Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.51585/gtop.2021.2.0009
Bengü Bilgiç, B. Dokuzeylül, B. B. Bakay, M. Or
Lufenuron (Benzoyl-phenyl urea) is a chitin synthesis inhibitor that inhibits chitin production. It has an ectoparasitic effect by causing impairment in chitin biosynthesis and larval development of various parasite species. Lufenuron is an agent that is effectively used as a pesticide against agricultural pests in the ecosystem and veterinary medicine. It is used to control various ectoparasites such as fleas and scabies of cats and dogs. The high prevalence of mycotic diseases in pet animals, especially in cats and dogs, and the increasing drug resistance in veterinary medicine reveal the importance of different treatment options. The purpose of this report is to evaluate the effectiveness of the Lufenuron as a new antimycotic agent in veterinary medicine.
{"title":"Can Lufenuron be an alternative treatment option in small animal dermatomycosis?","authors":"Bengü Bilgiç, B. Dokuzeylül, B. B. Bakay, M. Or","doi":"10.51585/gtop.2021.2.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51585/gtop.2021.2.0009","url":null,"abstract":"Lufenuron (Benzoyl-phenyl urea) is a chitin synthesis inhibitor that inhibits chitin production. It has an ectoparasitic effect by causing impairment in chitin biosynthesis and larval development of various parasite species. Lufenuron is an agent that is effectively used as a pesticide against agricultural pests in the ecosystem and veterinary medicine. It is used to control various ectoparasites such as fleas and scabies of cats and dogs. The high prevalence of mycotic diseases in pet animals, especially in cats and dogs, and the increasing drug resistance in veterinary medicine reveal the importance of different treatment options. The purpose of this report is to evaluate the effectiveness of the Lufenuron as a new antimycotic agent in veterinary medicine.","PeriodicalId":425121,"journal":{"name":"GMPC Thesis and Opinions Platform","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128652666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.51585/gtop.2021.2.0005
T. Akter, M. Nooruzzaman, T. T. Mumu, M. Ahammed, A. Uddin, R. Parvin, M. A. H. N. A. Khan, M. Hossain
Salmonella infections are of prime importance in the layer chicken industry and pose a significant public health threat. Production of export quality poultry products requires Salmonella-free certification. We developed and applied a vaccination schedule based on a commercial live attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum biovar Gallinarum (S. Gallinarum) vaccine in a layer flock. A flock of 1000 ISA Brown chickens has vaccinated with a lyophilized fowl typhoid live vaccine at definite time intervals. Isolation of Salmonella spp. in cloacal swabs and detection of serum antibody responses were performed using serum plate agglutination (SPA) test and ELISA. At the time of vaccination (16 weeks (w) of age), 50% of the tested birds carried Salmonella spp. in feces. Following booster immunization at 18 w, 21 w, and then every 12 weeks interval, the shedding of Salmonella decreased significantly over time with 40% at 21 w, 10% at 30 w, and 5% each at 42 and 54 w, and no shedding was detected at 66 and 78 w. Biochemical analysis of 32 Salmonella isolates revealed 15.6% (n=5) Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum biovar Pullorum (S. Pullorum), 37.5% (n=12) Salmonella Gallinarum, and 46.9% (n=15) paratyphoid causing Salmonella. Of note, the Salmonella spp. detected after 21 w of age belonged to the paratyphoid group. The decreased shedding of bacteria paralleled with increased antibody responses. The antibody level at vaccination (20% positive rate at 16 w) increased over time with a 50% positive rate at 18 w, 80% at 42 w, 90% at 54 w, and 100% at 66 w and 78 w by serum plate agglutination (SPA) test. Similarly, the serum antibody levels of chickens were also measured using ELISA and were similar to the SPA test. In conclusion, the vaccine schedule developed in this study confirmed a high seroconversion and prevented Salmonella shedding in feces. Therefore, a three-month interval vaccination protocol from the pre-laying stage to the last stage of laying is recommended to prevent Salmonella infections in laying flocks.
