Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.5149/NORTHCAROLINA/9781469643304.003.0005
D. Sommerville
Freedmen and freedwomen suffered emotionally and materially after emancipation, even while many of the circumstances related to enslavement that had triggered their suffering as slaves ended. Like southern whites, they had lived in a war zone and suffered from the exigencies of civil war: deprivation, starvation, and dislocation. New obstacles, too, emerged as the formerly enslaved experienced freedom: they lacked shelter, food, medical care, and stable employment. The path to freedom was strewn with new obstacles: uncertainty, negotiating new terms of employment, redefining marital roles and relationships, racial violence and abuse. Many freed African Americans struggled emotionally and psychologically under the new conditions of emancipation and entered insane asylums or became suicidal. Despite increasing numbers of black patients in asylums and a purported ‘rise in insanity’ among blacks, southern whites continued to believe the region’s black population was impervious to melancholy because they were an inferior, content, uncivilized race whose simple needs were met. Instead, insane blacks were deemed ‘manic,’ a condition resulting from ex-slaves receiving freedom and responsibilities they were ill-equipped to handle. A racialized construction of suffering and mental illness emerged after the war; melancholy and suicide were reserved for whites, madness and mania for southern blacks.
{"title":"Somethin’ Went Hard agin Her Mind","authors":"D. Sommerville","doi":"10.5149/NORTHCAROLINA/9781469643304.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5149/NORTHCAROLINA/9781469643304.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Freedmen and freedwomen suffered emotionally and materially after emancipation, even while many of the circumstances related to enslavement that had triggered their suffering as slaves ended. Like southern whites, they had lived in a war zone and suffered from the exigencies of civil war: deprivation, starvation, and dislocation. New obstacles, too, emerged as the formerly enslaved experienced freedom: they lacked shelter, food, medical care, and stable employment. The path to freedom was strewn with new obstacles: uncertainty, negotiating new terms of employment, redefining marital roles and relationships, racial violence and abuse. Many freed African Americans struggled emotionally and psychologically under the new conditions of emancipation and entered insane asylums or became suicidal. Despite increasing numbers of black patients in asylums and a purported ‘rise in insanity’ among blacks, southern whites continued to believe the region’s black population was impervious to melancholy because they were an inferior, content, uncivilized race whose simple needs were met. Instead, insane blacks were deemed ‘manic,’ a condition resulting from ex-slaves receiving freedom and responsibilities they were ill-equipped to handle. A racialized construction of suffering and mental illness emerged after the war; melancholy and suicide were reserved for whites, madness and mania for southern blacks.","PeriodicalId":444565,"journal":{"name":"Aberration of Mind","volume":"325 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116437895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.5149/NORTHCAROLINA/9781469643304.003.0008
D. Sommerville
Surprisingly little attention has been paid to white women after the Civil War. This chapter explores the emotional and material suffering of white women in the postbellum South. Scholarly and popular treatments of Confederate women after the war, bolstered by Lost Cause efforts, have emphasized their resiliency and fortitude, which has obscured the extent to which many southern white women struggled in the wake of postwar economic disaster and personal tragedies tied to the war. They faced numerous challenges, which exacted a huge psychological toll from many women. Debt, high taxes, loss of property, dislocation, altercations with ex-slaves, troubled marriages, and grief contributed to profound individual suffering that hampered survival, reconstitution of families, and the reconstruction of communities. Wives of disabled or distressed veterans struggled with domestic abuse or discord and destitution. War widows without means who were left to support families adopted desperate strategies to survive including coresidence with other kin or even strangers, which disrupted and relocated families inducing stress. The psychological well-being of the region’s white women suffered in the face of prolonged hardship and frequently resulted in mental illness requiring institutionalization, substance abuse, or in suicidal ideation or behavior.
