Pub Date : 2023-12-31DOI: 10.47363/jprsr/2023(4)144
Abdul-Wali Ajlouni Ajlouni, Mesheal AL Abdulrahman
Counterfeit medicines are one of the major challenges facing pharmaceutical supply chains and patient safety and are a serious problem in countries around the world. These drugs represent a major threat to the patient’s life, to the real drug manufacturers, and to the country’s image. The problem of substandard/ counterfeit/counterfeit/counterfeit medical products is more serious in countries with weak health regulatory systems and fragile health infrastructure. These characteristics increase the risk of manufacturing and/or distributing medicinal products that do not comply with national and regional health regulations, putting patients at risk. High and variable prices, insufficient access to affordable medications, and drug shortages are incentives for actions, activities, and behaviors that lead to SSFFC medical products. These problems must be addressed from a public health perspective. In this paper, the authors will provide a direct and simple comparison between the five most popular detection techniques used to analyze and characterize various genuine and generic pharmaceutical brands, as an approach to analyzing counterfeit pharmaceutical products, as many genuine and generic products are classified as counterfeit and vice versa. The combination of analytical results provides a comprehensive characterization of counterfeit medical products. This information is essential for patient safety and to assist authorities in their mission to combat counterfeit products. The findings could help police, regulatory, and health bodies reduce the burden of combating counterfeit medicines and the consequences that occur if they are not detected and used.
{"title":"Detection Methods of Counterfeit Drugs: A Systemic Review","authors":"Abdul-Wali Ajlouni Ajlouni, Mesheal AL Abdulrahman","doi":"10.47363/jprsr/2023(4)144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47363/jprsr/2023(4)144","url":null,"abstract":"Counterfeit medicines are one of the major challenges facing pharmaceutical supply chains and patient safety and are a serious problem in countries around the world. These drugs represent a major threat to the patient’s life, to the real drug manufacturers, and to the country’s image. The problem of substandard/ counterfeit/counterfeit/counterfeit medical products is more serious in countries with weak health regulatory systems and fragile health infrastructure. These characteristics increase the risk of manufacturing and/or distributing medicinal products that do not comply with national and regional health regulations, putting patients at risk. High and variable prices, insufficient access to affordable medications, and drug shortages are incentives for actions, activities, and behaviors that lead to SSFFC medical products. These problems must be addressed from a public health perspective. In this paper, the authors will provide a direct and simple comparison between the five most popular detection techniques used to analyze and characterize various genuine and generic pharmaceutical brands, as an approach to analyzing counterfeit pharmaceutical products, as many genuine and generic products are classified as counterfeit and vice versa. The combination of analytical results provides a comprehensive characterization of counterfeit medical products. This information is essential for patient safety and to assist authorities in their mission to combat counterfeit products. The findings could help police, regulatory, and health bodies reduce the burden of combating counterfeit medicines and the consequences that occur if they are not detected and used.","PeriodicalId":430463,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Research & Reports","volume":"72 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139130421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-31DOI: 10.47363/jprsr/2023(4)145
J. K. Tuakuila, P. M. Ndelo
Pesticides residues in food pose a serious risk to children and adults consuming pesticide-contaminated food. The aim of present study was to assess pesticide residues in vegetables in the Kinshasa and Lubumbashi cities of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The levels of three pesticide residues were determined by gas chromatography coupled with electron capture detector (ECD) or mass spectrometer-time of flight detector (GC–ECD or GC-MS-TOF) in 96 samples of four vegetables amaranth, spinach, sorrel and sweet potato-leaves purchased from wholesale markets. The Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane with its metabolites (3-DDTs), endosulfan and malathion residues were found in 100% of the vegetable samples from Lubumbashi and in 62.5% to 87.5% of all vegetable samples from Kinshasa. Risks were mainly associated with the residues of DDTs pesticides in vegetables. The HQ and HI estimations revealed a serious potential risk to consumers, children particularly. Due to multiple pesticide residues exceeding the MRLs for single residue levels, the consumers are exposed to pesticides, heavily in Lubumbashi. Due to increasing trend in pesticide use, continuous monitoring of pesticide residues in vegetables and other food is recommended in order to develop the base line data on which pesticide regulations could be enhanced in DRC.
