Depression affects nearly 350 million people worldwide. Local data indicates that approximately 17% of all South Africans will experience at least one episode of depression in their lifetime. Depressive disorders contribute significantly towards overall morbidity and increased risk for suicide. Antidepressant therapy remains one of the cornerstones in the management of depressive disorders. Although the efficacy of antidepressive drugs is continuously subjected to criticism, thousands of controlled clinical trials have shown, and will continue to show, their benefit in the effective treatment of depressive disorders. Since the introduction of antidepressants in the early 1950s, researchers have been searching for an ideal antidepressant able to adequately reduce, preserve and prevent features of depression with the absence of side effects. This article summarizes the currently available antidepressant drugs in South Africa. Discontinued products have been omitted and newly registered agents have been added. This review does not contain reference to any experimental drug, or substances not yet available for local use.
{"title":"The Pharmacological management of Depression – Update 2017","authors":"E. Osuch, A. Marais","doi":"10.4102/SAFP.V59I1.4625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4102/SAFP.V59I1.4625","url":null,"abstract":"Depression affects nearly 350 million people worldwide. Local data indicates that approximately 17% of all South Africans will experience at least one episode of depression in their lifetime. Depressive disorders contribute significantly towards overall morbidity and increased risk for suicide. Antidepressant therapy remains one of the cornerstones in the management of depressive disorders. Although the efficacy of antidepressive drugs is continuously subjected to criticism, thousands of controlled clinical trials have shown, and will continue to show, their benefit in the effective treatment of depressive disorders. Since the introduction of antidepressants in the early 1950s, researchers have been searching for an ideal antidepressant able to adequately reduce, preserve and prevent features of depression with the absence of side effects. This article summarizes the currently available antidepressant drugs in South Africa. Discontinued products have been omitted and newly registered agents have been added. This review does not contain reference to any experimental drug, or substances not yet available for local use.","PeriodicalId":42554,"journal":{"name":"SA Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2017-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76388226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-05-14DOI: 10.1037//0003-066x.26.2.208
G. Kilian
I’m always surprised how many times I hear friends and colleagues bring up this statement that usually is followed by vociferous debate. Having been given this opportunity through the Johnson and Johnson Teacher of the Year award, I hope to answer this question. I come from a long line of educators and was brought up in a family where education and development was always held in high regard. My parents had always seen me as a teacher and knew that, even though I had chosen pharmacy as a career, I would more than likely move into a position that involved education and development in some form. Through most of my formative years, I had often heard the phrase, “those who can, do; those who can’t, teach” and as a young aspiring pharmacist, ‘doing’ was important to me as I felt that it was in ‘doing’ that I could make a difference. Ultimately, most of us pharmacists entered the profession to make a difference, so why would I want to teach?
{"title":"“Those who can, do; those who can’t, teach … right?”","authors":"G. Kilian","doi":"10.1037//0003-066x.26.2.208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.26.2.208","url":null,"abstract":"I’m always surprised how many times I hear friends and colleagues bring up this statement that usually is followed by vociferous debate. Having been given this opportunity through the Johnson and Johnson Teacher of the Year award, I hope to answer this question. I come from a long line of educators and was brought up in a family where education and development was always held in high regard. My parents had always seen me as a teacher and knew that, even though I had chosen pharmacy as a career, I would more than likely move into a position that involved education and development in some form. Through most of my formative years, I had often heard the phrase, “those who can, do; those who can’t, teach” and as a young aspiring pharmacist, ‘doing’ was important to me as I felt that it was in ‘doing’ that I could make a difference. Ultimately, most of us pharmacists entered the profession to make a difference, so why would I want to teach?","PeriodicalId":42554,"journal":{"name":"SA Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2015-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83354124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-11-01DOI: 10.17159/1727-3781/2011/V14I7A2616
C. Okpaluba, L. Juma
The major problem associated with allegations that a judge was biased or perceived to have been prejudiced is the inability of the complainant to prove the facts of adjudicative partiality. It is often impossible to determine with any measure of precision the state of mind of an adjudicator who has rendered a verdict. Thus, actual bias is an elusive proposition. Accordingly, the courts take the position that an appearance of impartiality is in itself an essential component of procedural fairness. Even so, the threshold of finding perceived bias is as high as where actual bias is alleged. Whenever an allegation of bias or a reasonable apprehension of bias is made, the adjudicative integrity not only of the individual judge but of the entire administration of justice is called into question. The court must, therefore, consider the matter very carefully before making a finding.
{"title":"The problems of proving actual or apparent bias : an analysis of contemporary developments in South Africa","authors":"C. Okpaluba, L. Juma","doi":"10.17159/1727-3781/2011/V14I7A2616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2011/V14I7A2616","url":null,"abstract":"The major problem associated with allegations that a judge was biased or perceived to have been prejudiced is the inability of the complainant to prove the facts of adjudicative partiality. It is often impossible to determine with any measure of precision the state of mind of an adjudicator who has rendered a verdict. Thus, actual bias is an elusive proposition. Accordingly, the courts take the position that an appearance of impartiality is in itself an essential component of procedural fairness. Even so, the threshold of finding perceived bias is as high as where actual bias is alleged. Whenever an allegation of bias or a reasonable apprehension of bias is made, the adjudicative integrity not only of the individual judge but of the entire administration of justice is called into question. The court must, therefore, consider the matter very carefully before making a finding.","PeriodicalId":42554,"journal":{"name":"SA Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2011-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90942298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) is a potentially debilitating condition that has been associated with profound psychosocial dysfunction. It is the most common complication of herpes zoster infection, or shingles, in immunocompetent adults. Approximately 10% of patients develop the condition. PHN is particularly common in the elderly, with 60% of patients with shingles developing PHN at the age of 60, and 75% at the age of 70. This review discusses PHN clinical features and risk factors, as well as possible ways to prevent complications. An overview of the currently recommended treatment options is also provided.