{"title":"All Is Dark before Me","authors":"D. Sommerville","doi":"10.5149/NORTHCAROLINA/9781469643304.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5149/NORTHCAROLINA/9781469643304.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"Surprisingly little attention has been paid to white women after the Civil War. This chapter explores the emotional and material suffering of white women in the postbellum South. Scholarly and popular treatments of Confederate women after the war, bolstered by Lost Cause efforts, have emphasized their resiliency and fortitude, which has obscured the extent to which many southern white women struggled in the wake of postwar economic disaster and personal tragedies tied to the war. They faced numerous challenges, which exacted a huge psychological toll from many women. Debt, high taxes, loss of property, dislocation, altercations with ex-slaves, troubled marriages, and grief contributed to profound individual suffering that hampered survival, reconstitution of families, and the reconstruction of communities. Wives of disabled or distressed veterans struggled with domestic abuse or discord and destitution. War widows without means who were left to support families adopted desperate strategies to survive including coresidence with other kin or even strangers, which disrupted and relocated families inducing stress. The psychological well-being of the region’s white women suffered in the face of prolonged hardship and frequently resulted in mental illness requiring institutionalization, substance abuse, or in suicidal ideation or behavior.","PeriodicalId":444565,"journal":{"name":"Aberration of Mind","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125928379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.5149/NORTHCAROLINA/9781469643304.003.0009
D. Sommerville
This chapter surveys the long nineteenth century with an eye toward assessing how suffering and suicidal activity during the Civil War ushered in cultural and religious changes in ideas about suicide and the importance of those changes in laying groundwork for a new Confederate identity. The psychological crisis that grew out of the Civil War remapped the cultural, theological, and intellectual contours of the region. The scourge of war-related psychiatric casualties altered long-held axioms about suicide yielding a more tolerant, nuanced understanding of self-destruction as a response to suffering, one that found expression in sympathy and compassion for suicide victims. More routinely, denunciations of suicide were replaced with compassionate resignation. The writings of fire-eater Edmund Ruffin’s about suicide -- on the suicide of Thomas Cocke in 1840 and his own suicide note in 1854 -- are a window into how southerners thought about self-murder. His more tolerant views toward suicide before the war were out-of-step with most, but by war’s end more and more southerners dissented from rigid religious doctrine that cast self-murder as a mortal sin and came to share his view that sometimes circumstances justified death by one’s hand.
{"title":"Cumberer of the Earth","authors":"D. Sommerville","doi":"10.5149/NORTHCAROLINA/9781469643304.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5149/NORTHCAROLINA/9781469643304.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter surveys the long nineteenth century with an eye toward assessing how suffering and suicidal activity during the Civil War ushered in cultural and religious changes in ideas about suicide and the importance of those changes in laying groundwork for a new Confederate identity. The psychological crisis that grew out of the Civil War remapped the cultural, theological, and intellectual contours of the region. The scourge of war-related psychiatric casualties altered long-held axioms about suicide yielding a more tolerant, nuanced understanding of self-destruction as a response to suffering, one that found expression in sympathy and compassion for suicide victims. More routinely, denunciations of suicide were replaced with compassionate resignation. The writings of fire-eater Edmund Ruffin’s about suicide -- on the suicide of Thomas Cocke in 1840 and his own suicide note in 1854 -- are a window into how southerners thought about self-murder. His more tolerant views toward suicide before the war were out-of-step with most, but by war’s end more and more southerners dissented from rigid religious doctrine that cast self-murder as a mortal sin and came to share his view that sometimes circumstances justified death by one’s hand.","PeriodicalId":444565,"journal":{"name":"Aberration of Mind","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128746741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469643304.003.0006
D. Sommerville
Confederate veterans returned home, many of them broken physically and mentally, their manhood obliterated. They suffered from war trauma, but also from the humiliation of defeat, the destruction of the Confederacy, loss of their slaves, uncertainty about their future, financial ruin and political impotence. Many veterans, with physical and mental wounds, struggled to reintegrate into civilian life. Their identities as men had been undercut by war and defeat. This chapter traces the trek of southern veterans -- including former POWs, amputees, alcoholics, and addicts -- as they struggled to regain status in the home and in their communities. The most severe cases of veterans suffering the effects of war trauma entered insane asylums with symptoms today we know to be associated with PTSD: violence, paranoia, startle reflex, depression, anxiety, alcoholism or addiction, suicidal thoughts or behavior. Yet Southerners largely failed to grasp the causal link between mental illness and veterans’ military experiences. Struggling veterans exhibited social pathologies like marital conflict and the inability to hold a job. Suicide provided an exit from failure and suffering.