{"title":"Assessment of Pesticide Residues in Vegetables Commonly Consumed in The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC): Inadequate Agricultural Practices and Potential Impacts for Public Health","authors":"J. K. Tuakuila, P. M. Ndelo","doi":"10.47363/jprsr/2023(4)145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47363/jprsr/2023(4)145","url":null,"abstract":"Pesticides residues in food pose a serious risk to children and adults consuming pesticide-contaminated food. The aim of present study was to assess pesticide residues in vegetables in the Kinshasa and Lubumbashi cities of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The levels of three pesticide residues were determined by gas chromatography coupled with electron capture detector (ECD) or mass spectrometer-time of flight detector (GC–ECD or GC-MS-TOF) in 96 samples of four vegetables amaranth, spinach, sorrel and sweet potato-leaves purchased from wholesale markets. The Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane with its metabolites (3-DDTs), endosulfan and malathion residues were found in 100% of the vegetable samples from Lubumbashi and in 62.5% to 87.5% of all vegetable samples from Kinshasa. Risks were mainly associated with the residues of DDTs pesticides in vegetables. The HQ and HI estimations revealed a serious potential risk to consumers, children particularly. Due to multiple pesticide residues exceeding the MRLs for single residue levels, the consumers are exposed to pesticides, heavily in Lubumbashi. Due to increasing trend in pesticide use, continuous monitoring of pesticide residues in vegetables and other food is recommended in order to develop the base line data on which pesticide regulations could be enhanced in DRC.","PeriodicalId":430463,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Research & Reports","volume":"12 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139130042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-31DOI: 10.47363/jprsr/2023(4)141
C. Fokunang, G. Mbong
The study of how xenobiotics undergo the process of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) is conceptualized as pharmacokinetics. An understanding therefore of the PK properties is crucial and plays an important contribution in the drug discovery and development of new chemical entities. Drug metabolism is linked to the metabolic breakdown of drugs (xenobiotic metabolism) by enzyme or living organisms. The pathway involved in this process can lead to the bio-transformations that occurs in most living organisms. The drug metabolic action facilitates the detoxification process except in special circumstances where the metabolites (break down products) can lead to toxic effects. Under such circumstances the study of drug metabolism is termed as pharmacokinetics, which constitutes an important discipline as a branch of pharmacology. Herbal natural products have been used to prevent and treat diseases worldwide since the creation of mankind. However, the efficacy, safety and quality of herbal bioactive metabolites depends on the multiple components absorbed in the body and their pharmacokinetics. This review attempts to give an insight into the concept of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics with special consideration on PK drug-herbal interactions, mechanisms, metabolizing enzymes involved and transporters implicated in the determination of the PK of xenobiotics.
{"title":"Concept of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics with Special Focus on Herbal-Drug Interaction","authors":"C. Fokunang, G. Mbong","doi":"10.47363/jprsr/2023(4)141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47363/jprsr/2023(4)141","url":null,"abstract":"The study of how xenobiotics undergo the process of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) is conceptualized as pharmacokinetics. An understanding therefore of the PK properties is crucial and plays an important contribution in the drug discovery and development of new chemical entities. Drug metabolism is linked to the metabolic breakdown of drugs (xenobiotic metabolism) by enzyme or living organisms. The pathway involved in this process can lead to the bio-transformations that occurs in most living organisms. The drug metabolic action facilitates the detoxification process except in special circumstances where the metabolites (break down products) can lead to toxic effects. Under such circumstances the study of drug metabolism is termed as pharmacokinetics, which constitutes an important discipline as a branch of pharmacology. Herbal natural products have been used to prevent and treat diseases worldwide since the creation of mankind. However, the efficacy, safety and quality of herbal bioactive metabolites depends on the multiple components absorbed in the body and their pharmacokinetics. This review attempts to give an insight into the concept of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics with special consideration on PK drug-herbal interactions, mechanisms, metabolizing enzymes involved and transporters implicated in the determination of the PK of xenobiotics.","PeriodicalId":430463,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Research & Reports","volume":"101 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139306564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-28DOI: 10.47363/jprsr/2022(4)133
Vaishali Saini
Background: Mental disorders have been emerged as a major threat to human health. Covid pandemic causes fear globally and due to covid lockdown the people find themselves isolated in their homes due to which chances of developing psychological disorder have been increased in significant figures. Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental state in which the patient originates compulsion of repetition of tasks due to uncontrolled thoughts and fears. In this study, we have tried evaluate the chances to develop OCD among the Indian population due to various factors associated with covid. Method: A set of questions are formatted to form a questionnaire. The questions related to impact of pre and post covid breakdown on the mental health of people and evaluated the frequency of developing OCD among population. The survey was conducting using digital online platform of “Google form” and “Google docs”. Total 134 subject population was taken for the survey. Result: After evaluating responses, it was found that 43.2 c /o people still hesitate touching goods after lockdown while the frequency is 78.6c /o during lockdown, 18.2c /o people felt depression during lockdown and 0.8c /o people use hand sanitizer in more than 50 times a day frequency. 19.7c /o people lost their loved ones due to covid pandemic, 40c /o pharmacists lost their job due to covid. 78c /o people still prefer social distancing while in a public meeting with new people. Other frequencies in table 1 and 2 also supported that the chances of developing mental disorders such as OCD. Conclusion: Form the distribution analysis it was found that covid crises play a major role in developing various psychological disorders among population across worldwide. Due to lockdown imposed on the population globally the people feared more about covid pandemic and developed more precautions nature and behavior. Therefore, after descriptive analysis of the data collected in survey which is presented in table 1 and 2 it can be concluded that there is an increase chances of developing OCD and other mental disorder due to covid pandemic.
