasters (earthquakes, floods, etc.) have show that people heavily use platforms like Twitter to communicate and organize in emergencies. However, the fixed infrastructure supporting such communications may be temporarily wiped out. In such situations, the phones' capabilities of infrastructure-less communication can fill in: By propagating data opportunistically (from phone to phone), tweets can still be spread, yet at the cost of delays.\u0000 In this paper, we present Twimight and its network security extensions. Twimight is an open source Twitter client for Android phones featured with a \"disaster mode\", which users enable upon losing connectivity. In the disaster mode, tweets are not sent to the Twitter server but stored on the phone, carried around as people move, and forwarded via Bluetooth when in proximity with other phones. However, switching from an online centralized application to a distributed and delay-tolerant service relying on opportunistic communication requires rethinking the security architecture. We propose security extensions to offer comparable security in the disaster mode as in the normal mode to protect Twimight from basic attacks. We also propose a simple, yet efficient, anti-spam scheme to avoid users from being flooded with spam. Finally, we present a preliminary empirical performance evaluation of Twimight.","PeriodicalId":422910,"journal":{"name":"SWID '11","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130356738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami on March 11, 2011, disrupted a significant part of communications infrastructures both within the country and in connectivity to the rest of the world. Nonetheless, many users, especially in the Tokyo area, reported experiences that voice networks did not work yet the Internet did. At a macro level, the Internet was impressively resilient to the disaster, aside from the areas directly hit by the quake and ensuing tsunami. However, little is known about how the Internet was running during this period. We investigate the impact of the disaster to one major Japanese Internet Service Provider (ISP) by looking at measurements of traffic volumes and routing data from within the ISP, as well as routing data from an external neighbor ISP. Although we can clearly see circuit failures and subsequent repairs within the ISP, surprisingly little disruption was observed from outside.
{"title":"The Japan earthquake: the impact on traffic and routing observed by a local ISP","authors":"Kenjiro Cho, C. Pelsser, R. Bush, Youngjoon Won","doi":"10.1145/2079360.2079362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2079360.2079362","url":null,"abstract":"The Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami on March 11, 2011, disrupted a significant part of communications infrastructures both within the country and in connectivity to the rest of the world. Nonetheless, many users, especially in the Tokyo area, reported experiences that voice networks did not work yet the Internet did. At a macro level, the Internet was impressively resilient to the disaster, aside from the areas directly hit by the quake and ensuing tsunami. However, little is known about how the Internet was running during this period. We investigate the impact of the disaster to one major Japanese Internet Service Provider (ISP) by looking at measurements of traffic volumes and routing data from within the ISP, as well as routing data from an external neighbor ISP. Although we can clearly see circuit failures and subsequent repairs within the ISP, surprisingly little disruption was observed from outside.","PeriodicalId":422910,"journal":{"name":"SWID '11","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133914548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Romain Fontugne, Kenjiro Cho, Youngjoon Won, K. Fukuda
Collecting aftermath information after a wide-area disaster is a crucial task in the disaster response that requires important human resources. We propose to assist reconnaissance teams by extracting useful data sent by the users of social networks that experienced the disaster. In particular we consider the photo sharing website Flickr as a source of information that allows one to evaluate the disaster aftermath. We propose a methodology to detect major event occurrences from the behavior of Flickr users and describe the nature of these events from the tags they post on the Flickr website. Our experiments using two study cases, namely, the Tohoku earthquake and tsunami and the Tuscaloosa tornado, reveals the value of the data published by Flickr users and highlight the value of social networks in disaster response.
{"title":"Disasters seen through Flickr cameras","authors":"Romain Fontugne, Kenjiro Cho, Youngjoon Won, K. Fukuda","doi":"10.1145/2079360.2079365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2079360.2079365","url":null,"abstract":"Collecting aftermath information after a wide-area disaster is a crucial task in the disaster response that requires important human resources. We propose to assist reconnaissance teams by extracting useful data sent by the users of social networks that experienced the disaster. In particular we consider the photo sharing website Flickr as a source of information that allows one to evaluate the disaster aftermath. We propose a methodology to detect major event occurrences from the behavior of Flickr users and describe the nature of these events from the tags they post on the Flickr website. Our experiments using two study cases, namely, the Tohoku earthquake and tsunami and the Tuscaloosa tornado, reveals the value of the data published by Flickr users and highlight the value of social networks in disaster response.","PeriodicalId":422910,"journal":{"name":"SWID '11","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117071155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abraham Martín-Campillo, Ramon Martí, Eiko Yoneki, J. Crowcroft
The use of electronic devices such as sensors or smartphones in emergency scenarios has been increasing over the years with new systems taking advantage of their features: mobility, processing speed, network connection, etc. These devices and systems not only improve victim assistance (faster and more accurate) but also coordination. One of the problems is that most of these systems rely in the existence of a network infrastructures, but usually in big disasters, or mass casualties incidents, these infrastructures become saturated or destroyed by the very nature of the emergency. In this paper we present MAETT and Haggle-ETT, two applications that provide electronic triage tags (ETTs), a digital version of the classics triage tags, based on mobile agents and opportunistic networks, respectively. These systems are able to work even without network infrastructures using ad-hoc networks to forward the ETTs to a coordination point where they will be processed.