{"title":"The Accursed Ills I Cannot Bear","authors":"D. Sommerville","doi":"10.5149/northcarolina/9781469643304.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469643304.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Confederate veterans returned home, many of them broken physically and mentally, their manhood obliterated. They suffered from war trauma, but also from the humiliation of defeat, the destruction of the Confederacy, loss of their slaves, uncertainty about their future, financial ruin and political impotence. Many veterans, with physical and mental wounds, struggled to reintegrate into civilian life. Their identities as men had been undercut by war and defeat. This chapter traces the trek of southern veterans -- including former POWs, amputees, alcoholics, and addicts -- as they struggled to regain status in the home and in their communities. The most severe cases of veterans suffering the effects of war trauma entered insane asylums with symptoms today we know to be associated with PTSD: violence, paranoia, startle reflex, depression, anxiety, alcoholism or addiction, suicidal thoughts or behavior. Yet Southerners largely failed to grasp the causal link between mental illness and veterans’ military experiences. Struggling veterans exhibited social pathologies like marital conflict and the inability to hold a job. Suicide provided an exit from failure and suffering.","PeriodicalId":444565,"journal":{"name":"Aberration of Mind","volume":"138 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134046821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.5149/NORTHCAROLINA/9781469643304.003.0007
D. Sommerville
White men, veterans and non-veterans alike, faced financial ruin and political emasculation in the postwar South. With the southern economy in shambles, men faced business failures and joblessness. The resulting ‘pecuniary embarrassment’ drove some to suicide. Men’s identities were closely tied to their work and their ability to provide for their families. Unemployment thus undercut one’s manhood. Further taxing masculine identity was a rise in indebtedness, endemic after the war, that signalled a man’s dependency, marred his reputation, and made financial recovery difficult. The volatile political climate also taxed southern white men creating a bleak future of life under Yankee rule. Unable to imagine a better, improved life, suicide offered men relief from embarrassment, humiliation and emotional suffering, even if the self-inflicted death of a male head of household further endangered his family dependents and jeopardize their futures.
{"title":"The Distressed State of the Country","authors":"D. Sommerville","doi":"10.5149/NORTHCAROLINA/9781469643304.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5149/NORTHCAROLINA/9781469643304.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"White men, veterans and non-veterans alike, faced financial ruin and political emasculation in the postwar South. With the southern economy in shambles, men faced business failures and joblessness. The resulting ‘pecuniary embarrassment’ drove some to suicide. Men’s identities were closely tied to their work and their ability to provide for their families. Unemployment thus undercut one’s manhood. Further taxing masculine identity was a rise in indebtedness, endemic after the war, that signalled a man’s dependency, marred his reputation, and made financial recovery difficult. The volatile political climate also taxed southern white men creating a bleak future of life under Yankee rule. Unable to imagine a better, improved life, suicide offered men relief from embarrassment, humiliation and emotional suffering, even if the self-inflicted death of a male head of household further endangered his family dependents and jeopardize their futures.","PeriodicalId":444565,"journal":{"name":"Aberration of Mind","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126314657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.5149/NORTHCAROLINA/9781469643304.003.0003
D. Sommerville
Women on the Confederate homefront, living in a war zone, suffered psychologically. Socialized to believe in doctrines of paternalism, many women were ill-equipped and unaccustomed to new wartime roles household head that the absence of men required of them. Many southern white women found the added demands of war unbearable and too demanding, leading some to succumb to mental illness that sometimes led to institutionalization in insane asylums, and suicidal ideation or behavior. The most vulnerable women on the homefront were young mothers and widows who bore the heaviest burdens when their husbands were gone leaving them to care for families under trying circumstances. Also contributing to the psychological ailments of Confederate women were worries about male relatives on the battle front, fear of invading armies, scarcity, financial duress, deaths of loved ones, and management of slave labor. The war also exacerbated conditions of women with postpartum disorders rendering them vulnerable to institutionalization or suicidal behavior. The chapter also compares women’s suicidal activity to mens’ and concludes that women more actively thought and talked about ending their lives than men, with relatively few ending their lives, whereas the suicidal behavior of men was more often lethal when compared to women.