背景:精神障碍已成为人类健康的主要威胁。新冠肺炎大流行在全球引发了恐惧，由于新冠肺炎的封锁，人们发现自己被隔离在家中，因此患心理障碍的可能性大幅增加。强迫症(OCD)是一种精神状态，在这种状态下，患者由于无法控制的思想和恐惧而产生重复任务的强迫。在这项研究中，我们试图评估由于与covid相关的各种因素在印度人群中发展强迫症的机会。方法:将一组问题格式化成问卷。问题涉及covid前后崩溃对人们心理健康的影响，并评估人群中发生强迫症的频率。该调查是通过“谷歌表单”和“谷歌文档”的数字在线平台进行的。调查对象共134人。结果:通过对反应的评估，发现有43.2 c /o的人在封锁后仍对接触物品犹豫不决，而封锁期间的频率为78.6c /o，封锁期间有18.2c /o的人感到抑郁，0.8c /o的人每天使用洗手液的频率超过50次。19.7 / 0的人因新冠疫情失去亲人，40c / 0的药剂师因新冠疫情失去工作。大多数人在与陌生人公开会面时仍然喜欢保持社交距离。表1和表2中的其他频率也支持患上精神障碍(如强迫症)的几率。结论:从分布分析中发现，covid危机在全球人口中各种心理障碍的发生中起着重要作用。由于全球对人口实施封锁，人们更加担心covid大流行，并制定了更多的预防措施，性质和行为。因此，在对表1和表2所示的调查中收集的数据进行描述性分析后，可以得出结论，由于covid大流行，患强迫症和其他精神障碍的机会增加。
{"title":"Emerging Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Due to Covid Pandemic","authors":"Vaishali Saini","doi":"10.47363/jprsr/2022(4)133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47363/jprsr/2022(4)133","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Mental disorders have been emerged as a major threat to human health. Covid pandemic causes fear globally and due to covid lockdown the people find themselves isolated in their homes due to which chances of developing psychological disorder have been increased in significant figures. Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental state in which the patient originates compulsion of repetition of tasks due to uncontrolled thoughts and fears. In this study, we have tried evaluate the chances to develop OCD among the Indian population due to various factors associated with covid. Method: A set of questions are formatted to form a questionnaire. The questions related to impact of pre and post covid breakdown on the mental health of people and evaluated the frequency of developing OCD among population. The survey was conducting using digital online platform of “Google form” and “Google docs”. Total 134 subject population was taken for the survey. Result: After evaluating responses, it was found that 43.2 c /o people still hesitate touching goods after lockdown while the frequency is 78.6c /o during lockdown, 18.2c /o people felt depression during lockdown and 0.8c /o people use hand sanitizer in more than 50 times a day frequency. 19.7c /o people lost their loved ones due to covid pandemic, 40c /o pharmacists lost their job due to covid. 78c /o people still prefer social distancing while in a public meeting with new people. Other frequencies in table 1 and 2 also supported that the chances of developing mental disorders such as OCD. Conclusion: Form the distribution analysis it was found that covid crises play a major role in developing various psychological disorders among population across worldwide. Due to lockdown imposed on the population globally the people feared more about covid pandemic and developed more precautions nature and behavior. Therefore, after descriptive analysis of the data collected in survey which is presented in table 1 and 2 it can be concluded that there is an increase chances of developing OCD and other mental disorder due to covid pandemic.","PeriodicalId":430463,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Research & Reports","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122713046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-30DOI: 10.47363/jprsr/2022(3)131
Shrihari Tg
Beta-endorphin is an abundant endorphin synthesized and stored in the anterior pituitary gland and its µ receptors are present on immune cells and nervous system. Autoimmune diseases are increasing now days because of psychological stress induced release of stress releasing hormones such as cortisol, adrenaline, noradrenaline, ACTH activate inflammatory mediators from inflammatory cells leads to immune modulation mediated autoimmune diseases.