{"title":"Development of an effective vaccination protocol to produce Salmonella-free layer fock","authors":"T. Akter, M. Nooruzzaman, T. T. Mumu, M. Ahammed, A. Uddin, R. Parvin, M. A. H. N. A. Khan, M. Hossain","doi":"10.51585/gtop.2021.2.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51585/gtop.2021.2.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Salmonella infections are of prime importance in the layer chicken industry and pose a significant public health threat. Production of export quality poultry products requires Salmonella-free certification. We developed and applied a vaccination schedule based on a commercial live attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum biovar Gallinarum (S. Gallinarum) vaccine in a layer flock. A flock of 1000 ISA Brown chickens has vaccinated with a lyophilized fowl typhoid live vaccine at definite time intervals. Isolation of Salmonella spp. in cloacal swabs and detection of serum antibody responses were performed using serum plate agglutination (SPA) test and ELISA. At the time of vaccination (16 weeks (w) of age), 50% of the tested birds carried Salmonella spp. in feces. Following booster immunization at 18 w, 21 w, and then every 12 weeks interval, the shedding of Salmonella decreased significantly over time with 40% at 21 w, 10% at 30 w, and 5% each at 42 and 54 w, and no shedding was detected at 66 and 78 w. Biochemical analysis of 32 Salmonella isolates revealed 15.6% (n=5) Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum biovar Pullorum (S. Pullorum), 37.5% (n=12) Salmonella Gallinarum, and 46.9% (n=15) paratyphoid causing Salmonella. Of note, the Salmonella spp. detected after 21 w of age belonged to the paratyphoid group. The decreased shedding of bacteria paralleled with increased antibody responses. The antibody level at vaccination (20% positive rate at 16 w) increased over time with a 50% positive rate at 18 w, 80% at 42 w, 90% at 54 w, and 100% at 66 w and 78 w by serum plate agglutination (SPA) test. Similarly, the serum antibody levels of chickens were also measured using ELISA and were similar to the SPA test. In conclusion, the vaccine schedule developed in this study confirmed a high seroconversion and prevented Salmonella shedding in feces. Therefore, a three-month interval vaccination protocol from the pre-laying stage to the last stage of laying is recommended to prevent Salmonella infections in laying flocks.","PeriodicalId":425121,"journal":{"name":"GMPC Thesis and Opinions Platform","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128832899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.51585/gtop.2021.2.0007
Amal Essalah-Bennani, Asma Fagrach, Abderrazak El Khantour, O. F. Fihri, M. Bouzouaia, Saadia Nassik
Co-infection with low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) H9N2 and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has become a worrying concern for the poultry industry. The problem arises when the hidden virus influences the replication of another suspected virus. Subsequently, misdiagnosis of the actual cause may be ended up as a source of contamination for the other healthy flocks by the spread of the covered-up virus. In this preliminary study, we determined the potential impact of concurrent infection with H9N2 and avirulent NDV (Lasota) on the virus replication in Specific Pathogen-Free embryonated chicken egg (SPF-ECE) model. Assessment of the potential interference phenomena was carried out based on embryonic lesions, mortalities, and virus replication using real-time PCR. Our results showed that H9N2 interferes with LaSota growth, regardless of which infection occurred first. Our obtained preliminary results are a call for scientists to study the interference between LPAIV H9N2 and NDV both in-vivo and in-vitro in more detail.
{"title":"Interference between low pathogenic avian influenza H9N2 and avirulent Newcastle diseases viruses in embryonated Specific Pathogen-Free chicken eggs","authors":"Amal Essalah-Bennani, Asma Fagrach, Abderrazak El Khantour, O. F. Fihri, M. Bouzouaia, Saadia Nassik","doi":"10.51585/gtop.2021.2.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51585/gtop.2021.2.0007","url":null,"abstract":"Co-infection with low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) H9N2 and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has become a worrying concern for the poultry industry. The problem arises when the hidden virus influences the replication of another suspected virus. Subsequently, misdiagnosis of the actual cause may be ended up as a source of contamination for the other healthy flocks by the spread of the covered-up virus. In this preliminary study, we determined the potential impact of concurrent infection with H9N2 and avirulent NDV (Lasota) on the virus replication in Specific Pathogen-Free embryonated chicken egg (SPF-ECE) model. Assessment of the potential interference phenomena was carried out based on embryonic lesions, mortalities, and virus replication using real-time PCR. Our results showed that H9N2 interferes with LaSota growth, regardless of which infection occurred first. Our obtained preliminary results are a call for scientists to study the interference between LPAIV H9N2 and NDV both in-vivo and in-vitro in more detail.","PeriodicalId":425121,"journal":{"name":"GMPC Thesis and Opinions Platform","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132324550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.51585/gtop.2021.2.0008
R. Moustafa, Ali M. Hassan, H. Hammad, A. Abdullah
Chlorine is the most common disinfectant used in drinking water treatment because it is cheap and has an efficient germicidal ability. However, chlorine and organic matter reacting trihalomethanes (THMs) are suspected carcinogens. The major groups of disinfection by-products (DBPs) are THMs, haloacetic acids (HAAs), haloacetonitriles (HANs), and halogenated ketones (HKs). Exposure to these by-products increases the risk of cancers, abortion, low birth weight, and congenital disabilities. The wastewater contents of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), as the source of total organic carbon (TOC) compounds, are oxidized by chlorine to produce DBPs. This study aimed to monitor the seasonal levels of THMs in Egypt compared with international standards using capillary gas chromatography. Results revealed that THMs mean values vary between 9.26 to 35.86 μg/l, while dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) mean values vary between 3.82 to 17.74 μg/l and 4.41 to 13.25 μg/l, respectively. The maximum THM and TCAA values were observed during the summer, probably due to high temperatures. While the maximum DCAA values were observed during the autumn due to the high levels of raw water TOC. In conclusion, continuous monitoring of THM and its species is highly recommended, taking into consideration how climate can influence THMs formation.