{"title":"A Dark Doom to Dread","authors":"D. Sommerville","doi":"10.5149/NORTHCAROLINA/9781469643304.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5149/NORTHCAROLINA/9781469643304.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Women on the Confederate homefront, living in a war zone, suffered psychologically. Socialized to believe in doctrines of paternalism, many women were ill-equipped and unaccustomed to new wartime roles household head that the absence of men required of them. Many southern white women found the added demands of war unbearable and too demanding, leading some to succumb to mental illness that sometimes led to institutionalization in insane asylums, and suicidal ideation or behavior. The most vulnerable women on the homefront were young mothers and widows who bore the heaviest burdens when their husbands were gone leaving them to care for families under trying circumstances. Also contributing to the psychological ailments of Confederate women were worries about male relatives on the battle front, fear of invading armies, scarcity, financial duress, deaths of loved ones, and management of slave labor. The war also exacerbated conditions of women with postpartum disorders rendering them vulnerable to institutionalization or suicidal behavior. The chapter also compares women’s suicidal activity to mens’ and concludes that women more actively thought and talked about ending their lives than men, with relatively few ending their lives, whereas the suicidal behavior of men was more often lethal when compared to women.","PeriodicalId":444565,"journal":{"name":"Aberration of Mind","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128184281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.5149/NORTHCAROLINA/9781469643304.003.0004
D. Sommerville
Suicide among the enslaved has been well documented, with most historians arguing that slave suicides were evidence of resistance. Adopting a ‘neo-abolitionist’ approach, this chapter, building on the exposes of abolitionists who wrote about slave suicides, takes seriously the individual reasons the enslaved killed or tried to kill themselves in order to move beyond attributing these acts ideologically. This approach honors the suffering and full humanity of the enslaved and the experiences that led some to self-murder. White southerners ignored evidence that the enslaved suffered from depression or committed suicide, in order to mask the many causes of slave suffering including rape and sexual assault, punishment, abuse, separation of families, hopelessness. The enslaved embraced self-murder because it ended their suffering.
{"title":"De Lan’ of Sweet Dreams","authors":"D. Sommerville","doi":"10.5149/NORTHCAROLINA/9781469643304.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5149/NORTHCAROLINA/9781469643304.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Suicide among the enslaved has been well documented, with most historians arguing that slave suicides were evidence of resistance. Adopting a ‘neo-abolitionist’ approach, this chapter, building on the exposes of abolitionists who wrote about slave suicides, takes seriously the individual reasons the enslaved killed or tried to kill themselves in order to move beyond attributing these acts ideologically. This approach honors the suffering and full humanity of the enslaved and the experiences that led some to self-murder. White southerners ignored evidence that the enslaved suffered from depression or committed suicide, in order to mask the many causes of slave suffering including rape and sexual assault, punishment, abuse, separation of families, hopelessness. The enslaved embraced self-murder because it ended their suffering.","PeriodicalId":444565,"journal":{"name":"Aberration of Mind","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122546967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469643304.003.0002
Diane Miller Sommerville
Examines the psychological impact of the Civil War on Confederate soldiers who suffered debilitating psychological and emotional wounds that sometimes resulted in institutionalization in insane asylums, or in suicidal behavior. Historians have not focused on Civil War participants as victims of war trauma until recently. This chapter deepens our understanding of these experiences by asserting that external war-related pressures like witnessing death and mayhem combined with internal pressures like fear of masculine failure or being called a coward heavily taxed soldiers and their psyches. Factors that contributed to psychological distress among Confederate servicemen include: exposure to battle, fear of being called a coward, fear of failure, youthfulness, homesickness, and depression.Suicide offered southern white men a way to maintain mastery and control over their deaths in war zones where chaos and disorder prevailed. Attitudes toward Confederates who killed themselves during the war were more supportive and less stigmatizing than one might think. Many soldiers also ended up institutionalized in asylums after being diagnosed as insane. Caregivers and family members rarely connected signs of mental distress with wartime experiences.