{"title":"Electronic triage tag and opportunistic networks in disasters","authors":"Abraham Martín-Campillo, Ramon Martí, Eiko Yoneki, J. Crowcroft","doi":"10.1145/2079360.2079366","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2079360.2079366","url":null,"abstract":"The use of electronic devices such as sensors or smartphones in emergency scenarios has been increasing over the years with new systems taking advantage of their features: mobility, processing speed, network connection, etc. These devices and systems not only improve victim assistance (faster and more accurate) but also coordination. One of the problems is that most of these systems rely in the existence of a network infrastructures, but usually in big disasters, or mass casualties incidents, these infrastructures become saturated or destroyed by the very nature of the emergency. In this paper we present MAETT and Haggle-ETT, two applications that provide electronic triage tags (ETTs), a digital version of the classics triage tags, based on mobile agents and opportunistic networks, respectively. These systems are able to work even without network infrastructures using ad-hoc networks to forward the ETTs to a coordination point where they will be processed.","PeriodicalId":422910,"journal":{"name":"SWID '11","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128922152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A devastating earthquake hit Japan on March 11, 2011. A history of frequent and powerful earthquakes in the region, especially the great Hanshin-Awaji earthquake of 1995, led the country to develop disaster relief methods in preparation for such natural disasters. Nevertheless, the earthquake and following tsunami destroyed much of the coastland, and caused panic, due to the Fukushima-daiichi nuclear power plant accidents. During this situation, some of the crisis-management systems performed as expected. However, the poor performance of the others required system developers to implement new and improved counter-disaster systems on the fly. Such systems include the nationwide refugee locator, relief supply matching system, planning applications for scheduled power outages in the metropolitan area, twitter-mining systems for realtime monitoring of public transportation systems, etc. After the disaster, we conducted a comprehensive survey of such systems, in order to record how geeks in the high-tech country responded to such a national crisis. The analysis of the resulting list of counter-disaster applications gave us useful insight for future disasters: i) authorities are advised to disclose statistical information as quickly as possible, ii) coordination among developers must be provided, and iii) interconnection of databases is essential for efficiency.
{"title":"How geeks responded to a catastrophic disaster of a high-tech country: rapid development of counter-disaster systems for the great east Japan earthquake of March 2011","authors":"Arifumi Utani, Teruhiro Mizumoto, T. Okumura","doi":"10.1145/2079360.2079369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2079360.2079369","url":null,"abstract":"A devastating earthquake hit Japan on March 11, 2011. A history of frequent and powerful earthquakes in the region, especially the great Hanshin-Awaji earthquake of 1995, led the country to develop disaster relief methods in preparation for such natural disasters. Nevertheless, the earthquake and following tsunami destroyed much of the coastland, and caused panic, due to the Fukushima-daiichi nuclear power plant accidents. During this situation, some of the crisis-management systems performed as expected. However, the poor performance of the others required system developers to implement new and improved counter-disaster systems on the fly. Such systems include the nationwide refugee locator, relief supply matching system, planning applications for scheduled power outages in the metropolitan area, twitter-mining systems for realtime monitoring of public transportation systems, etc. After the disaster, we conducted a comprehensive survey of such systems, in order to record how geeks in the high-tech country responded to such a national crisis. The analysis of the resulting list of counter-disaster applications gave us useful insight for future disasters: i) authorities are advised to disclose statistical information as quickly as possible, ii) coordination among developers must be provided, and iii) interconnection of databases is essential for efficiency.","PeriodicalId":422910,"journal":{"name":"SWID '11","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131404377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Takeru Inoue, F. Toriumi, Yasuyuki Shirai, S. Minato
On March 11th 2011, a great earthquake and tsunami hit eastern Japan. After that, several web sites, especially those providing helpful disaster-related information, were overloaded due to flash crowds caused by Twitter users. In order to mitigate the flash crowds, we develop a new URL shortener that redirects Twitter users to a CDN instead of original sites, since Twitter users rely on URL shorteners like bit.ly to shorten long URLs. In this paper, we describe our experience of developing and operating the URL shortener in the aftermath of the giant earthquake. Since the flash crowds were a serious problem in an emergency, we had to develop it as quickly as possible with a spirit of so-called agile software development. We then explain our HTTP request log collected at the URL shortener (it is now available online). To investigate the cause of flash crowds, the log is examined with tweets (Twitter messages) provided by another research project; this collaboration is realized by the encouragement of the workshop committee. We hope our experience will be helpful in tackling future disasters.
{"title":"Great east Japan earthquake viewed from a URL shortener","authors":"Takeru Inoue, F. Toriumi, Yasuyuki Shirai, S. Minato","doi":"10.1145/2079360.2079368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2079360.2079368","url":null,"abstract":"On March 11th 2011, a great earthquake and tsunami hit eastern Japan. After that, several web sites, especially those providing helpful disaster-related information, were overloaded due to flash crowds caused by Twitter users. In order to mitigate the flash crowds, we develop a new URL shortener that redirects Twitter users to a CDN instead of original sites, since Twitter users rely on URL shorteners like bit.ly to shorten long URLs. In this paper, we describe our experience of developing and operating the URL shortener in the aftermath of the giant earthquake. Since the flash crowds were a serious problem in an emergency, we had to develop it as quickly as possible with a spirit of so-called agile software development. We then explain our HTTP request log collected at the URL shortener (it is now available online). To investigate the cause of flash crowds, the log is examined with tweets (Twitter messages) provided by another research project; this collaboration is realized by the encouragement of the workshop committee. We hope our experience will be helpful in tackling future disasters.","PeriodicalId":422910,"journal":{"name":"SWID '11","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129211994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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