{"title":"Beta-Endorphins in Autoimmune Diseases","authors":"Shrihari Tg","doi":"10.47363/jprsr/2022(3)131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47363/jprsr/2022(3)131","url":null,"abstract":"Beta-endorphin is an abundant endorphin synthesized and stored in the anterior pituitary gland and its µ receptors are present on immune cells and nervous system. Autoimmune diseases are increasing now days because of psychological stress induced release of stress releasing hormones such as cortisol, adrenaline, noradrenaline, ACTH activate inflammatory mediators from inflammatory cells leads to immune modulation mediated autoimmune diseases.","PeriodicalId":430463,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Research & Reports","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129324585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-30DOI: 10.47363/jprsr/2022(3)127
Pallavi Nityananda
There are many types of heart disease, and each one has its own symptoms and treatment. For some, lifestyle changes and medicine can make a huge difference in improving your health. Heart disease is a huge term that can describe many different conditions. All of these conditions have some effect on the heart or the blood vessels that supply the heart, cardiovascular disease is not a single ailment, but a disorder of the heart and circulatory system. Heart disease can refer to damage in the heart’s lining, valves, muscle, arteries, or electrical system.
{"title":"Pathophysiology of Different Types of Cardiovasular Diseases Diseases of the Heart","authors":"Pallavi Nityananda","doi":"10.47363/jprsr/2022(3)127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47363/jprsr/2022(3)127","url":null,"abstract":"There are many types of heart disease, and each one has its own symptoms and treatment. For some, lifestyle changes and medicine can make a huge difference in improving your health. Heart disease is a huge term that can describe many different conditions. All of these conditions have some effect on the heart or the blood vessels that supply the heart, cardiovascular disease is not a single ailment, but a disorder of the heart and circulatory system. Heart disease can refer to damage in the heart’s lining, valves, muscle, arteries, or electrical system.","PeriodicalId":430463,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Research & Reports","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115792102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-30DOI: 10.47363/jprsr/2022(3)130
Suzan Seno, Adnan Almarrawi
The study aims to assess the role of imprint cytology in the diagnosis of Thyroid nodules and compare it with paraffin Section in the diagnosis of thyroid lesions. It included 40 patients who visited Private Hospitals in Aleppo during the period from April to December 2021. The results indicated that there were 19 patients with thyroid cancer, representing 47.5%, of whom 14 were diagnosed with Papillary Carcinoma, with a percentage of 35%, and 5 cases with Follicular Carcinoma, with a percentage of 12.5%, while the remaining cases included 21 patients with Benign Adenomas at a rate of 52.5%, including 11 cases of Hashimoto’s disease at a rate of 27.5%, and 10 cases of Benign Follicular Tumors at a rate of 25%. These results were compared with Paraffin Sections and reached sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy in diagnosis for this technology, 94.73%, 95.23%, and 95%, respectively, and the positive predictive value was 94.73%, while the negative predictive value was 95.23%. The results also indicated that this technology is fast in determining the Histologic Grading of Tumor Differentiation, but it does not determine the Histological Type. It also indicated that there was a significant association between gender and the incidence of thyroid tumors, while no significant statistical evidence was observed between age and the possibility of thyroid cancers.
{"title":"Diagnosis Thyroid Tumors by using Touch Cytology","authors":"Suzan Seno, Adnan Almarrawi","doi":"10.47363/jprsr/2022(3)130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47363/jprsr/2022(3)130","url":null,"abstract":"The study aims to assess the role of imprint cytology in the diagnosis of Thyroid nodules and compare it with paraffin Section in the diagnosis of thyroid lesions. It included 40 patients who visited Private Hospitals in Aleppo during the period from April to December 2021. The results indicated that there were 19 patients with thyroid cancer, representing 47.5%, of whom 14 were diagnosed with Papillary Carcinoma, with a percentage of 35%, and 5 cases with Follicular Carcinoma, with a percentage of 12.5%, while the remaining cases included 21 patients with Benign Adenomas at a rate of 52.5%, including 11 cases of Hashimoto’s disease at a rate of 27.5%, and 10 cases of Benign Follicular Tumors at a rate of 25%. These results were compared with Paraffin Sections and reached sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy in diagnosis for this technology, 94.73%, 95.23%, and 95%, respectively, and the positive predictive value was 94.73%, while the negative predictive value was 95.23%. The results also indicated that this technology is fast in determining the Histologic Grading of Tumor Differentiation, but it does not determine the Histological Type. It also indicated that there was a significant association between gender and the incidence of thyroid tumors, while no significant statistical evidence was observed between age and the possibility of thyroid cancers.","PeriodicalId":430463,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Research & Reports","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127264466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-30DOI: 10.47363/jprsr/2022(3)129
Gudisa Bereda
Ampicillin is a semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic. Ampicillin prevents bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin binding proteins (PBPs), which are the enzymes accountable for the formation of the cell wall structure. Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative used for treatment of a variety of infections caused by gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria as well as certain anaerobes. The half-life of ampicillin is nearly three hrs during continuous venovenous hemofiltration. Most ubiquitous adverse effects of ampicillin are rash and diarrhea. Coincident administration of ampicillin and oral contraceptives increased the risk of breakthrough bleeding and decreased the efficacy of the contraceptive by interruption of the enterohepatic cycling of ethinylestradiol by means of decreasing the bacterial population of the small intestine, which is responsible for the hydrolysis of the conjugated hormone.