{"title":"Postherpetic neuralgia : review","authors":"R. Coetzer","doi":"10.5580/124b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/124b","url":null,"abstract":"Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) is a potentially debilitating condition that has been associated with profound psychosocial dysfunction. It is the most common complication of herpes zoster infection, or shingles, in immunocompetent adults. Approximately 10% of patients develop the condition. PHN is particularly common in the elderly, with 60% of patients with shingles developing PHN at the age of 60, and 75% at the age of 70. This review discusses PHN clinical features and risk factors, as well as possible ways to prevent complications. An overview of the currently recommended treatment options is also provided.","PeriodicalId":42554,"journal":{"name":"SA Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74507247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-08-29DOI: 10.1080/10158782.2010.11441392
H. V. D. Plas, D. Hardie
Herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) are ubiquitous in humans and infection with HSV produces a diverse spectrum of disease. The vast majority of HSV infections in adults are easily recognised and relatively benign in their clinical manifestation but occasionally lifethreatening infections involving viscera and the central nervous system can occur. Genital HSV-2 is the most common sexually transmitted infection worldwide and increases the risk of HIV infection. Suppressive anti-herpes therapy, despite being effective in reducing genital ulcer recurrence, does not reduce the risk of HIV transmission. Molecular diagnostic tools have revolutionised our ability to diagnose infections involving the central nervous system and disseminated visceral disease accurately and with the availability of relatively safe and effective antiviral therapy, potentially fatal outcomes can be averted if treatment is instituted early.
{"title":"Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2: a therapeutic approach","authors":"H. V. D. Plas, D. Hardie","doi":"10.1080/10158782.2010.11441392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10158782.2010.11441392","url":null,"abstract":"Herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) are ubiquitous in humans and infection with HSV produces a diverse spectrum of disease. The vast majority of HSV infections in adults are easily recognised and relatively benign in their clinical manifestation but occasionally lifethreatening infections involving viscera and the central nervous system can occur. Genital HSV-2 is the most common sexually transmitted infection worldwide and increases the risk of HIV infection. Suppressive anti-herpes therapy, despite being effective in reducing genital ulcer recurrence, does not reduce the risk of HIV transmission. Molecular diagnostic tools have revolutionised our ability to diagnose infections involving the central nervous system and disseminated visceral disease accurately and with the availability of relatively safe and effective antiviral therapy, potentially fatal outcomes can be averted if treatment is instituted early.","PeriodicalId":42554,"journal":{"name":"SA Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2010-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80501897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common childhood psychiatric conditions. The core symptoms of ADHD are hyperactivity, impulsivity and/or inattention. These symptoms can lead to problems in academic achievement, behaviour, personal relationships with family and peers and low self-esteem. Symptoms first present in childhood and can continue through adolescence into adulthood. Co-morbid disorders include oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, anxiety, depression, tics and Tourette’s syndrome, and epilepsy. Stimulants are first-line in the pharmacological treatment of ADHD. Methylphenidate is the most common drug prescribed in this condition. Pharmacological treatment should form part of a comprehensive treatment plan which should include psychological, educational and social measures assessed on an individual basis.
{"title":"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)","authors":"A. V. D. Westhuizen","doi":"10.1037/e588202011-001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e588202011-001","url":null,"abstract":"Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common childhood psychiatric conditions. The core symptoms of ADHD are hyperactivity, impulsivity and/or inattention. These symptoms can lead to problems in academic achievement, behaviour, personal relationships with family and peers and low self-esteem. Symptoms first present in childhood and can continue through adolescence into adulthood. Co-morbid disorders include oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, anxiety, depression, tics and Tourette’s syndrome, and epilepsy. Stimulants are first-line in the pharmacological treatment of ADHD. Methylphenidate is the most common drug prescribed in this condition. Pharmacological treatment should form part of a comprehensive treatment plan which should include psychological, educational and social measures assessed on an individual basis.","PeriodicalId":42554,"journal":{"name":"SA Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80846008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-04-12DOI: 10.1097/00006205-198611000-00018
M. Schultz
Isolated Systolic Hypertension (ISH) increases in frequency with age and was generally defined as a systolic blood pressure (BP) above 160 mmHg, with a diastolic BP below 90 mmHg; however a systolic pressure of 140 mmHg is now regarded as the upper limit of normal at all ages. In the elderly, systolic blood pressure is more strongly related with cardiovascular complications — especially stroke, ischaemic heart disease, heart failure, end-stage renal disease, and all-cause mortality. Treatment of isolated systolic hypertension or systolic/diastolic hypertension in elderly patients is associated with a reduction in adverse coronary outcomes.
{"title":"Hypertension in the Elderly","authors":"M. Schultz","doi":"10.1097/00006205-198611000-00018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00006205-198611000-00018","url":null,"abstract":"Isolated Systolic Hypertension (ISH) increases in frequency with age and was generally defined as a systolic blood \u0000pressure (BP) above 160 mmHg, with a diastolic BP below 90 mmHg; however a systolic pressure of 140 mmHg is \u0000now regarded as the upper limit of normal at all ages. In the elderly, systolic blood pressure is more strongly \u0000related with cardiovascular complications — especially stroke, ischaemic heart disease, heart failure, end-stage renal \u0000disease, and all-cause mortality. Treatment of isolated systolic hypertension or systolic/diastolic hypertension in \u0000elderly patients is associated with a reduction in adverse coronary outcomes.","PeriodicalId":42554,"journal":{"name":"SA Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2009-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86810272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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