{"title":"Seasonal Variation in Drinking Water Disinfection By-products in Gharbia Governorate, Egypt","authors":"R. Moustafa, Ali M. Hassan, H. Hammad, A. Abdullah","doi":"10.51585/gtop.2021.2.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51585/gtop.2021.2.0008","url":null,"abstract":"Chlorine is the most common disinfectant used in drinking water treatment because it is cheap and has an efficient germicidal ability. However, chlorine and organic matter reacting trihalomethanes (THMs) are suspected carcinogens. The major groups of disinfection by-products (DBPs) are THMs, haloacetic acids (HAAs), haloacetonitriles (HANs), and halogenated ketones (HKs). Exposure to these by-products increases the risk of cancers, abortion, low birth weight, and congenital disabilities. The wastewater contents of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), as the source of total organic carbon (TOC) compounds, are oxidized by chlorine to produce DBPs. This study aimed to monitor the seasonal levels of THMs in Egypt compared with international standards using capillary gas chromatography. Results revealed that THMs mean values vary between 9.26 to 35.86 μg/l, while dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) mean values vary between 3.82 to 17.74 μg/l and 4.41 to 13.25 μg/l, respectively. The maximum THM and TCAA values were observed during the summer, probably due to high temperatures. While the maximum DCAA values were observed during the autumn due to the high levels of raw water TOC. In conclusion, continuous monitoring of THM and its species is highly recommended, taking into consideration how climate can influence THMs formation.","PeriodicalId":425121,"journal":{"name":"GMPC Thesis and Opinions Platform","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134215879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study's main objective was to update avian influenza (AI) epidemiological situation, including molecular characterization reassortment analysis and genotyping of circulating AI virus (AIV) subtypes in Egyptian poultry farms between 2017 and 2019. As a necessity for such work, improved diagnostic tools were developed for AIV detection. Subtype H9N2 infections were detected in 27 out of 39 examined farms and were frequently mixed with high pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI)AIV H5N8 in 22/39 farms. Next-generation and Sanger sequencing helped to define novel reassortant HPAIV H5N2 and low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAIV) H9N2 in Egypt. Systematic reassortment analysis confirmed at least seven genotypes of HPAI H5NX viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b and three genotypes of LPAIV H9N2 circulating in Egypt. Several internal genes of AIVs previously detected in wild birds in Egypt were represented in the genome of novel reassortants of both HP H5Nx and H9N2 viruses suggesting local reassortment processes.
{"title":"Avian influenza infections in poultry farms in Egypt, a continuous challenge: Current problems related to pathogenesis, epidemiology, and diagnosis","authors":"Kareem E Hassan, Timm Harder2, H. Hafez","doi":"10.51585/gtop.2021.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51585/gtop.2021.0004","url":null,"abstract":"This study's main objective was to update avian influenza (AI) epidemiological situation, including molecular characterization reassortment analysis and genotyping of circulating AI virus (AIV) subtypes in Egyptian poultry farms between 2017 and 2019. As a necessity for such work, improved diagnostic tools were developed for AIV detection. Subtype H9N2 infections were detected in 27 out of 39 examined farms and were frequently mixed with high pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI)AIV H5N8 in 22/39 farms. Next-generation and Sanger sequencing helped to define novel reassortant HPAIV H5N2 and low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAIV) H9N2 in Egypt. Systematic reassortment analysis confirmed at least seven genotypes of HPAI H5NX viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b and three genotypes of LPAIV H9N2 circulating in Egypt. Several internal genes of AIVs previously detected in wild birds in Egypt were represented in the genome of novel reassortants of both HP H5Nx and H9N2 viruses suggesting local reassortment processes.","PeriodicalId":425121,"journal":{"name":"GMPC Thesis and Opinions Platform","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122827083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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