{"title":"Clinical Pharmacology of Ampicillin","authors":"Gudisa Bereda","doi":"10.47363/jprsr/2022(3)129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47363/jprsr/2022(3)129","url":null,"abstract":"Ampicillin is a semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic. Ampicillin prevents bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin binding proteins (PBPs), which are the enzymes accountable for the formation of the cell wall structure. Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative used for treatment of a variety of infections caused by gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria as well as certain anaerobes. The half-life of ampicillin is nearly three hrs during continuous venovenous hemofiltration. Most ubiquitous adverse effects of ampicillin are rash and diarrhea. Coincident administration of ampicillin and oral contraceptives increased the risk of breakthrough bleeding and decreased the efficacy of the contraceptive by interruption of the enterohepatic cycling of ethinylestradiol by means of decreasing the bacterial population of the small intestine, which is responsible for the hydrolysis of the conjugated hormone.","PeriodicalId":430463,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Research & Reports","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126357224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.47363/jprsr/2022(3)125
V. Zaichick
Thyroid benign nodules (TBNs) are the most common diseases of this endocrine gland and are common worldwide. The etiology and pathogenesis of TBNs must be considered as multifactorial. The present study was performed to clarify the role of some chemical elements (ChEs) in the etiology of these thyroid disorders. For this purpose, thyroid tissue levels of calcium (Ca), chlorine (Cl), iodine (I), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), and sodium (Na) were prospectively evaluated in nodular tissue and tissue adjacent to nodules of 79 patients with TBNs. Measurements were performed using neutron activation analysis Results of the study were additionally compared with previously obtained data for the same ChEs in “normal” thyroid tissue.
{"title":"Differences between Chemical Elements of Thyroid Benign Nodules and Those of Thyroid Tissue adjacent to Nodules investigated using Neutron Activation Analysis","authors":"V. Zaichick","doi":"10.47363/jprsr/2022(3)125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47363/jprsr/2022(3)125","url":null,"abstract":"Thyroid benign nodules (TBNs) are the most common diseases of this endocrine gland and are common worldwide. The etiology and pathogenesis of TBNs must be considered as multifactorial. The present study was performed to clarify the role of some chemical elements (ChEs) in the etiology of these thyroid disorders. For this purpose, thyroid tissue levels of calcium (Ca), chlorine (Cl), iodine (I), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), and sodium (Na) were prospectively evaluated in nodular tissue and tissue adjacent to nodules of 79 patients with TBNs. Measurements were performed using neutron activation analysis Results of the study were additionally compared with previously obtained data for the same ChEs in “normal” thyroid tissue.","PeriodicalId":430463,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Research & Reports","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133040592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.47363/jprsr/2022(3)124
J. A. Charles
Objective: To analyze the need for a repeat dose following administration of a single fixed combination dose of ubrogepant and diclofenac potassium buffered solution for an acute migraine attack,
目的:分析急性偏头痛发作患者单次固定联合用药后双氯芬酸钾缓冲溶液是否需要重复用药。
{"title":"Recurrence of Acute Migraine Following Ubrogepant and Diclofenac Buffered Solution Combination Therapy-An Observational Study","authors":"J. A. Charles","doi":"10.47363/jprsr/2022(3)124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47363/jprsr/2022(3)124","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To analyze the need for a repeat dose following administration of a single fixed combination dose of ubrogepant and diclofenac potassium buffered solution for an acute migraine attack,","PeriodicalId":430463,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Research & Reports","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122922001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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