An Imperial Disaster最新文献

The Response 响应

An Imperial Disaster

Pub Date : 2018-10-15 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190876098.003.0004

Benjamin Kingsbury

The first part considers the official relief effort following the intervention of the lieutenant governor of Bengal, Sir Richard Temple. Temple’s instructions to local officials were framed in strict free trade terms, their aim being to minimize interference with the market and restrict government spending. Temple sought to justify this response by reference to the situation on the ground, but was badly mistaken as to how far the cyclone-affected areas could recover without government help. The second part examines responses to the cyclone by other groups, including missionaries, landlords, the middle-class public, and the Bengali press.

第一部分考虑了孟加拉副总督理查德·坦普尔爵士介入后的官方救援努力。邓波普对地方官员的指示是严格按照自由贸易条款制定的，其目的是尽量减少对市场的干预，限制政府支出。坦普尔试图以当地的情况为自己的反应辩护，但在没有政府帮助的情况下，受飓风影响的地区能恢复多远的问题上，他犯了严重的错误。第二部分考察了其他群体对飓风的反应，包括传教士、地主、中产阶级公众和孟加拉新闻界。

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The Estuary 河口湾

An Imperial Disaster

Pub Date : 2018-10-15 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190876098.003.0001

Benjamin Kingsbury

A history of environmental, economic, and social change in the Meghna estuary from the late eighteenth century to the 1870s. A new frontier of alluvial land was being created along the edge of the Bay of Bengal, presenting opportunities for profit as well as great risks. The settlement of this frontier was not simply a natural outcome of the availability of new land: it was also encouraged by imperial policy. And just as British rule was not a product of nature, neither were the divisions within Bengali society that helped to determine who would be exposed to disaster.

从18世纪晚期到19世纪70年代，梅克纳河口的环境、经济和社会变化的历史。沿着孟加拉湾的边缘形成了一片新的冲积地带，既带来了盈利的机会，也带来了巨大的风险。这片边疆的定居不仅仅是获得新土地的自然结果:它还受到帝国政策的鼓励。正如英国的统治不是自然的产物一样，孟加拉社会内部的分裂也不是决定谁将面临灾难的因素。

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The Forest 森林

An Imperial Disaster

Pub Date : 2018-10-15 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190876098.003.0002

Benjamin Kingsbury

A history of the Sundarbans mangrove forest of Bakarganj, on the western edge of the Meghna estuary. By 1876 much of this forest had disappeared. The deforestation of the Sundarbans was driven by an imperial idea of “improvement” and the government’s ever-increasing hunger for land revenue. In the course of the nineteenth century the government became aware of the Sundarbans’ role in reducing cyclone damage, but did nothing to preserve the remaining forest in Bakarganj. Many of those who drowned in the storm-wave were living on land that had until recently been forested.

位于梅克纳河口西部边缘的巴加干吉孙德尔本斯红树林的历史。到1876年，这片森林的大部分已经消失了。孙德尔本斯的森林砍伐是由“改善”的帝国观念和政府对土地收入日益增长的渴望所驱动的。在19世纪的过程中，政府意识到孙德尔本斯在减少飓风破坏方面的作用，但没有采取任何措施来保护Bakarganj剩余的森林。许多在风暴中淹死的人住在直到最近才被森林覆盖的土地上。

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The Aftermath 后

An Imperial Disaster

Pub Date : 2018-10-15 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190876098.003.0006

Benjamin Kingsbury

The government’s policy on providing loans and land revenue remissions after the cyclone further strengthened the landlords’ position. Sir Richard Temple’s misjudgment about the amount of relief needed resulted in a famine in Chittagong, while Romesh Dutt successfully handled a similar scarcity on the other side of the estuary. The maintenance of law and order in the cyclone-affected districts remained of great concern to the government, though it was reluctant to acknowledge a link between crime and deprivation caused by the cyclone. In the end, no measures were taken to prevent such a calamity from happening again.

飓风过后，政府提供贷款和土地税收减免的政策进一步巩固了地主的地位。理查德•坦普尔爵士(Sir Richard Temple)对所需救济数量的错误判断导致吉大港(Chittagong)发生饥荒，而罗梅什•杜特(Romesh Dutt)则成功地解决了河口另一边类似的物资短缺问题。维持受飓风影响地区的法律和秩序仍然是政府非常关心的问题，尽管它不愿意承认飓风造成的犯罪与贫困之间存在联系。最后，没有采取任何措施来防止这样的灾难再次发生。

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The Cyclone 强热带风暴

An Imperial Disaster

Pub Date : 2018-10-15 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190876098.003.0003

Benjamin Kingsbury

The first part follows news of the disaster as it reached the British district officers. Officials in Bakarganj recommended that the government make a substantial contribution to relief, but their views were discounted by higher-ranking officials outside the district who favored minimal government intervention. In Noakhali and Chittagong, on the other hand, a policy of minimal relief was adopted from the beginning. The second part describes the disaster’s immediate effects. Far from being a social leveler, the impact of the cyclone was distributed along lines of class, occupation, sex, and age.

第一部分讲述了灾难的消息传到英国地区官员手中。巴加甘吉的官员建议政府为救灾做出实质性贡献，但他们的意见被区外的高层官员所忽视，后者赞成政府尽量减少干预。另一方面，在诺阿哈里和吉大港，从一开始就采取了最低限度的救济政策。第二部分描述了灾难的直接影响。飓风的影响远远没有使社会变得平等，而是沿着阶级、职业、性别和年龄的界线分布。

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