Международная научно-практическая конференция «РАЦИОНАЛЬНОЕ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ПРИРОДНЫХ РЕСУРСОВ В АГРОЦЕНОЗАХ»最新文献

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Reaction of micromycetes of leached chernozem on the application of different forms of nitrogen fertilizers 黑钙土浸出菌对施不同形式氮肥的反应

Международная научно-практическая конференция «РАЦИОНАЛЬНОЕ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ПРИРОДНЫХ РЕСУРСОВ В АГРОЦЕНОЗАХ»

Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.33952/2542-0720-15.05.2020.34

L. Stakhurlova, I. Svistova

Application of nitrogen fertilizers did not significantly affect the number of micromycetes. The restructuring of the species structure of the mycobiome did not exceed the adaptive zone of “stress” – a change in the frequency of occurrence of typical species. Typical types of leached chernozem micromycetes include deuteromycetes of the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, Trichoderma, Gliocladium, Humicola, Fusarium, zygomycetes (genus Rhizopus), ascomycetes (genera Thalaromyces, Chaetomium). On average, the density of dominant species of micromycetes increased by 20 %, which indicates the development of the “dominance concentration” of typical species and a decrease in the share of rare and random species of fungi in the mycocomplex. In the experiment variants, the density of Penicillium daleae, P. funiculosum, Fusarium solani, and Aspergillus ustus species increased compared to control. These types of micromycetes are toxigenic and synthesize broad-spectrum mycotoxins (fungicidal, antibiotic, and phytotoxic). As a result, the phytotoxic activity of the soil increased to 7 and 20 % (native soil) and to 19-34 % (initiated microbial community). More pronounced changes were observed in the variant with ammonium sulfate. Thus, nitrogen fertilizers at a dose of N90 cause a “stress” reaction of the mycobiome, an increase in the share of toxigenic species and phytotoxic activity of leached chernozem. With long-term systematic use of nitrogen fertilizers, even in medium doses, it is possible to reduce the potential fertility of chernozems.

施用氮肥对微菌数量影响不显著。真菌群落的物种结构重组没有超过“压力”的适应区，即典型物种发生频率的变化。浸出黑钙土微菌的典型类型包括曲霉属、青霉属、木霉属、胶粘菌属、腐殖质菌属、镰刀菌属、颧菌属(根霉属)、子囊菌属(Thalaromyces属、毛囊菌属)。平均而言，微真菌的优势种密度增加了20%，这表明典型种的“优势浓度”正在发展，真菌复合体中稀有和随机菌种的比例有所下降。在实验变异体中，与对照相比，青霉、真菌、枯萎菌和霉菌的密度有所增加。这些类型的微菌是产毒的，并合成广谱真菌毒素(杀菌剂、抗生素和植物毒性)。结果表明，土壤的植物毒性活性增加到7%和20%(原生土壤)，19- 34%(启动微生物群落)。在硫酸铵的变异中观察到更明显的变化。因此，氮肥在一定剂量的N90下会引起真菌群落的“应激”反应，增加产毒物种的份额和浸出黑钙土的植物毒性活性。长期系统使用氮肥，即使是中剂量，也有可能降低黑钙土的潜在肥力。

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