{"title":"A Burden Too Heavy to Bear","authors":"Diane Miller Sommerville","doi":"10.5149/northcarolina/9781469643304.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469643304.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Examines the psychological impact of the Civil War on Confederate soldiers who suffered debilitating psychological and emotional wounds that sometimes resulted in institutionalization in insane asylums, or in suicidal behavior. Historians have not focused on Civil War participants as victims of war trauma until recently. This chapter deepens our understanding of these experiences by asserting that external war-related pressures like witnessing death and mayhem combined with internal pressures like fear of masculine failure or being called a coward heavily taxed soldiers and their psyches. Factors that contributed to psychological distress among Confederate servicemen include: exposure to battle, fear of being called a coward, fear of failure, youthfulness, homesickness, and depression.Suicide offered southern white men a way to maintain mastery and control over their deaths in war zones where chaos and disorder prevailed. Attitudes toward Confederates who killed themselves during the war were more supportive and less stigmatizing than one might think. Many soldiers also ended up institutionalized in asylums after being diagnosed as insane. Caregivers and family members rarely connected signs of mental distress with wartime experiences.","PeriodicalId":444565,"journal":{"name":"Aberration of Mind","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129116291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469643304.003.0010
D. Sommerville
Suicide, by late nineteenth century, had transformed from a shameful, sinful act to one of sacrifice and courage. The most famous suicide of the Civil War, that of Edmund Ruffin, shows this evolution in attitudes about suicide. Ruffin’s suicide is venerated in Lost Cause literature as an act of patriotic martyrdom. The glorification of (white) suicide converged with the racial politics of the era as seen in the classic film, Birth of a Nation, and on the novel on which it was based, Thomas Dixon’s The Clansman. Suicide had become a marker of racial superiority that anchored the act to a neo-Confederate identity. By contrast, black suicides were either denied or explained as the acts of uncontrollable, manic, crazy former slaves no longer under the constraints of enslavement. Heroic suicide instilled meaning into the vast suffering in the failed effort at independence.
{"title":"Conclusion","authors":"D. Sommerville","doi":"10.5149/northcarolina/9781469643304.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469643304.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"Suicide, by late nineteenth century, had transformed from a shameful, sinful act to one of sacrifice and courage. The most famous suicide of the Civil War, that of Edmund Ruffin, shows this evolution in attitudes about suicide. Ruffin’s suicide is venerated in Lost Cause literature as an act of patriotic martyrdom. The glorification of (white) suicide converged with the racial politics of the era as seen in the classic film, Birth of a Nation, and on the novel on which it was based, Thomas Dixon’s The Clansman. Suicide had become a marker of racial superiority that anchored the act to a neo-Confederate identity. By contrast, black suicides were either denied or explained as the acts of uncontrollable, manic, crazy former slaves no longer under the constraints of enslavement. Heroic suicide instilled meaning into the vast suffering in the failed effort at independence.","PeriodicalId":444565,"journal":{"name":"Aberration of Mind","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128431500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：